ES 12 Part 2: Lectures 9-12

KINETICS OF
PARTICLES AND
RIGID BODIES I
Engr. Maxell P. Lumbera
Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer
and E.R. Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Introduction

Kinetics of
Particles

Force-Inertia
Impulse-
(Newton’s 2nd Work-Energy
Momentum
Law of Motion)

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 ES 12 Part 2: Lecture 9

FORCE AND INERTIA

METHOD FOR
PARTICLE KINETICS
Engr. Maxell P. Lumbera
Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer
and E.R. Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Lesson Objectives

At the end of the lecture, you are expected to:

1. Explain Newton’s Second Law of Motion and define the

reverse inertia vector
2. Draw the free body diagram (FBD) of a particle and its
corresponding effective force diagram (EFD)
3. Write the equations of motion with the aid of the FBD =
EFD diagrams and use them in solving problems
involving forces and accelerations
4. Recall the definitions of static friction and kinetic friction,
and their application
5. Apply kinematics, if needed, to complete the solution of
a problem

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R. Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler) 4
Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Required Concepts/Minimum Competencies

Free Body Diagram

Vector Polygon
Vector Addition
Friction
Calculus
Solutions of Systems
of Equations Relative Motion
Uniformly Accelerated
Linear Motion
Normal and Tangential
Axes Dependent Motion

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R. Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler) 5
Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Law of Interaction)

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of
bodies at rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no
acceleration.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• When a body accelerates (changes in speed or
direction), Newton’s second law is required to relate the
motion of the body to the forces acting on it.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s second law:
- A particle will have an acceleration proportional to
the magnitude of the resultant force acting on it and
in the direction of the resultant force.

- The resultant of the forces acting on a particle is

equal to the rate of change of linear momentum of
the particle.

- The sum of moments about point O of forces acting

on a particle is equal to the rate of change of angular
momentum of the particle about point O.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• Newton’s Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a

particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of resultant and in the
direction of the resultant.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Consider a particle subjected to constant forces,
F1 F2 F3
     constant  mass, m
a1 a2 a3

• When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force, the

acceleration of the particle must satisfy
 
F  ma

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Acceleration must be evaluated with respect to a
Newtonian frame of reference, i.e., one that is not
accelerating or rotating.

• If the force acting on a particle is zero, the particle will not

accelerate,
o it will remain stationary or
o continue on a straight line at constant speed.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the
velocity yields
 
dv
F  m
dt

d  dL
 m v  
dt dt

L  linear momentum of the particle

• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear
momentum of the particle remains constant in both
magnitude and direction.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

Kinetics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R. Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler) 14
Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Systems of Units
• Of the units for the four primary dimensions (time, mass,
length, and force), three may be chosen arbitrarily. The
fourth must be compatible with Newton’s 2nd Law.
• International System of Units (SI Units): base units are
the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time (second).
The unit of force is derived,
 m kg  m
1 N  1 kg 1 2   1 2
 s  s

1lb 1lb lb  s 2
1lbm  1slug  1
English: 32.2 ft s 2 1ft s 2 ft

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Force-Inertia Method

• Newton’s Second Law provides

 
 F  ma

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Force-Inertia Method
• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g., for
rectangular components,
 
  
 
 
 Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  m a x i  a y j  a z k 
 Fx  ma x  Fy  ma y  Fz  ma z
 Fx  mx  Fy  my  Fz  mz

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Force-Inertia Method
• For tangential and normal components,
 F t  mat  F n  man
dv v2
 t
F  m Fn  m
dt 

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Dynamic Equilibrium
• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,
 
 F  ma  0

 ma  inertial vector

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Dynamic Equilibrium
 
 F  ma 0

 ma  inertial vector
• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system of
forces acting on the particle is equivalent to zero. The
particle is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
• Methods developed for particles in static equilibrium may
then be applied, e.g., concurrent forces may be
represented with a closed vector polygon.
• Inertial vectors are often called inertial forces as they
measure the resistance that particles offer to changes in
motion, i.e., changes in speed or direction.
• Inertial forces may be conceptually useful but are not like
the contact and gravitational forces found in statics.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Sample Problem 1
An 80-kg block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the
magnitude of the force P required to give the block an
acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 to the right. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the plane is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.25.

30o

80 kg

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Sample Problem 2
The 5-kg block B starts from rest and slides on the 12-kg
wedge A, which is supported by a horizontal durface.
Neglecting friction, determine
(a) the acceleration of the wedge
(b) the acceleration of the block relative to the wedge

30o
A

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Sample Problem 3
The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of circle n a
vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the
weight of the bob for the position shown, find the velocity
and the acceleration of the bob in that position.

30o
2.0m

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method
 Sample Problem 4
Boxes A and B are at rest on a conveyor belt that is initially
at rest. The belt is suddenly started in an upward direction
so that slipping occurs between the belt and the boxes.
Knowing that the coefficients of kinetic friction between the
belt and the boxes are 𝜇𝑘 𝐴 = 0.30 and 𝜇𝑘 𝐵 = 0.32 ,
determine the initial acceleration of each box.

ES 12 Lec 9 Kinematics of Particles (by F.P. Beer and E.R.

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Johnston, Notes by J.W. Oler)
Force-Inertia Method