Unit 3

Comprehension

1. What did people recognize when their knowledge of natural phenomena increased?
when he recognized that his growing knowledge of nature was the result of his
application of a particular method of investigation

2. How is a particular method of investigation organized?

It seemed clear that a special sequence of procedures was applied to establish the
working principles of science.

3. How does a scientist get a satisfactory explanation of relevant data?

The emphasis passed from the knowledge itself to the method by which that
knowledge was obtained. This rather well defined procedure was come to be known as
the Scientific Method

4. In what case does a hypothesis turn into a theory?

As the amount of substantiating data becomes larger and larger, the hypothesis
advances to the rank of a theory

5. What is called “the most obvious hypothesis”?

the one that at the moment seems to offer the simplest explanation of the observed
facts.

6. How is a hypothesis proved?

This hypothesis may or may not prove to be satisfactory in the light of later evidence.

7. What guides a scientist in his investigation?

scientists are swayed only by experimental evidence

Word Study

Exercise 1.

знання про природні явища - natural phenomena;

прийшов час - came a time
застосування особливого методу дослідження - particular method of investigation;
послідовність дій - steps in the procedure;
основна увага перемістилась з...на - emphasis passed from the knowledge itself to;
наступним чином - listed as follows:;
визначення проблеми - recognition of the problem;
відповідні данні - relevant facts or data;
виконання контрольних експериментів - performance of test experiments;
відхилення гіпотези - abandonment of the hypothesis;
данні, що підтверджують - acceptance, modification;
прийти до висновку - proposing a solution;
в світлі останніх даних - in the light of the results;
перевірити гіпотезу експериментально - test experiments;
керуватись результатами - guided by the results

Exercise 2.
1. Man’s growing knowledge of nature was the result (of his application of a particular
method of investigation) 2. The scientific method is the method by which (The emphasis
passed from the knowledge itself to the method by which that knowledge was obtained)
3. The recognition of the problem is the first(step in the procedure) 4. If the hypothesis
is discarded as the result of (the test experiment) a new one (one will be set up) 5. The
hypothesis advances to the rank of a theory (and eventually may be accepted as true.)
6. The most obvious hypothesis is the one that offers (the one that at the moment
seems to offer the simplest explanation of the observed facts.) 7. In proving the
hypothesis a true scientist is guided solely by (the results thus obtained)

Exercise 3.
to grow in size - (growing knowledge of nature);
research - (establish the working principles);
to receive - (acceptance);
to abandon - (discard);
to change - (modification);
to govern - (obtain)
to formulate a hypothesis, the same - (hypothesis advances);
proof - (prove);
to check something experimentally – guide

Exercise 5.

1. to obtain- evidence, knowledge, information, results;

to obtain information and knowledge you have to get results by evidence

2. to check, to test, to analyze, to prove – hypothesis, conclusions, results, data;

To prove hypothesis there is need of checking results ,testing conclusion and
analyzing data

3. to discard, to abandon, to modify – hypothesis.

By modifying hypothesis it can be discarded or abandoned
Exercise 6.

1. Experiment implies a special substantiate of procedures aimed to obtain certain

information. 2. What data sequence your conclusions? 3. We are governed solely by the
results of the test experiments. 4. Why did you abandon your previous hypothesis? 5.
His discovery was recognized as the most outstanding in this field. 6. Name some
possible practical applications of your research.

Exercise 7.

1. Як ви застосовуєте результати свого дослідження?

How do you use results from evidences
2. В ході експерименту вчений одержав цікаві дані.
By the experiment scientist tooked interesting data
З. Це наукове відкриття визнане у всьому світі.
Scientific opening is recognized in whole world
4. Одержані дані задовольняють теорії.
Taken data satisfacts to the theory
5. Які висновки були зроблені відносно модифікації приладу?
What conclusions was made by modification of instrument
6. В кінці кінців на основі очевидних доказів гіпотезу було відхилено.
In the end by basic evidence hypothesis was declined
7. Запропонована вами процедура визначена добре.
Offered procedure was defined good
8. Професор керує дослідженнями багатьох аспірантів.
Professor manages researches by many aspirants
9. Прийнята процедура включає декілька етапів.
Accepted procedure includes few steps
10. Відмовтесь від цієї гіпотези, вона незадовільна.
Decline this hypothesis it's discarded

Exercise 8.

1. The film was not as good as we had expected (disappoint-). a) The

film was disappointing. b) We were disappointed with the film.

2. It has been raining all day. I hate this weather (depress-). a) This
weather is depressed. b) This weather makes me depressed.
3. Astronomy is one of Tom’s main interests (interest-).
a) Tom is interested in astronomy. b) Tom finds astronomy interesting.

4. Ann is going to America next month. She has never been there before (excit-
).
a) Ann is really excited about going to America. b) It will be an exciting experience
for her.

5. Diana teaches young children. It is a hard job (exhaust-).

a) Diana often finds her job exhausting. b) At the end of the day Diana is often
exhausted.

Exercise 9

1. We were all horrifying/ horrified by the storm. 2. Are you interesting/ interested in
psychology? 3. I enjoyed the game. It was quite exciting/ excited. 4. It was a really
terrifying/ terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very shocking/ shocked. 5. Do
you easily get embarrassing/ embarrassed?

Exercise 10

various methods used by scientists;

There are several methods used by scientists

investigated problem;
Someone investigated problem

unexplored area;
There is not unexplored area

increased knowledge;
There is some people with increased knowledge

applied procedure;
The scientist applied procedure

items listed in the chart;

There are items listed in the chart

proposed solution;
Scientists proposed solution

accepted theory;
Someone accepted theory

experiments finished by Tuesday;

There is some experiments that finished by Tuesday

modified hypothesis;
There are scientists that use modified hypothesis
explained natural events;
There are some explained natural events

data substantiated by experimental facts.

There are some data substantiates by experimental facts

Exercise 11

1. When I came nearer I saw an excited crowd at the door of his house.
Когда я подошёл ближе я увидел удивлённую толпу у двери в дом
2. Another problem raised in this novel is the position of woman in society.
Иная проблема восстала в етой новеле и есть позиция женщины в социуме
3. Acknowledged by public Mark Twain became one of the leading journalists of
America.
Признанный публикой Марк Твен стал одним из лидеров журналистов в
америке
4.We know Byron as the author of many lyrical poems devoted to nature and love.
Мы знаем Бирона как автора других лирических поем посвященный в природу и
любовь
5. The Centigrade scale is the official scale of temperature used in Ukraine.

Стоградусный масштаб и есть официальным масштабом температуры

использованной в Украине.

When released, the body will vibrate.

Когда отпущено тела завибрируют

Exercise 12.

1 The conference is hilding in November attracted much attention in the press.

Конференція, проведена в листопаді, привернула велику увагу в пресі

2. The problems (discussed) at the conference gave rise to further investigation.

Проблеми (обговорювані) на конференції породили подальше дослідження

3. The data (processed) by computer proved to be valuable.

Дані (оброблені) комп'ютером виявилися цінними.

4. Will your hypothesis explain all phenomena (observed) in nature?

Чи буде ваша гіпотеза пояснити всі явища (спостережені) у природі?

5. Can you explain the steps (applied) in the procedure?

Чи можете ви пояснити кроки (застосовані) у процедурі?

6. The experimenter used the (modified) equipment in his test.

Експериментатор використовував (модифіковане) обладнання у своєму тесті.

7. The hypothesis (offered) does not account for all facts.

Гіпотеза (запропонована) не враховує всіх фактів

Exercise 13

One day they landed on a beautiful island covered with trees. 2. He attended the
meetings organized by the Scientific Society. 3. A short, well-dressed gentleman
arrived at the hotel and occupied the best room. 4. Dissatisfied with the results of his
experiment, the scientist wanted to give up his research. 5. Pressed by financial
difficulties they stopped the serial experiments.

Exercise 14
1. We considered this matter at the conference.
We were considering this matter at the conference
2. They published an interesting article in this journal.
They were publishing an interesting article in this journal
3. The scientists discussed many urgent problems concerning environmental
protection.
The scientists were discussed many urgent problems concerning environmental
protection
4. The researchers made no mistakes in the test experiment.
The researches was made no mistakes in the testexperiment
5. The guest-speakers answered all questions.
The guest speakers was answering all questions
6. They speak English at the conference and even during the breaks.
They were speaking English at the conference and even during the breaks
7. The State Commission will examine the post –graduates in June.
The state commission was examining the post graduates in june
8. I shall finish my thesis in three years.
I was going to finish my thesis in three years
9. We shall sign an agreement on scientific cooperation tomorrow.
We were going to sign an agreement in scientific cooperation tomorrow

Exercise I5

1. He gave me little time to arrange the experiment.

He was giving me little time to arrange the experiment
A little time to arrange the experiment was given me
2. They will provide you with all necessary information.
They were going to provide you with all necessary information
All necessary information was going to be provided to you
3. The professor showed us an interesting phenomenon.
The professor was going to show us an interesting phenomenon
An interesting phenomenon was going to be shown by professor
4. They will give him every assistance in his work.
They were going to give him every assistance in his work
Every assistance in his work was going to be given
5. The guide shows some exhibits to a group of people.
The guide was showing some exhibits to a group of people
Some exhibits were going to be shown to a group of people
6. They told us the news yesterday.
They were going to tell us the news yesterday
Yesterday they were going to tell us the news

Exercise 16

1. Він проводить експеримент, про який багато пишуть.

He conducts an experiment that many write about

2. Які дані були використані в цій роботі?

What data was used in this work

3. Особлива увага приділяється перевірці гіпотези.

Particular attention is paid to checking hypotheses

4. Рішення було запропоноване одним із вчених.

The solution was proposed by one of the scientists

5. Цей матеріал буде використано в лекціях.

This material will be used in lectures

6. Доповідача завжди слухають дуже уважно.

The speaker always listens very carefully

7. Вчорашня стаття в газеті була написана відомим вченим-екологом.

Yesterday's paper in the newspaper was written by a well-known scientist and ecologist

8. Де була отримана ця інформація?

Where this information was received

9. Дані спостереження використовуються при написанні дисертації.

Observation data is used when writing a dissertation

10. Ким застосовується цей прилад?

Who uses this appliance

11. У цій лабораторії проводять багато досліджень.

There are many studies in this laboratory
Exercise 18

1. Those were very highly-specific experiments, carefully planned and most

beautifully performed.
Це були дуже специфічні експерименти, ретельно сплановані та найбільш
красиво виконані.

Початкові експерименти, виконані назавжди, як і 1950-і роки, виявилися дуже

перспективними.

2. It is quite clear that further experiments of the kind would be highly desirable.
Цілком очевидно, що подальші експерименти такого роду будуть дуже
бажаними.

3. The previous experiments in this area were obviously unsuccessful.

Попередні експерименти в цій галузі були очевидно невдалими.

4. The experiments as suggested by the authors, although thoroughly

prepared, proved unreliable.
Експерименти, запропоновані авторами, хоча й ретельно підготовлені,
виявилися ненадійними

5. The experiments this group of workers have carried out were most ingenious
and have proved very promising, although the experimental material they used
was rather limited. It is quite clear that experiments to that effect should be further
extended to include other species.
Експерименти, проведені цією групою працівників, були найбільш
винахідливими і виявилися дуже перспективними, хоча експериментальний
матеріал, який вони використовували, був досить обмеженим. Цілком
очевидно, що експерименти з цього ефекту слід продовжити, щоб включити
інші види.

6. More recent experiments by these workers proved to be highly-specific, although

the technique was basically the same as the one used in earlier experiments.
Більш пізні експерименти цих працівників виявилися високоспецифічними,
хоча техніка була в основному такою ж, як і в попередніх експериментах.
Exercise 19.

A B C
these
We made experime to show a correlation

The carried to evaluate between…

authors out to test certain

this set of to check phenomena in…

experiments to provide the hypothesis

undertook a number of to obtain that…

experiments to measure some
attempted to understanding
determine of…
started to some
initiated establish information/
to reveal data on…
the parameters/
amounts of…
certain
parameters of…
the rate of…
ne
compone
nts of…

The authors made this set of experiments to establish certain parameters

We carried out a number of experiments to reveal components
We carried out these experiments to show a correlation between certain
phenomenon
Exercise 20

A B C
Experiments on protein are made to
synthesis have carried determine…
nuclear been out to check…
differentiation are performed to test…
being underway to answer
the
question.

Experiments on protein synthesis have been made to determine

Experiments on nuclear differentiation are carried out to test

Exercise 21

A B C
Experiments show(ed) a variety of changes
M. et al. have shown in…
(have) demonstrated a correlation
Recent (have) indicated between…
experiments (have) suggested no correlation
in support(ed) our assumption between…
this area our hypothesis that the changes are
confirm(ed) due to…
that these
phenomena are …
that the effect is
durable
The provide(d) some new concerning the
experiments information influence of/on…
reported here further data about the
mechanism of…
fail(ed) to demonstrate any correlation

The present to show between…

series of any changes in…
Us the
experiments lead authors to that there are

(have) conclude changes due to…

Our
led to suggest that the effect is
experiment(s)
enable(s) to believe short-lived
Experiments have shown a variety of changes ...
Recent experiments supported our assumption due to …
The experiments reported here provided some new information about the
mechanism of…
The present series of experiments failed to demonstrate any correlation between…
Our experiments led us to believe that there are changes due to…

Exercise 22

1. Професор Н. З колегами розпочали серію експериментів з метою

продемонструвати кореляцію між цими явищами.

Professor N. with his colleagues began a series of experiments in order to demonstrate

the correlation between these phenomena

We conducted several experiments, hoping to get new data on the nature of this effect

2. Автори провели низку експериментів, щоб встановити параметри цієї

взаємодії.

The authors conducted a series of experiments to determine the parameters of this

interaction.

3. Описувані експерименти підтверджують наше припущення стосовно швидкості

даного процесу.

The experiments described confirm our assumption regarding the speed of this
process

4. Останні експерименти в цій галузі привели авторів до висновку, що їх гіпотеза

справджується лише за певних умов.

Recent experiments in this field have led the authors to conclude that their hypothesis
is true only under certain conditions