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Glosary
Subject: English
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Glosary physical
Aislante
Material que es mal conductor de la electricidad.
Albedo
Relación entre la radiación reflejada y la incidente, habitualmente expresada en
tanto por ciento.
Barómetro
Instrumento utilizado para medir la presión atmosférica
Binario
Compuesto de dos unidades, elementos o guarismos
Calor
Es un flujo de energía que se produce entre cuerpos que se hallan a diferente
temperatura.
Carga
Propiedad eléctrica a la cual se atribuyen las atracciones o repulsiones mutuas
entre electrones o protones.
Cátodo
Filamento incandescente.
Densidad
Masa de un cuerpo contenida en una unidad de volumen.
Dieléctrico
Material que no conduce electricidad.
Electrolito
Sustancia que se disocia en dos o más iones cuando se disuelve en agua.
Electronegatividad
Capacidad de un átomo, en una molécula, para atraer los electrones hacia sí.
Fotón
Descripción "particular" de la radiación electromagnética, que se puede comportar
tanto como onda o partícula.
Galvánico
Dícese de las corrientes eléctricas producidas por una pila voltaica.
Hidráulica
Parte de la física que estudia la mecánica de los fluidos.
Hidrodinámica
Estudia el comportamiento de los líquidos en movimiento.
Hidrostática
Parte de la hidráulica que estudia el equilibrio de los líquidos en reposo.
Ión
Átomo o agrupación de átomos que por pérdida o ganancia de uno o más
electrones adquiere carga eléctrica.
Kilocaloría
Símbolo kcal: Unidad de medida de la energía calorífica equivalente a 1.000
calorías.
Kilociclo
Unidad de frecuencia equivalente a 1.000 oscilaciones por segundo.
Magnetismo
Conjunto de fenómenos atractivos y repulsivos producidos por los imanes y las
corrientes eléctricas.
Número másico
Suma del número de protones y neutrones en un átomo específico.
Período
Tiempo que tarda la partícula en describir la oscilación completa.
Pigmento
Material que absorbe luz de diversos colores de forma selectiva.
Radiación
Forma de transporte de energía, ya sea por partículas masivas o fotones.
Albedo
Relationship between the reflected radiation and the incident, usually expressed as
a percentage.
Barometer
Instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Binary
Composed of two units, elements or figures.
Cathode
Incandescent filament.
Density
Mass of a body contained in a unit of volume .
Dielectric
Material that does not conduct electricity .
Electrolyte
Substance that dissociates into two or more ions when dissolved in water .
Electronegativity
Ability of an atom, in a molecule, to attract electrons to itself.
Galvanic
Of the electric currents produced by a voltaic battery
Heat
It is a flow of energy that occurs between bodies that are at different temperatures.
Hydraulics
Part of the physics that studies the mechanics of fluids.
Hydrodynamics
Study the behavior of moving liquids.
Hydrostatics
Part of the hydraulics that studies the equilibrium of liquids at rest.
Insulator
Material that is a bad conductor of electricity .
Ion
Atom or grouping of atoms that by loss or gain of one or more electrons acquires
electric charge.
Ki0localoría
Kcal symbol: Unit of measurement of the calorific energy equivalent to 1,000
calories
Kilocycle
Unit of frequency equivalent to 1,000 oscillations per second.
Load
Electrical property to which are attributed the attractions or mutual repulsions
between electrons or protons.
Magnetism
Set of attractive and repulsive phenomena produced by magnets and electric
currents
Mass number
Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a specific atom.
Period
Time the particle takes to describe the complete oscillation.
Photon
Description "particular" of the radiation electromagnetic, which can behave both as
wave or particle.
Pigment
Material that absorbs light of different colors selectively.
Radiation
Form of energy transport, either by massive particles or photons.
Acid
Is a substance that donates a proton to another substance. According to
Lewis's definition, it is an electron pair acceptor.
Activation energy
The difference in energy between the basal state and the transition state in a
reaction.
Base
Is a substance that accepts a proton from some suitable donor. According to
the definition of Lewis is a donor of a pair of electrons.
Dehydration
The loss of water from an alcohol. The alcohols can be dehydrated to produce
alkenes.
Double helix
The way DNA normally occurs in living systems. Two complementary strands of
DNA are associated with each other.
Endergonic
A reaction that has a positive free energy change and, therefore, is not
spontaneous.
Exergonic
A reaction that has a negative free energy change and therefore is
spontaneous.
Fatty acid
Fatty acids have unbranched chains, and contain an even number of carbon
atoms, ranging from 12 to 20 carbons. They may have one or more double
bonds.
Gibbs free energy change, G
It is the change in free energy that occurs during a reaction.
Heterocyclic
A cyclic molecule whose ring contains more than one type of atom.
Hydrogenolysis
Rupture of a bond by the reaction with hydrogen. For example, the benzyl
ethers and esters are broken by hydrogenolysis.
Hydrophilic
Substances soluble in water, in general due to its capacity to form hydrogen
bridges with water.
Hydrophobic
Substances not soluble in water, but soluble in non-polar media, similar to
hydrocarbons.
Hormone
A chemical messenger that is secreted by an endocrine gland and transported
through the bloodstream to the target tissue.
Heterocyclic Molecules
A molecule contains at least one ring of carbon atoms and also has at least one
atom of a different element (nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, etc.) within the ring.
Isomerism
If a molecule has the same molecular formula, but the atoms are arranged in
different ways, then they are called isomers.
Nucleophilic addition
An atom that has an unshared pair of electrons binds to the carbon of the CPO
group, and some other species (hydrogen, in general) binds to oxygen.
Nucleophilic addition reaction
A reaction in which a nucleophile is added to the electrophilic carbonyl group of
an acetone or an aldehyde to give an alcohol.
Nucleophilic addition-elimination-nucleophilic addition reaction
a nucleophilic addition reaction. The formation of acetal is an example. The
alcohol has been converted into a carbon group, the water has been removed
and a second alcohol molecule has been added to the dehydrated product.
Molecular recognition
The recognition of one molecule by another as a result of specific interactions.
Oxidation
A reaction that causes a decrease in the electrons that a carbon possesses, the
formation of a bond between the carbon and a more electronegative atom.
Protein
Proteins function as raw materials and as enzymes that control the chemistry of
the organism.
Steroid
A lipid whose structure is based on a tetracyclic carbon skeleton with three
rings of six members and one of five members.
Van der Waals Forces
The intermolecular forces responsible for holding molecules together in liquid
and solid states.
Vitamins
The name of vitamins is obtained from "vital amines". The body requires small
amounts of vitamins, but its deficiency produces metabolic and physical
disorders.