Reducing Power Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network

Using Topology
Name: Hamza,Md.Ahasanul Islam khan
Id : 16-32115-2 Section: D

Motivation : During my advance computer networking course I have learn

about the “wireless sensor network “.Wireless sensor network is used for
many purpose , especially for environment monitoring system. Through my
learning I have learn about nodes which are used in wireless sensor
network for sensing, the area or a particular object. Nodes are huge in
number. Nodes have very limited power, when the power has over then the
nodes are died. When nodes are working its work then I the power in going
down. In a particular area there are a lot of nodes in a area which are
deployed if those node does not work for same data then the power will not
gone early. From my thinking I want to work in this filed to reduce the
power consumption of nodes in wireless sensor network . When I am
starting gather knowledge about wireless sensor network then I can
understand about the limitation of wireless sensor network. There are many
issues for high power consumption of nodes. There the many different
topology has been used in wireless sensor network .The main targets of
every topologies are to reduce the power consumption of nodes. But still
the power consumption in high, nodes are died earlier. From then I want to
build a new topology model which will be able to reducing the power
consumption of wireless sensor network. There are many topologies such
as float base topology, cluster base topology, chain base topology and so
on. Cluster base topology is good for reducing power consumption. So my
think was to improve cluster base topology for better performance. Wireless
sensor network measure environmental conditions like temperature, sound,
pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on. By sensor it measure
environmental conditions. There are some battery (not chargeable) has
been used for power. But the problem is which nodes are very far from the
station, that use so much power then the nearest node from the station .So
the life time is very short for those nodes, they died very early. If we use a
modified topology, which reduce the power consumption for the farthest
node from the station. There are some topology for wireless sensor
network, they are trying to reduce the power consumption rate of the
nodes. If we use same modified topology combination of tow or multiple
topology, then we can get a better topology which is mode efficient then the
others topology for better performance.

Literature review:
Introduction: A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensor nodes
capable of collecting information from the environment and communicating
with each other via wireless transceiver [1]. These tiny sensor nodes, which
consist of sensing, data processing, and communicating components,
leverage the idea of sensor networks based on collaborative effort of a
large number of nodes. Sensor networks represent a significant
improvement over traditional sensors, which are deployed in the following
two ways [2].
 Sensors can be positioned far from the actual phenomenon,
i.e., something known by sense perception. In this approach,
large sensors that use some complex techniques to distinguish
the targets from environmental noise are required.
 Several sensors that perform only sensing can be deployed.
The positions of the sensors and communications topology are
carefully engineered.
Sensor networks may consist of many different types of sensors such as
seismic, low sampling rate magnetic, thermal, visual, infrared, acoustic and
radar, which are able to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions that
include the following [3]:
temperature, humidity, vehicular movement, lightning condition, pressure,
soil makeup, noise levels, the presence or absence of certain kinds of
objects, mechanical stress levels on attached objects, and the current
characteristics such as speed, direction, and size of an object.

Power consumption is the amount of input energy (measured in watts)

required for an electrical appliance to function. This is opposed to power
output which is a measure of the level of performance, of a heat pump[4].
The sensor nodes are typically expected to operate with batteries and are
often deployed to not-easily-accessible or hostile environment, sometimes
in large quantities. It can be difficult or impossible to replace the batteries of
the sensor nodes. On the other hand, the sink is typically rich in energy.
Since the sensor energy is the most precious resource in the WSN,
efficient utilization of the energy to prolong the network lifetime has been
the focus of much of the research on the WSN. The communications in the
WSN has the many-to-one property in that data from a large number of
sensor nodes tend to be concentrated into a few sinks. Since multi-hop
routing is generally needed for distant sensor nodes from the sinks to save
energy, the nodes near a sink can be burdened with relaying a large
amount of traffic from other nodes.
Real-time computing is the study of systems that should operate correctly
under time constraints [9][11]. With respect to WSNs, real-time computing
has been mostly applied in the areas of sensing, data processing,
aggregation, and communication with deadline constraint requirements
[10][12]. Depending on the mission requirements network lifetime is most
widely the time span from the deployment of the network to when the first
node runs out of energy[13]. Time-critical WSN systems are ubiquitous in
many practical applications such as in an oil pollution monitoring system
application[14].
Limitations of Wireless Sensor Networks

1. Possess very little storage capacity – a few hundred kilobytes

2. Possess modest processing power-8MHz
3. Works in short communication range – consumes a lot of power
4. Requires minimal energy – constrains protocols
5. Have batteries with a finite life time
6. Passive devices provide little energy

Wireless Sensor Networks Applications:

 These networks are used in environmental tracking, such as forest

detection, animal tracking, flood detection, forecasting and weather
prediction, and also in commercial applications like seismic activities
prediction and monitoring.
  Millitary Applications ,such as tracking and environment monitoring
surveillance applications use these networks. The sensor nodes from
sensor networks are dropped to the field of interest and are remotely
controlled by a user. Enemy tracking, security detections are also
performed by using these networks.
 Health applications, such as Tracking and monitoring of patients and
doctors use these networks.
 The most frequently used wireless sensor networks applications in
the field of Transport systems such as monitoring of traffic, dynamic
routing management and monitoring of parking lots, etc., use these
networks.
 Rapid emergency response, automated building climate control,
ecosystem and habitat monitoring, civil structural health monitoring,
etc., use these networks.

This is all about the wireless sensors networks and their applications. We
believe that the information about all the different types of networks will
help you to know them better for your practical requirements.[19] Apart
from this, for additional information about queries, and doubts regarding
this topic and for any suggestions, please comment or write to us in the
comment section below.

ISSUES RELATED TO WSN:

DESIGN ISSUES: Low latency, Scalability, Transmission Media[10]

Hardware and Operating System for WSN ,Wireless Radio Communication

Characteristics ,Medium Access Schemes, Deployment, Localization,
Synchronization ,Calibration ,Network Layer, Transport Layer, Data
Aggregation and Data Dissemination ,Database Centric and Querying
,Architecture, Programming Models for Sensor Networks ,Middleware.[6]

TOPOLOGY ISSUES:
A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer
network. It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are
arranged and connected to each other. Some common network topologies
include star, ring, line, bus, and tree configurations[5].
There are many types of topology has been used in wireless sensor
network .They are float base topology, cluster base topology, tree base
topology, chain base topology, & so on. There some limitation of those
topology.[20][11]
In float base topology the node are deployed densely on the area they
send data to the station directly, every node send the same data to the
station, so there are duplication of data. so the are many wastage of power.
In cluster base topology, the area is divided into many part, that is call
cluster, there are one sink node which is very close to the station, every
node send data to the sink node and the sink node send the data to the
station, so the power consumption is low from float base topology. But
there are also some problem, the farthest node from the sink node are died
very early.
In chain base topology, the nodes are deployed in a area.[21] Those node
send the data to the next node then that node send data including the
previous node data to the next node. By this the power consumption rate is
become low. But there also some limitation, which nodes are very far from
the station that nodes are died early.
In bus topology the nodes are deployed in serial on the area they send data
to the station directly, every node send the same data to the station, so
there are duplication of data. So the are many wastage of power. This
paper based on the analysis of the shortcomings of traditional technologies,
including location technology, communication technology, the advantages
of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) [15]

Star topology is a communication topology, where each node connects

directly to a gateway. A single gateway can send or receive a message to a
number of remote nodes. In star topologies, the nodes are not permitted to
send messages to each other. This allows low-latency communications
between the remote node and the gateway (base station).[22]
The Mesh topologies allow transmission of data from one node to another,
which is within its radio transmission range. If a node wants to send a
message to another node, which is out of radio communication range, it
needs an intermediate node to forward message the desired node. The
advantage with this mesh topology includes easy isolation and detection of
faults in the network. The disadvantage is that the network is large and
requires huge investment.[16]
In tree base topology, the nodes are deployed like a tree. The child nodes
send data to parents node. Then the parents node collect those data and
send those data to it’s parents node by refined the data duplication. By this
sequence those data send to the station. There are also some limitation,
which nodes have no child that nodes are died early.[17]

Summary: There are many limitations in Wireless sensor network. Power

consumption is one of the big problem in Wireless sensor network. Many
researchers are trying to radius the power consumption rate, they have
used many theory and proposed many topology .But the problem is those
topology could not solve the power consumption problem .By this research
paper a new topology is going to be introduced. This topology is a
combined version of cluster base and tree base topology.
Objective: This is a pure research because theory in used rather then
application .This research is descriptive research because this research is
for solve a specific problem of wireless sensor network which is ‘reducing
the power consumption of wireless sensor network. The Inquiry mode is
qualitative because this will measure the quality of power consumption of
nodes in a specific area in wireless sensor network. This research is for
measure the quality of nodes power by using a topology.
Research Questions:
1.what can reduce the power consumption rate of nodes in wireless sensor
network?
2.How can a be used to maximize the power consumption rate of nodes in
wireless sensor network?
3.Which topology can be used to minimize the power consumption rate of
nodes in wireless sensor network?
Proposed Research Methodology:
There are different types of research methods had been used many
research paper. In my research I will use opinion based research methods.
I chose this method because this methods generally involve an experiment
and collecting quantitative and collecting quantitative data. This is a opinion
based research model. Our motivation is to improve the lifetime of nodes in
the wireless sensor network by using a protocol, and making sure that
through the entire network data is transmitted successfully at the same time
.To do this, we will be using clustering concept. The clustering technique
will first divide the nodes into clusters. Each cluster have so many nodes
but they have a leader node which is called sink node. Then the cluster will
create some sub-cluster. In those sub-cluster have some nodes and a sink
node. Every nodes in the cluster will send data to its immediate sink node
.Then the sink node manage the data and avoid all redundancy and send
the data table to the sink node. This sink node will manage or control all the
sub sink nodes in its cluster. In a cluster every sub sink nodes will send the
data to the sink node, Then the sink node will manage the data and avoid
all the redundancy and send the data to the station. Each cluster node will
have the responsibility to cover only the area inside the cluster, which will
reduce the network's dependency on the node to cover the area. Thereby,
if the node was covering the full area before, it needs to cover less than
half of the area now. This will improve the energy efficiency of the node,
and thereby improve the lifetime of the network.[16]
For my research i need to understand the routing table ,all the data in a
routing table need to be collection. Networh ID, cost,Next hop,Network
destination,netmask,getway,interface,metric.

1. network ID: The destination subnet

2. metric: The routing matrix of the path through which the packet is to
be sent. The route will go in the direction of the gateway with the
lowest metric.
3. next hop: The next hop, or gateway, is the address of the next station
to which the packet is to be sent on the way to its final destination

Network ID Cost Next hop

........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........
 Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.100 10
127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10
192.168.0.100 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 10
192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10

 The column Network Destination and Netmask together describe

the Network ID as mentioned earlier. For example, destination
192.168.0.0 and netmask 255.255.255.0 can be written as network ID
192.168.0.0/24.
 The Gateway column contains the same information as the Next
hop, i.e. it points to the gateway through which the network can be
reached.
 The Interface indicates what locally available interface is responsible
for reaching the gateway. In this example, gateway 192.168.0.1 (the
internet router) can be reached through the local network card with
address 192.168.0.100.
 Finally, the Metric indicates the associated cost of using the indicated
route. This is useful for determining the efficiency of a certain route
from two points in a network. In this example, it is more efficient to
communicate with the computer itself through the use of address
127.0.0.1 (called “localhost”) than it would be through 192.168.0.100
(the IP address of the local network card).

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