MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENT METHODS

 CHLORINATION
- Is the process of adding chlorine/chlorine compounds such as sodium
hypochlorite to water.
- It is the process in which chlorine is used to kill micro-organism. The main
purpose of chlorine are:
 To assist in the formation of flocculation in the process of coagulation
together with other chemical.
 To prevent corrosion of sewers.
 To prevent spread of epidemic.

- Chlorination is classified according to its point of application and its end result.

 Plain chlorination
 Prechlorination
 Postchlorination
 Breakpoint Chlorination
 Free Residual Chlorination vs Combined Residual Chlorination
 Dechlorination

o Plain chlorination - In some cities surfaces waters are used with no other
treatment than chlorination, although in some of these cities long storage is
also given. In such cases, chlorination is extremely important as the principal if
not the only safeguard against disease. Such otherwise untreated waters are
likely to be rather high in organic matter and require high dosages and long
contact periods for maximum safety. The chlorine may be added to the water
in the pipe leading from impounding reservoir to the city. For disinfection,
alone a dose of .5mg/L or more may be required to obtain a combined
available residual in the city distribution system.
o Prechlorination - This is the application of chlorine before any other
treatment. The chlorine may be added in the suction pipes of raw-water
pumps or to the water as it enters the mixing chambers. Its use in this manner
has several advantages. It may improve coagulation and will reduce taste and
odors caused by organic sludge in the sedimentation tank. By reducing algae
and other organism it may the filter sand cleaner and increase the length of
filter runs. Its range of effective action will, of course, depend upon the
maintenance of residual through the units of the plants. Frequently the dosage
is such that a combined available residual of .1 to .5 mg/L goes to the filters.
o Postchlorination - This usually refers to the addition of chlorine to the water
after all the treatments. It has been standard treatment at rapid sand filter
plants, and when use without prechlorination and with low residuals it is
sometimes called marginal chlorination. The chlorine may be added in the
suction line of the service pump but it is preferable to add it in the filter
effluent pipe or in the clear well so that an adequate contact time will be
assured. This should be at least 30 min before of the water is consumed if only
postchlorination is given. Dosage will depend upon the character of the water
and maybe 0.25 to 0.5 mg/L in order to obtain a combine available residual of
0.1 to 0.2 mg/L as the water leaves the plant.

o Breakpoint Chlorination - Apparently, the breakpoint indicates complete

oxidation of the chloramines and other chlorine combinations, and the
residual above the breakpoint is mostly free available residual of about 0.5
mg/L or more. The chlorine, when the breakpoint procedure is applied usually
but not always is added at the influent to the plant. In some cases, ammonia
has been added to waters lacking in it in order to form a more pronounced
breakpoint.

o Free Residual Chlorination vs. Combined Residual Chlorination

 Combined Residual – indicated by bacterial results, are
generally adequate.
 Free Residual Chlorination – can be used by adding sufficient
chlorine to destroy the ammonia, and the residual so obtained
will be a very efficient disinfectant. In the process of obtaining
the free residual, odorous materials will probably have been
eliminated and a residual can be maintained in the distribution
system once its chlorine demand is satisfied if the water is not
exposed to sunlight.

o Dechlorination - Heavy chlorination required for quick disinfectant action or

destruction of tastes and odors may produce high residuals, which are
undesirable. This process has been called superchlorination and it may be
followed by dechlorination.
 AERATION
- Is primarily considered as a physical or mechanical action by which the undesirable
matter is swept out of the water and replaced with oxygen and other gases of the
air. It is also used in removal of iron and manganese, in which case the oxygen
made available from the air unites chemically with the metals to oxidizes and
precipitate them.
- It is also used for mixing chemicals with water and for flocculation with the use of
diffused compressed air.

o Spray nozzles - Provide a large air water surfaces area but exposure
time is short, 2 s or less. They require considerable head and so much
space that housing is difficult and cold weather operation may
impossible.
o Cascades Aerators – consist of a series of steps that the water flows
over. Used to oxidize iron and to partially reduce dissolved gases. The
oldest and common type of aerators.
o Multiple-tray aerators – Consist of series trays, each containing 200 to
300 mm (8 to 12 in) of coke, slag, stone or ceramic balls 50 to 150 mm
(2 to 6 in) in size, supported by stats perforated plates, or screens.
 o Diffused-air aerators - Consist of concrete tanks with depth of 3 to
5m(10 to33 ft), and length to give the desired detention period, which
is form 5 to 30 min. the air is applied by means of diffusers of the same
type as used in treating sewage. In either case the air is broken up into
fine bubbles and the diffusers are placed on one side of the tank so that
a spiral flow is set up that prolongs contact of the bubbles and the
water. Amounts of air used vary from 0.04 to 1.5 m3 / m3 of water.

 DESALINATION
- Can be separated into those which employ a change, like distillation or
freezing, and those which water and dissolved minerals within the aqueous
phase, like ion exchange, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis.

 ALGAE CONTROL
- Control of algae in small basins may be obtained by covering them to exclude
sunlight. Copper sulfate is widely used for this purpose. Prevention is to be
preferred since killing a heavy algae growth with copper sulfate is likely to be
followed by a temporary intensification of tastes and odors. Chlorine is also
useful in controlling algae.

Reporter: Joshua Jess M. Millado

Moderator: Pocholo Bernaldez