Unit 3: Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided

mediums and radiation.

John Sebastián Barona Vélez

Cód: 1144078484

Group:
203058_42

Tutor:
Eduardo Guzmán

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD

CEAD Palmira
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
ECBTI
Electronic Engineering
Florida (Valle del Cauca)
November 22, 2018
 Activities to develop.

1. What is the practical implications associated to a line with only

reactive components or only resistive components?
A/ The main consideration that should be taken is that a line that contains
only resistive elements, gets to heat up a lot, so it could deteriorate the
insulating enamel that covers the cable, so a larger cable should be used.
While a line that uses only reactive components, tend to be more sensitive
to disturbances and losses due to the influence of external fields, so you
must use a wiring that is able to shield the interference from the
environment.
2. In a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the
reflection coefficient and the VSWR? Explain.
A/ The reflection coefficient is used in physics and in Engineering when
considering media with discontinuities in wave propagation. A reflection
coefficient describes the amplitude (or intensity) of a reflected wave
relative to the incident wave. A good value for this coefficient would be 1,
since the ROE can be understood as an indicator of the signal reflected to
the radio transmitter frequency, always taking the value 1 in the
denominator. And the lesser of this index, better.
Therefore, a radio frequency system with SWR 1.4: 1 is better than one
with 1.5: 1! And another one with 1: 1 ROE would have a perfect
impedance adaptation. In other words, it occurs only in theory.
Finally, the ROE in a radio frequency system can be measured by special
devices. One of them, and well known, is the main site. With the
"Distance-To-Fault" mode you can identify the location of problems in a
damaged system
3. What occurs with the voltage and current in a line with the
following conditions: line terminated in its characteristic
impedance, line terminated in a short and line terminated in an
open?
A/ When a line is not coupled, that is, terminated in its characteristic
impedance, part of the energy incident on the load is reflected towards
the generator. The ratio between the reflected wave voltage and that of
the incident is the coefficient of reflection. This fact gives rise to that
along the line a standing wave is formed, with maximum and minimum
voltage and current, to fixed distances along the line and having the
form shown in the figure.

In lines of low losses, 𝛼 ≈ 0, with which 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛾𝑙 ≈ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑙 and 𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ𝛾𝑙 ≈ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑙
and the input impedance is reduced to:
Input impedance of a short-terminated line. In this case 𝑍𝐿 = 0 and
𝛤𝐿 = 1∠180º and from:
Input impedance of a line terminated in open circuit. Under these
conditions, 𝑍𝐿 = ∞ and 𝛤𝐿 = 1∠0º.
The input impedance is: Where 𝑍𝑠𝑐 and 𝑍𝑜𝑐 denote the impedances in
short circuit and open circuit, respectively.
4. What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is an ideal value
for a transmission system?
A/ The voltage reflection coefficient is the one that represents the
proportionality or ratio between voltage and current along the
transmission line, with two components, a direct wave that travels from
the generator to the load and another that travels from the charge to
the generator, and it is represented:
V(x) = V + e−yX + V − eyX

I(x) = I + e−yX + I− eyX

5. What is the effect of Lossy line on voltage and current waves?

A/ When the transmission line introduces losses, it ceases to have an
ideal character and it is necessary to extend the previous circuit
equivalent by adding two new elements: a resistance series R, which
characterizes the ohmic losses per unit length generated by the finite
conductivity of the conductors, and that is measured in Ω / m, and a
parallel conductance G, with dimensions of S / m (or Ω-1m-1), to
represent the losses that occur in the dielectric material by a non-zero
equivalent conductivity.
6. In the Smith Chart identify a 𝑍𝐿 =∝, a 𝑍𝐿 = 0, two resistive loads
and two complex loads. You have to assume the characteristic
impedance.
A/ Moving the cursor to the end of the left side of the horizontal axis is
𝑍𝐿 = 𝛼, and moving the cursor to the end of the right part of the
horizontal axis is 𝑍𝐿 = 0.
Examples of employment of the Smith Charter.
Suppose that it is necessary to determine the input impedance of a
lossless line, whose length is λ / 10 (36º electric) and which is
terminated by a load impedance of 21 + j24 Ω, if the characteristic
impedance of the line is 60 Ω.
Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the
solution in the forum. Perform a critical analysis on the group
members’ contributions and reply this in the forum.
5. A load 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗60Ω is connected to a transmission line with 𝑍0 = 75Ω.
The line is 𝑙 = 0.45𝜆. Find the input impedance and at least two line
lengths where the input impedance is real. Use the Smith Chart to Solve
the exercise.
A/
𝑍𝑙
𝑍𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛 + 𝐽𝑋𝑛
𝑍𝑜
35 − 𝐽60
𝑍𝑛 = 𝟎, 𝟒𝟔𝟔 − 𝟎, 𝟖𝐉
75

We deposit the previous value in Smith's letter, draw a line that starts at
1.0 and passes through
𝒁𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟒𝟔𝟔 − 𝟎, 𝟖𝐉

By extending the straight line until the peripheral circuit is cut, we can
read the origin of Zn, which in this case is:
L =0,166 ɻl
 References.

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press, 525-551. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&la
ng=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525

 Joines, W. T., Bernhard, J. T., & Palmer, W. D. (2012). Microwave

Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, 23-68.
Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&
db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23

 Hierauf, S. C. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston:

Artech House, Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&
db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency &

Microwave Communication Circuits, 146-188. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&
db=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-live