Teacher’s Guide HEAT

CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
• Explain thermal equilibrium Thermal equilibrium
:Keseimbangan terma
• Explain how a liquid-in glass thermometer works

Faster. rate of energy transfer

A B
Equivalent to Equivalent to

Hot Cold
object object

Slower rate of energy transfer No net heat transfer

1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the ( same, zero as the
temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal equilibrium.
2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is
(zero, equal)
3. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two
objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
4. The liquid used in glass thermometer should
(a) Be easily seen
(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature
(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
5. List the characteristic of mercury
(a) Opaque liquid
(b) Does not stick to the glass
(c) Expands uniformly when heated
(d) Freezing point -390C
(e) Boiling point 3570C
6. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

7. The SI unit for ( heat , temperature) is Joule, J.

8. ( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body
9. The SI unit for (heat , temperature) is Kelvin, K.
10. Lower fixed point (l 0 )/ ice point : the temperature of pure melting ice/00C
11. Upper fixed point( l 100)/steam point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling
under standard atmospheric pressure /1000C

l - l x 1000C
θ 0
Temperature, θ =
l0 l100 -atlice
: length of mercury 0 point
l100 : length of mercury at steam point
lθ : length of mercury at θ point

Exercise 4.1
Section A: Choose the best answer
1. The figure shows two metal blocks. B. It warms the water of the tea
Which the following statement is C. It turns into heat energy and
false? disappears.

3. Which of the following temperature

corresponds to zero on the Kelvin
scale?
A. 2730 C
A. P and Q are in thermal contact B. 00C
B. P and Q are in thermal C. -2730 C
equilibrium D. 1000 C
C. Energy is transferred from P to Q
D. Energy is transferred from Q to P 4. How can the sensitivity of a liquid-
in –glass thermometer be increased?
A. Using a liquid which is a
2. When does the energy go when a cup better conductor of heat
of hot tea cools? B. Using a capillary tube with a
A. It warms the surroundings narrower bore.
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

C. Using a longer capillary tube

D. Using a thinner-walked bulb When shaking hands with Anwar,
Kent Hui niticed that Anwar’s hand was
5. Which instrument is most suitable cold. However, Anwar felt that Kent Hui
for measuring a rapidly changing hand was warm. Why did Anwar and Kent
temperature? Hui not feel the same sensation?
A. Alcohol-in –glass A. Both hands in contact are in
thermometer thermal equilibrium.
B. Thermocouple B. Heat is flowing from Kent
C. Mercury-in-glass Hui’s hand to Anawr’s hand
thermometer C. Heat is following from
D. Platinum resistance Anwar’s hand to Kent Hui hand.
thermometer

Section B: Answer all the questions by showing the calculation

1. The length of the mercury column at the ice point and steam point are 5.0 cm and 40.0cm
respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid P, the length of the mercury
column is 23.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid P?
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 23 – 5 x 1000C
40 - 5
θ = 51.420C

2. The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm and
5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the
mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q?

Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 27 – 5 x 1000C
65 - 5
θ = 36.670C
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

3. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a
beaker of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What
is the temperature of the water?

Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 24.5 – 0 x 1000C
28 - 0
θ = 87.50C

4. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker
of water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at
temperatures i) 300C
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 16 – 0 x 1000C
25 - 0
θ = 64.00C

Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
300C = x – 0 x 1000C
25 - 0
x = 7.5cm
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

SECTION C: Structured Questions

1. Luqman uses an aluminium can, a drinking straw and some plasticine to make a simple
thermometer as shown in figure below. He pours a liquid with linear expansion into the can.

(a) Suggest a kind of liquid that expands linearly. (1m)

Alcohol
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) He chooses two fixed points of Celsius scale to calibrate his thermometer. State them
(2m)
Lower fixed point = freezing point of water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Upper fixed point = boiling point of water
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) If the measurement length of the liquid inside the straw at the temperature of the lower
fixed point and the upper fixed point are 5cm and 16 cm respectively, find the length of
the liquid at 82.50C.
100 = 82.5
16-5 x–5
100x – 500 = 907.5
x = 14.08cm

(d) Why should he use a drinking straw of small diameter?

To increases the sensitivity of the thermometer
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) What kind of action should he take if he wants to increase the sensitivity of his
thermometer?
Use a copper can instead of the aluminum can because it is a better thermal
………………………………………………………………………………………………
conductor
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What do you mean by heat and temperature?
Heat is the energy that transfers from one object to another object because of a
temperature difference between them.
Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of a body.
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

……………………………………………………………………………………………....
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.2 : UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
• Define specific heat capacity
Heat capacity
• State that c = Q/MCθ Muatan haba

• Determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid Specific heat capacity

Muatan haba tentu
• Determine the specific heat capacity of a solid
• Describe applications of specific heat capacity
• Solve problems involving specific heat capacity

1. The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat that must be supplied to the
body to increase its temperature by 10C.
2. The heat capacity of an object depends on the
Temperature of the body
(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Mass of the body
(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Type of material
(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be
supplied to increase the temperature by 1 0C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance. Unit
Jkg-1 K-1 Q__
Specific heat capacity , c = m∆θ

4. The heat energy absorbed or given out by an object is given by Q = mc∆O.

5. High specific heat capacity absorb a large amount of heat with only a small
temperature increase such as plastics.
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

6. Conversion of energy

Heater
Electrical energy
Electrical energy Heat energy
Power = P Pt = mcθ

Object falls from

Potential energy Heat energy
A high position mgh= mcθ

Moving object stopped

Kinetic energy due to friction Heat energy
½ mv2= mcθ
Power = P

7. Applications of Specific Heat Capacity

Faster increase Slower increase

in temperature in temperature

Small value of c Two object of Big value of c

equal mass

Equal rate of
heat supplied

Explain the meaning of above application of specific heat capacity:

(a) Water as a coolant in a car engine
(i) Water is a good example of substance with a high specific capacity. It is used as a
cooling agent to prevent overheating of the engine .Therefore, water acts as a
heat reservoir as it can absorb a great amount of heat before it boils.
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

(b) Household apparatus and utensils

………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Sea breeze
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
…………………

(d) Land breeze

……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
………………
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

Exercise 4.2
SECTION A : Choose the best answer
1. The change in the temperature of
an object does not depend on
A. the mass of the object
B. the type of substance the object is
made of
C. the shape of the object
D. the quantity of heat received
2. Which of the following defines
the specific heat capacity of a substance
correctly?
A. The amount of heat energy required
to raise the temperature of 1kg of the
substance
B. The amount of heat energy
required to raise 1kg of the
substance by 10C.
C. The amount of heat energy required
to change 1kg of the substance from
the solid state to the liquid state.
3. Heat energy is supplied at the
same rate to 250g of water and 250g of
ethanol. The temperature of the ethanol
rises faster. This is because the ethanol..
A. is denser than water
B. is less dense than water
C. has a larger specific heat capacity
than water
D. has a smaller specific heat capacity
than water
4. In the experiment to determine
the specific heat capacity of a metal
block, some oil is poured into the hole
containing thermometer. Why is this
done?
A. To ensure a better conduction of
heat
B. To reduce the consumption of
electrical energy
C. To ensure the thermometer is in an
upright position.
D. To reduce the friction between the
thermometer and the wall of the
block.

SECTION B: Answer all questions by showing the calculation

1. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a 4kg iron bar from
320C to 520C? (Specific heat capacity of iron = 452 Jkg-1 0C-1).
Amount of heat energy required, Q = mcθ
= 4 x 452 x (52-32)
= 36 160J
2. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.8 kg of
copper from 350C to 600C. (Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J kg-1 C-1).

Amount of heat required, Q = mcθ

Teacher’s Guide HEAT

= 0.8 x 400 x (60-35)

= 8 000J
3. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2.5 kg of
water from 320C to 820C. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1).

Amount of heat required, Q = mcθ

= 2.5 x 4200 x (82-32)
= 525, 000J

4. 750g block of a aluminium at 1200C is cooled until 450C. Find the amount of
heat is released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1 C-1).

Amount of heat released, Q = mcθ

= 0.75 x 900 x (120-45)
= 50 625J
5. 0.2 kg of water at 700C is mixed with 0.6 kg of water at 300C. Assuming that
no heat is lost, find the final temperature of the mixture. (Specific heat capacity of water
= 4200 J kg-1 C-1)

Amount of heat required, Q = Amount of heat released, Q

mcθ = mcθ
0.2 x 4200 x ( 70- θ) = 0.6 x 4200 x (θ - 30)
θ = 400C

SECTION C: Structured questions

1. In figure below, block A of mass 5kg at temperature 100 0C is in contact with

another block B of mass 2.25kg at temperature 200C.

5kg
2.25kg

A
B
1000C 200C
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

Assume that there is no energy loss to the surroundings.

(a) Find the final temperature of A and B if they are in thermal equilibrium.
Given the specific heat capacity of A and B are 900 Jkg-1 C-1 and 400 Jkg-1 C-1
respectively.
Amount of heat required, Q = Amount of heat released, Q
mcθ = mcθ
5.0x 900 x ( 100- θ) = 2.25 x 400 x (θ - 20)
θ = 86.670C

(b) Find the energy given by A during the process.

Energy given = mcθ
= 5 x 900 x (100 – 86.67
= 60 000J

(c) Suggest one method to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.
Put them in a sealed polystyrene box.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

4.3 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT

By the of this subtopic, you will be able to
• State that transfer of heat during a change of phase does not cause a change in
temperature
• Define specific latent heat
• State that l = Q/m
• Determine the specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation
• Solve problem involving specific latent heat.

1. Four main changes of phase.

Gas
Boiling
Latent heat absorbed Condensation
Latent heat released

Solidification
Solid Latent heat released
Liquid

2. The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase is known as latent heat. Q= ml

3. Complete the diagrams below and summarized.

(a) Melting
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

(b) Boiling
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time

(c) Solidification
Temperature ………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Time ……………………………………….

(d) Condensation
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

Latent heat of fusion

4. …………………………………is the heat absorbed by a melting solid. The specific
latent heat of fusion is the quantity of the heat needed to change 1kg of solid to a liquid at
temperature
its melting point without any increase in ……………………….. The S.I unit of the
specific latent heat of fusion is Jkg-1.

Latent heat absorbed

( melting)

ice water

heat lost
( freezing)

Latent heat of vaporisation

5. …………………………………... is heat of vaporisation is heat absorbed during
boiling. The specific latent heat of vaporisation is the quantity of heat needed to change
temperature
1kg of liquid into gas or vapour of its boiling point without any change in
…………………….. The S.I unit is Jkg-1.

Latent heat absorbed

( boiling)

gas
water

heat lost
( condensation)
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

6. Explain the application of Specific Latent Heat above:

:
(d) Cooling of beverage
When ice melts, its large latent heat is absorbed from surroundings. This property
………………………………………………………………………………………………
makes ice a suitable substance for use as a coolant to maintain other substance at a
………………………………………………………………………………………………
low temperature. Beverage can be cooled by adding in several cubes of ice. When the
………………………………………………………………………………………………
ice melts a large amount of heat (latent heat) is absorbed and this lowers the
………………………………………………………………………………………………
temperature of the drink.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Preservation of Food
The freshness of foodstuff such as fish and meat can be maintain by placing
………………………………………………………………………………………………
them in contact with ice. With its large latent heat, ice is able to absorb a large
………………………………………………………………………………………………
quantity of heat from the foodstuff as its melts. Thus food can be kept at a low
………………………………………………………………………………………………
temperature for an extended period of time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) Steaming Food
Food is cooked faster if steamed. When food is steamed, the condensed water
………………………………………………………………………………………………
vapour releases a quantity of latent heat and heat capacity. This heat flows to the
………………………………………………………………………………………………
food. This is more efficient than boiling the food.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(g) Killing of Germs and Bacteria
Steam that releases a large quantity of heat is used in the autoclave to kill germs
………………………………………………………………………………………………
and bacteria on surgery equipment in hospitals.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

EXERCISE 4.3
Section A:
1. The graph in figure below shows C. The mass of water produced by
how the temperature of some wax melting ice
changes as it cools from liquid to solid. D. The temperature change of the ice.
Which section of the graph would the
wax be a mixture of solid and liquid?

3. It is possible to cook food much

faster with a pressure cooker as shown
above. Why is it easier to cook food
using a pressure cooker?

A. PQ
B. QR
C. RS
D. ST

2. Figure show a joulemeter used for

measuring the electrical energy to melt
some ice in an experiment. To find the
specific latent heat of fusion of ice, what
must be measured?
A. More heat energy can be supplied to
the pressure cooker
B. Heat loss from the pressure cooker
can be reduced.
C. Boiling point of water in the
pressure cooker is raised
D. Food absorbs more heat energy from
the high pressure steam

4. Which of the following is not a

A. The time taken for the ice to melt
B. The voltage of the electricity supply
characteristics of water that makes it
widely used as a cooling agent?
A. Water is readily available
B. Water does not react with many
other substance
C. Water has a large specific heat
capacity
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

D. Water has a large density

A. determining the rate of melting of ice

5. Figure below shows the experiment
set up to determine the specific latent
heat of fusion of ice. A control of the
experiment is set up as shown in Figure
(a) with the aim of
B. ensuring that the ice does not melt
too fast.
C. determining the average value of the
specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
D. determining the mass of ice that
melts as a result of heat from the
surroundings
6. Scalding of the skin by boiling water
is less serious then by steam. This is
because…
A. the boiling point of water is less than
the temperature of steam
B. the heat of boiling water is quickly
lost to the surroundings
C. steam has a high specific latent
heat.
D. Steam has a high specific heat
capacity.

SECTION B: Answer the question by showing the calculation

2. 300g of ice at 00C melts. How much energy is required for this
Q = ml
= 0.3 x 330 000 kJ kg-1
= 99 000kJ
Question 3-7 are based on the following information
• Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg-1 C-1
• Specific heat capacity of ice = 2 100 J kg-1 C-1
• Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 X 105J kg-1
• Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26 X 106 J kg-1
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

3. An immersion heater rated at 500 W is fitted into a large block of ice at 0 0C.
How long does it take to melt 1.5kg of ice?
Q = ml
Pt = 1.5 x 3.34 x 105
500 x t = 501 000
t = 1002s
4. 300 g of water at 400C is mixed with x g of water at 800C. The final
temperature of the mixture is 700C. Find the value of x

5. Calculate the amount of heat released when 2 kg of ice at 00C is changed into
water at 00C.

6. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 3 kg of ice at 00C to water at

300C.

7. Find the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at —150C into steam
at 1000C

8. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 00C into steam
at 1000C.
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

9. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2300 kJ kg-’. How much
heat will be absorbed when 3.2 kg of water is boiled off at its boiling point.

4.4 UNDERSTANDING THE GAS LAW

By the end of this subtopic; you will be able to :

• Explain gas pressure, temperature and volume in terms of the behaviour of gas
molecules.
• Determine the relationship between
(i) pressure and volume
(ii) volume and temperature
(iii) pressure and temperature
• Explain absolute zero and the absolute/Kelvin scale of temperature
• Solve problems involving pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed mass of gas

1. Complete the table below.

Property of gas Explanation

Volume,V • The molecules move freely in random motion and fill up
• m3 the whole space in the container.
• The volume of the gas is equal to the volume of the
container

Temperature,T • The molecules are in continuous random motion and have

• K (Kelvin) an average kinetic energy which is proportional to the
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

temperature.

Pressure,P • The molecules are in continuous random motion.

• Pa(Pascal) • When a molecules collides with the wall of the container
and bounces back, there is a change in momentum and a force
is exerted on the wall
• The force per unit area is the pressure of gas

2. The kinetic theory of gas is based on the following assumptions:

(a) The molecules in a gas move freely in random motion and posses kinetic energy
(b) The force of attraction between the molecules are negligible.
(c) The collisions of the molecules with each other and with the walls of the container are
elastic collisions

4.4.1 Boyle’s Law

Pα1
V
That is PV = constant
Or P V = P V Small volume
1 1 2 2
molecules hit wall
more often, greater
pressure

Relationship between pressure and volume

1. Boyle’s law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely
proportional to its volume when the temperature is kept constant.
2. Boyle’s law can be shown graphically as in Figure above
P
P

0 0 1/V
V

(a) P inversely proportional to V (b) P directly proportional to 1/V

 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

3. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m deep is 250cm 3. If the
atmospheric pressure is 10m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the
surface of the sea.

P2= 10m
P1V1 = P2V2
60m (250 x 10 )m3 = 10m x V2
-6
PI=50m + 10m 1.5 x 10-3 m3 = V2
4.4.2 Charles’s Law
V1=250cm3

VαT
that is V = constant
T

Higher temperature,
Relationship between faster molecules,
volume and temperature larger volume to keep
the pressure constant

Lower temperature

1. Charles’ law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant.
2. The temperature -2730C is the lowest possible temperature and is known as the absolute
zero of temperature.
3. Fill the table below.
Temperature Celsius scale (0C) Kelvin Scale(K)
Absolute zero -273 0
Ice point 0 273
Steam point 100 373
Unknown point θ ( θ + 273 )
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

4. Complete the diagram below.

-273 100 θ/0C

4.4.3 Pressure’s Law

PαT
That is P = constant
Higher temperature
T
molecules move
faster, greater
pressure
Relationship between pressure
and temperature

1. The pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant.

EXERSICE 4.4Gas Law

1. A mixture of air and petrol vapour is injected into the cylinder of a car engine when
the cylinder volume is 100 cm3. Its pressure is then 1.0 atm. The valve closes and the
mixture is compressed to 20 cm3. Find the pressure now.
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

2. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 in deep is 200 cm3. If the
atmospheric pressure is 10 in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the
surface of the sea.

3. The volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h in below the water
surface. Given that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 in, find the value of h.
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)

4. An air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the
water surface. Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure
= 10 m of water)

5. A gas of volume 20m3 at 370C is heated until its temperature becomes 870C at
constant pressure. What is the increase in volume?
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

6. The air pressure in a container at 330C is 1.4 X 1O5 N m2. The container is heated
until the temperature is 550C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is
fixed?

7. The volume of a gas is 1 cm3 at 150C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the
volume becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.

8. An enclosed container contains a fixed mass of gas at 25 0C and at the atmospheric

pressure. The container is heated and temperature of the gas increases to 980C. Find the new
pressure of the gas if the volume of the container is constant.(Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 X
105N rn2)

9. The pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 105 Pa to 9 x 105 Pa at 400C. If the volume
of the gas is constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.
 Teacher’s Guide
PART A: CHAPTER 4
1. A 5kg iron sphere of temperature
0
50 C is put in contact with a 1kg copper
sphere of temperature 273K and they are put
inside an insulated box. Which of the
following statements is correct when they
reach thermal equilibrium?
D. A iron sphere will have a
temperature of 273K
E. The copper sphere will have
a temperature of 500C.
F. Both the sphere have the
same temperature.
G. The temperature of the iron
sphere will be lower than 500C
2. In the process to transfer heat from
one object to another object, which of the
following processes does not involve a
transfer to material?
A. Convection
B. Vaporisation
C. Radiation
D. Evaporation
3. When we use a microwave oven to
heat up some food in a lunch box, we should
open the lid slightly. Which of the following
explanations is correct?
A. To allow microwave to go
inside the lunch box
HEAT
B. To allow the water vapors to
go out, otherwise the box will
explode
C. To allow microwave to
reflect more times inside the
lunch box
D. To allow microwave to
penetrate deeper into the lunch
box.
Water is generally used to put out
fire. Which of the following explanation is
not correct?
A. Water has a high specific
heat capacity
B. Steam can cut off the supply
of oxygen
C. Water is easily available
D. Water can react with some
material
Given that the heat capacity of a
certain sample is 5000 J0C-1. Which of the
following is correct?
A. The mass of this sample is
1kg.
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

B. The energy needed to the behaviour of gas molecules in a

increase the temperature of 1 kg container?
of this sample is 5000 J. A. Gas molecules move
C. The energy needed to randomly
increase the temperature of 0.5kg B. Gas molecules collide
of this sample is 2500J. elastically with the walls of the
D. The temperature of this container
sample will increase 10C when 5 C. Gas molecules move faster as
000 J energy is absorbed by this temperature increases
sample. D. Gas molecules collide
inelastically with each other
6. Which of the following statement is
correct? A cylinder which contains gas is
A. The total mass of the object is compressed at constant temperature of the
kept constant when fusion gas increase because
occurs. A. the average speed of gas
B. The internal energy of the molecules increases
object is increased when B. the number of gas molecules
condensation occurs increases
C. Energy is absorbed when C. the average distance between
condensation occurs. the gas molecules increases
D. Energy is absorbed when D. the rate of collision between
vaporization occurs. the gas molecules and the walls
increases

10. A plastic bag is filled with air. It is

immersed in the boiling water as shown in
diagram below.
7. Water molecules change their states
between the liquid and gaseous states
A. only when water vapour is
saturated
B. at all times because
evaporation and condensation Which of the following statements is
occur any time false?
C. only when the vapour A. The volume of the plastic bag
molecules produce a pressure as increases.
the same as the atmospheric B. The pressure of air molecules
pressure increases
D. only when the water is C. The air molecules in the bag
boiling move faster
D. The repulsive force of boiling
8. Based on the kinetic theory of gas water slows down the movement
which one of the following does not explain of air molecule
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

PART B;
1. A research student wishes to carry out an investigation on the temperature change of the
substance in the temperature range -500C to 500C. The instrument used to measure the
temperature is a liquid in glass thermometer.

Thermometer A B C D
Liquid Mercury Mercury Alcohol Alcohol
Freezing point of liquid (0C) -39 -39 -112 -112
Boiling point of liquid (0C) 360 360 360 360
Diameter of capillary tube Large Small Large Small
Cross section

Table 1
(a) (i) State the principle used in a liquid- in –glass thermometer.(1m)
Principle of thermal equilibrium
........................................................................................................................................
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

(ii) Briefly explain the principle stated in (a)(i) (3m)

A system is in a state of thermal equilibrium if the net rate of heat flow between
………………………………………………………………………………………….
the component of the system is zero. This means that the component of the system
………………………………………………………………………………………….
are at the same temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Table 1 shows the characteristic of 4 types of thermometer: A,B C and D. On the basis
of the information given in Table 1, explain the characteristics of, and suggest a suitable
thermometer for the experiment.(5 m)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Alcohol – freezing point is less than -50C, boiling point higher than 50C.Thus the
……………………………………………………………………………………………
alcohol will not boil.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Capillary tube has small diameter will produce a large change in the length thus
……………………………………………………………………………………………
making the change clearly visible.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Small diameter increases sensitivity of the thermometer
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………..
(c) The length of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is 6.0cm and 18.5 cm at
00C and 1000C. respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of
the mercury column is 14.0cm
(i) Calculate the temperature of the liquid
The temperature of the liquid = 8.0 x 100
12.5
= 64 0C
(ii) State two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. (6m)
• Change of volume of gas with temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………………
• Change of electrical resistance with temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. A metal block P of mass 500 g is heated is boiling water at a temperature of 1000C.

Block P is then transferred into the water at a temperature of 300C in a polystyrene cup. The
mass of water in the polystyrene cup is 250 g. After 2 minutes, the water temperature rises to
420C.
Figure 2
 Teacher’s Guide HEAT

Assuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the
surroundings are negligible.{Specific heat capacity of water 4 200 j kg-1 C-1)
Calculate
(a) the quantity of heat gained by water the polystyrene cup
Q = mcθ
= 0.250 x 4200 x (42-30)
= 12 600J
(b) the rate of heat supplied to the water
Rate of heat supplied to the water = 12 600J
120s
= 105 Js-1

(c) the specific heat capacity of the metal block P

Heat supplied by metal block P = heat gained by water
0.500 x c x(100 -42) = 12 600J
c = 434 J kg-1 C-1

3. A student performs an experiment to investigate the energy change in a system. He

prepares a cardboard tube 50.0 cm long closed by a stopper at one end. Lead shot of mass 500 g
is placed in the tube and the other end of the tube is also closed by a stopper. The height of the
lead shot in the tube is 5.0 cm as shown in Figure 3.1. The student then holds both ends of the
tube and inverts it 100 times (Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

Teacher’s Guide HEAT

(a) State the energy change each time the tube is inverted.
Gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy → heat energy
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) What is the average distance taken by the lead shot each time the tube is
inverted?
45.0 cm
(c) Calculate the time taken by the lead shot to fall from the top to the
bottom of the tube.
S = ut + ½ at2
0.45 = 0 + ½ (10)t2
t = 0.3s

(d) After inverting the tube 100 times, the temperature of the lead shot is
found to have increased by 30C.
i. Calculate the work done on the lead shot.
Work done = (100) mgh
= 100 x 0.500 x 10 x 0.45
= 225 J
ii. Calculate the specific heat capacity of lead.
mc θ = 225 J
c = 225
(0.500 x 3)
= 150 Jkg-1 C-1
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

iii. State the assumption used in your calculation in (d)ii.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
No heat loss to the surroundings/All the gravitational potential energy is converted
………………………………………………………………………………………………
into heat energy
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

PART C: EXPERIMENT

1. Before travelling on a long journey, Luqman measured the air pressure the tyre of
his car as shown in Figure (a) He found that the air pressure of the tyre was 200 kPa.
After the journey, Luqman measured again the air pressure of the tyre as shown in Figure
(b) He found that the air pressure had increase to 245 kPa. Luqman also found that the
tyre was hotter after the journey although the size of the tyre did not change.
Using the information provided by Luqman and his observations on air pressure in the
tyre of his car:

(a) State one suitable inference that can be made. [1 mark]

(b) State appropriate hypothesis for an investigation. [1 mark]
(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b).

Figure (a) Figure (b)

Choose suitable apparatus such as pressure gauge, a round-bottomed flask and any other
apparatus that may he necessary. In your description, state clearly the following:
i. Aim of the experiment,
ii. Variables in the experiment,
iii. List of apparatus and materials,
iv. Arrangement of the apparatus,
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

v. The procedure of the experiment including the method of controlling the

manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable,
vi. The way you would tabulate the data,
vii. The way you would analyse the data. [10 marks]

Inference At constant volume, the air pressure depends on the temperature

Hypothesis At constant volume, the air pressure increase as the temperature
increases
Aim To investigate the relationship between the air pressure and the
temperature at constant volume.
Variable Constant variable : Air temperature
Manipulate variable : Air pressure
Responding variable : Volume of air
Material and Apparatus Round-bottom flask, rubber tube, Bourdon gauge, beaker,
stirrer, thermometer, wire gauze, tripod stand and Bunsen
Teacher’s Guide HEAT

burner.
Arrangement of
apparatus

Procedure • The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above.

• The beaker is filled with ice-cold water until the flask is
completely immersed.
• The water is stirred and the initial temperature reading
taken. The pressure reading from the bourdon gauge is also
taken.
• The water is heated and constant stirred. When the water
temperature increases by 100C, the Bunsen burner is
removed and the stirring of water is continued. The
temperature and pressure readings of the trapped air are
recorded in the table
• The above procedure is repeated until the water temperature
almost reaches boiling point.
Tabulation of Data

Analysis of Data
Teacher’s Guide HEAT