CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTON

1.1 CENTRIFUGAL IMPELLER

An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump which transfers

energy from the motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the
fluid outwards from the centre of rotation. The velocity achieved by the impeller transfers
into pressure when the pump casing confines the outward movement of the fluid.
Impellers are usually short cylinders with an open inlet (called an eye) to accept incoming
fluid, vanes to push the fluid radially, and a splined, keyed, or threaded bore to accept a
drive-shaft.

Fig 1.1 Types of impeller bade

The impeller made out of cast material in many cases may be called rotor, also. It is
cheaper to cast the radial impeller right in the support it is fitted on, which is put in
motion by the gearbox from an electric motor, combustion engine or by steam driven
turbine. The rotor usually names both the spindle and the impeller when they are
mounted by bolts. In the case of where flow simply passes through a straight pipe to enter
a centrifugal compressor; the flow is straight, uniform and has no vorticity. As illustrated
below α1= 0°. As the flow continues to pass into and through the centrifugal impeller, the
impeller forces the flow to spin faster and faster.

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1.2 TYPES

 Open impeller
 Semi-open impeller
 Closed or shrouded impeller

1.3 USES

1.3.1 In Centrifugal Compressors

The main part of a centrifugal compressor is the impeller. An

open impeller has no cover, therefore it can work at higher speeds. A compressor with a
covered impeller can have more stages than one that has an open impeller.

1.3.2 In Water Jets

Some impellers are similar to small propellers but without the large blades. Among other
uses, they are used in water jets to power high speed boats. Since impellers have no large
blades to turn, they can spin at much higher speeds than propellers. The water forced
through the impeller is channeled by the housing, creating a water jet that propels the
vessel forward. The housing is normally tapered into a nozzle to increase the speed of the
water, which also creates a Venturi effect in which low pressure behind the impeller pulls
more water towards the blades, tending to increase the speed.

To work efficiently, there must be a close fit between the impeller and the housing. The
housing is normally fitted with a replaceable wear ring which tends to wear as sand or
other particles are thrown against the housing side by the impeller. Vessels using
impellers are normally steered by changing the direction of the water jet. Compare to
propeller and jet aircraft engines.

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1.3.3 in agitated tanks

Fig 1.2 Axial flow and Radial flow impeller

Impellers in agitated tanks are used tomix fluids or slurry in the tank. This canbe used to
combine materials in the form of solids, liquids and gas. Mixing the fluids in a tank is
very important if there are gradients in conditions such as temperature or concentration.

1.3.4 In Washing Machines

Some constructions of top loading washing machines use impellers to agitate the laundry
during washing.

1.3.5 In Medical Devices

Impellers are an integral part of axial-flow pump (AFPs), used in ventricular assist
devices to augment or fully replace cardiac function.

1.3.6 In Air Pumps

Air pumps, such as the roots blower, use meshing impellers to move air
through a system. Applications include blast furnaces, ventilation systems, and super
chargers for internal combustion engines.

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 1.4 INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

1.4.1 Basics of Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the simulation of fluids engineering

systems using modeling (mathematical physical problem formulation) and numerical
methods (discretization methods, solvers, numerical parameters, and grid generations,
etc.). The process is as figure 1. Figure 1 Process of Computational Fluid Dynamics
Firstly, we have a fluid problem. To solve this problem, we should know the physical
properties of fluid by using Fluid Mechanics. Then we can use mathematical equations to
describe these physical properties. This is Navier-Stokes Equation and it is the governing
equation of CFD. As the Navier-Stokes Equation is analytical, human can understand it
and solve them on a piece of paper. But if we want to solve this equation by computer,
we have to translate it to the discretized form.

The translators are numerical discretization methods, such as Finite Difference, Finite
Element,Finite Volume methods. Consequently, we also need to divide our whole
problem domain into many small parts because our discretization is based on them. Then,
we can write programs to solve them. The typical languages are Fortran and C. Normally
the programs are run on workstations or super computers. At the end, we can get our
simulation results. We can compare and analyze the simulation results with experiments
and the real problem. If the results are not sufficient to solve the problem, we have to
repeat the process until find satisfied solution. This is the process of CFD

Fig: 1.3 Flow chart of CFD

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1.4.2 WHAT IS FLUID FLOW?

Fluid flows encountered in everyday life include

 meteorological phenomena (rain, wind, hurricanes, floods, fires)

 environmental hazards (air pollution, transport of contaminants)
 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning of buildings, cars etc.
 combustion in automobile engines and other propulsion systems
 interaction of various objects with the surrounding air/water
 Complex flows in furnaces, heat exchangers, chemical reactors etc
 processes in human body (blood flow, breathing, drinking and so on and so forth

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool used to model the real life
behaviour of fluids. It allows the optimisation of design parameters without the need for
the costly testing of multiple prototypes. What is more, it is also a powerful graphical tool
for visualising flow patterns that can give insight into flow physics that otherwise would
be very difficult and costly to discover experimentally, if possible at all. Governing
equations exist to model fluid behaviour, but it is not always possible to apply them to
many of the complex flow patterns we see in the real world directly as there would be too
many unknown variables. However, CFD involves creating a computational mesh to
divide up real world continuous fluids into more manageable discrete sections.

The governing equations for fluid flow can then be applied to each section
individually, but as the properties of each section are inevitably linked to its neighbouring
sections, all the sections can be solved simultaneously until a full solution for the entire
flow field can be found. This method obviously requires a huge amount of computational
power, nevertheless with the advancement of modern computing, solutions that would
take months to compute by hand can now be found in seconds using nothing more than
an ordinary desktop or laptop computer. As with everything, CFD is not without its
limitations. Its accuracy or validity are dependent on a multitude of different factors: the
quality and appropriateness of the mesh, the degree to which the chosen equations match

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the type of flow to be modelled, the interpretation of the results, the accuracy of the
boundary conditions entered by the user or the level of convergence of the solution, to
name but a few.

1.4.3 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around the Space Shuttle during
re-entry. Simulation of the Hyper-Xscramjet vehicle in operation at Mach-7 The
fundamental basis of almost all CFD problems is the Navier–Stokes equations, which
define many single-phase (gas or liquid, but not both) fluid flows. These equations can be
simplified by removing terms describing viscous actions to yield the Euler equations.
Further simplification, by removing terms describing vorticity yields the full potential
equations. Finally, for small perturbations in subsonic and supersonic flows (not
transonic or hypersonic) these equations can be linearized to yield the linearized potential
equations

Historically, methods were first developed to solve the linearized potential

equations. Two-dimensional (2D) methods, using conformal transformations of the flow
about a cylinder to the flow about an air foil were developed in the 1930s. One of the
earliest type of calculations resembling modern CFD are those by Lewis Fry Richardson,
in the sense that these calculations used finite differences and divided the physical space
in cells. Although they failed dramatically, these calculations, together with Richardson's
book "Weather prediction by numerical process", set the basis for modern CFD and
numerical meteorology. In fact, early CFD calculations during the 1940s using ENIAC
used methods close to those in Richardson's 1922 book. The computer power available
paced development of three-dimensional methods. Probably the first work using
computers to model fluid flow, as governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, was
performed at Los Alamos National Lab, in the T3 group. This group was led by Francis
H. Harlow, who is widely considered as one of the pioneers of CFD. From 1957 to late
1960s, this group developed a variety of numerical methods to simulate transient two-

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dimensional fluid flows, such as Particle-in-cell method (Harlow, 1957),Fluid-in-cell
method (Gentry, Martin and Daly, 1966), Vorticity stream function method (Jake Fromm,
1963), and Marker-and-cell method (Harlow and Welch, 1965).Fromm's vorticity-stream-
function method for 2D, transient, incompressible flow was the first treatment of strongly
contorting incompressible flows in the world. The first paper with three-dimensional
model was published by John Hess and A.M.O. Smith of Douglas Aircraft in 1967. This
method discretized the surface of the geometry with panels, giving rise to this class of
programs being called Panel Methods. Their method itself was simplified, in that it did
not include lifting flows and hence was mainly applied to ship hulls and aircraft
fuselages. The first lifting Panel Code (A230) was described in a paper written by Paul
Rubbert and Gary Saaris of Boeing Aircraft in 1968. In time, more advanced three-
dimensional Panel Codes were developed at Boeing (PANAIR,A502), Lockheed
(Quadpan),Douglas (HESS), McDonnell,Aircraft (MACAERO), NASA (PMARC) and
Analytical Methods (WBAERO, USAERO and VSAERO). Some (PANAIR, HESS and
MACAERO) were higher order codes, using higher order distributions of surface
singularities, while others (Quadpan, PMARC, USAERO and VSAERO) used single
singularities on each surface panel. In the two-dimensional realm, a number of Panel
Codes have been developed for airfoil analysis and design. The codes typically have a
boundary layer analysis included, so that viscous effects can be modeled. Professor
Richard Eppler of the University of Stuttgart developed the PROFILE code, partly with
NASA funding, which became available in the early 1980s. This was soon followed by
MIT Professor Mark Drela's XFOIL code. Both PROFILE and XFOIL incorporate two-
dimensional panel codes, with coupled boundary layer codes for airfoil analysis work.
PROFILE uses a conformal transformation method for inverse airfoil design, while
XFOIL has both a conformal transformation and an inverse panel method for airfoil
design. An intermediate step between Panel Codes and Full Potential codes were codes
that used the Transonic Small Disturbance equations. In particular, the three-dimensional
WIBCO code, developed by Charlie Boppe of Grumman Aircraft in the early 1980s has
seen heavy use. Developers turned to Full Potential codes, as panel methods could not

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calculate the non-linear flow present at transonic speeds. The first description of a means
of using the Full Potential equations was published by EarllMurman and Julian Cole of
Boeing in 1970. Frances Bauer, Paul

Garabedian and David Korn of the Courant Institute at New York University (NYU)
wrote a series of two-dimensional Full Potential airfoil codes that were widely used, the
most important being named Program H. A further growth of Program H was developed
by Bob Melnik and his group at Grumman Aerospace as Grumfoil. Antony Jameson,
originally at Grumman Aircraft and the Courant Institute of NYU, worked with David
Caughey to develop the important three-dimensional Full Potential code FLO22 in 1975.
Many Full Potential codes emerged after this, culminating in Boeing's Tranair (A633)
code, which still sees heavy use. The next step was the Euler equations, which promised
to provide more accurate solutions of transonic flows. The methodology used by Jameson
in his three-dimensional FLO57 code (1981) was used by others to produce such
programs as Lockheed's TEAM program and IAI/Analytical Methods' MGAERO
program. MGAERO is unique in being a structured cartesian mesh code, while most
other such codes use structured body-fitted grids (with the exception of NASA's highly
successful CART3D code, Lockheed's SPLITFLOW code and Georgia Tech's
NASCART-GT). Antony Jameson also developed the three-dimensional AIRPLANE
code which made use of unstructured tetrahedral grids. In the two-dimensional realm,
Mark Drela and Michael Giles, then graduate students at MIT, developed the ISES Euler
program (actually a suite of programs) for airfoil design and analysis. This code first
became available in 1986 and has been further developed to design, analyze and optimize
single or multi-element airfoils, as the MSES program. MSES sees wide use throughout
the world. A derivative of MSES, for the design and analysis of airfoils in a cascade, is
MISES, developed by Harold "Guppy" Youngren while he was a graduate student at
MIT.

The Navier–Stokes equations were the ultimate target of development. Two-dimensional

codes, such as NASA Ames ARC2D code first emerged. A number of three-dimensional

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codes were developed (ARC3D, OVERFLOW, CFL3D are three successful NASA
contributions), leading to numerous commercial packages.

CFD:

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides a qualitative (and sometimes even

quantitative) prediction of fluid flows by means of

 mathematical modeling (partial differential equations)

 numerical methods (discretization and solution techniques)
 software tools (solvers, pre and postprocessing utilities)

CFD enables scientists and engineers to perform „numerical experiments (i.e.

computer simulations) in a „virtual flow laboratory‟Often it comes down to the skill of
the user, as each flow problem will be slightly different and as a result, will require a
slightly different modelling approach. However, experimental data can provide a valuable
reference point with which to check the validity of CFD models.

Use of CFD

Numerical simulations of fluid flow (will) enable

• architects to design comfortable and safe living environments

• designers of vehicles to improve the aerodynamic characteristics

• chemical engineers to maximize the yield from their equipment

• petroleum engineers to devise optimal oil recovery strategies

• surgeons to cure arterial diseases (computational hemodynamics)

• meteorologists to forecast the weather and warn of natural disasters

• safety experts to reduce health risks from radiation and other hazards

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 • military organizations to develop weapons and estimate the damage

• CFD practitioners to make big bucks by selling colorful pictures.

1.5. IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

There are three methods in study of Fluid: theory analysis, experiment and
simulation (CFD). As a new method, CFD has many advantages compared to
experiments.

Cost Cheap Expensive

Time Short Long
Scale Any Small/middle
Information All Measured Point
Repeatable Yes Some
Safety Yes Some Dangerous
.

Table 1.1 Comparison of Simulation and Experiment

1.6. APPLICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

As CFD has so many advantages, it is already generally used in industry such as

aerospace, automotive, biomedicine, chemical processing, heat ventilation air condition,
hydraulics, power generation, sports and marine etc.

1.7 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

To solve the equation system, we also need boundary conditions. The typical
boundary conditionsin CFD are No-slip boundary condition, Axisymmetric boundary
condition, Inlet, outlet boundary condition and Periodic boundary condition.pipe, the
fluid flows from left to right. We can use inlet at left side, which means we can set the
velocity manually. At the right side, we use outlet boundary condition to keepall the
properties constant, which means all the gradients are zero.

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At the wall of pipe, we can set the velocity to zero. This is no-slip boundary condition. At
the center of pipe, we can use axisymmetric boundary condition.

1.8 POSTPROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

Postprocessing of the simulation results is performed in order to extract the desired

information from the computed flow field

 calculation of derived quantities (streamfunction, vorticity)

 calculation of integral parameters (lift, drag, total mass)
 visualization (representation of numbers as images)

1D data: function values connected by straight lines

2D data: streamlines, contour levels, color diagrams

3D data: cutlines, cutplanes, isosurfaces, isovolumes arrow plots, particle

tracing, animations.

 Systematic data analysis by means of statistical tools

 Debugging, verification, and validation of the CFD model
 Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping; a
centrifugal fan is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner.
 The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting
potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy.

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1.9 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Fig: 1.6 Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing

turbomachinery. Centrifugal pumps are Warman centrifugal pump in a coal preparation
plantapplication used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to
the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from
an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser
or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits. Common uses include water, sewage,
petroleum and petrochemical pumping; a centrifugal fan is commonly used to implement
a vacuum cleaner. The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine
converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy.

According to Reti, the first machine that could be characterized as a centrifugal

pump was a mud lifting machine which appeared as early as 1475 in a treatise by the
Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini. True centrifugal pumps were
not developed until the late 17th century, when Denis Papin built one using straight
vanes. The curved vane was introduced by British inventor John Appold in 1851.

Like most pumps, a centrifugal pump converts rotational energy, often from a
motor, to energy in a moving fluid. A portion of the energy goes into kinetic energy of
the fluid. Fluid enters axially through eye of the casing, is caught up in the impeller

12
blades, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until itleaves through all
circumferential parts of the impeller into the diffuser part of the casing. The fluid gains
both velocity and pressure while passing through the impeller. The doughnut-shaped
diffuser, or scroll, section of the casing decelerates the flow and further increases in
pressure.

1.10 DESCRIPTION BY EULER

A consequence of Newton‟s second law of mechanics is the conservation of the

angular momentum (or the “moment of momentum”) which is of fundamental
significance to all turbomachines. Accordingly, the change of the angular momentum is
equal to the sum of the external moments. Angular momentums ρ×Q×r×cu at inlet and
outlet, an external torque M and friction moments due to shear stresses Mτ are acting on
animpeller or a diffuser. Since no pressure forces are created on cylindrical surfaces in
the circumferential direction, it is possible.

1.11 EULER'S PUMP EQUATION

Euler developed the head pressure equation created by the impeller. The sum of 4
front element number call static pressure,the sum of last 2 element number call velocity
pressure look carefully on the Fig 2.2 and the detail equation. Ht theory head pressure ; g
= between 9.78 and 9.82 m/s2 depending on latitude, conventional standard value of
exactly 9.80665 m/s2 bary centric gravitational acceleration.

u2=r2.ω the peripheral circumferential velocity vector

u1=r1.ω the inlet circumferential velocity vector

ω=2π.n angular velocity

w1 inlet relative velocity vector

w2 outlet relative velocity vector

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 c1 inlet absolute velocity vector

c2 outlet absolute velocity vector

1.12 VELOCITY TRIANGLE

The color triangle formed by velocity vector u,c,w called "velocity triangle". This
rule was helpful to detail become and wide explained how the pump works. They shows
triangle velocity of forward curved vanes impeller; They shows triangle velocity of radial
straight vanes impeller. It illustrates rather clearly energy added to the flow (shown in
vector c) inversely change upon flow rate Q (shown in vector cm)

1.13 TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

 Radial flow pump

 Axial flow pump
 Mixed flow pump

Fig: 1.7 Radial flow pump

These pumps are often simply referred to as centrifugal pumps. The fluid
enters along the axial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exists at right angles to the
shaft (radially). Radial flow pumps operate at higher pressures and lower flow rates than
axial and mixed flow pumps. The radial flow pumps, by its principle, are converse of the
Francis turbine. The flow is radially outward, and the hence the fluid gains in centrifugal
head while flowing through it. Because of certain inherent advantages, such as

14
compactness, smooth and uniform flow, low initial cost and high efficiency even at low
heads, centrifugal pumps are pumps are used in almost all pumping systems,

This has vanes on both sides of the rim that rotates in a ring like channel in the
pump‟s casing. The fluid does not discharge freely from the tip of the impeller but is
recirculated back to a lower point on the impeller diameter. This recirculated or
regeneration increases the head developed.They may be linked to a propeller spinning in
the length of the tube. Axial flow pumps operate at much low pressures and higher flow
rates that radial flow pumps.

Fig: 1.8Axial flow pump

Axial flow pumps differ from radial flow in that the fluid enters and exits along
the same direction parallel to the rotational shaft. The fluid is not accelerated but instead
lifted by the action of the impeller. They may be linked to a propeller spinning in the
length of the tube. Axial flow pumps operate at much low pressures and higher flow rates
that radial flow pumps.

1.13.3 Mixed Flow Pump

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 Mixed flow pumps, as the name suggests, function as a compromise between
radial and axial flow pumps , the fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and
exists the impeller somewhere between 0-90 degrees from the axial direction. As a
consequence mixed flow pumps operate at high pressure than axial flow pumps while
delivering higher discharges than radial flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates
the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed flow.

1.13.4 Peripheral Pump

A peripheral pump is called a turbine, or regenerative pump. The impeller has

vanes on both sides of the rim that rotates in a ring like channel in the pump‟s casing. The
fluid does not discharge freely from the tip of the impeller but is recirculated back to a
lower point on the impeller diameter. This recirculated or regeneration increases the head
developed. Its discharge is split, with the greater part of the flow leaving the system,
while a portion of the flow is returned to jet pump installed below ground in the well.
This recirculated part of the pumped fluid is used to power the jet.

Fig 1.10 Peripheral pump

1.13.5 JET PUMP

Jet pump are commonly used to extract water from water wells. The main pump
often a centrifugal pump is powered and installed at ground level. Its discharge is split,

16
with the greater part of the flow leaving the system, while a portion of the flow is
returned to jet pump installed below ground in the well. This recirculated part of the
pumped fluid is used to power the jet. At the jet pump, the high energy low mass returned
flow drives more fluid from the well becoming a low energy, high mass flow which is
then piped to the inlet of the main pump.

Fig: 1.11 Jet Pump

1.14 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Every centrifugal pump has two characteristics that are same; each has an impeller
that forces the liquid being pumped into a rotary motion, each has a casing, which directs
the liquid to the impeller. The liquid leaves the impeller as the impeller rotates.

The liquid leaves with high velocity and pressure than it had when it entered.
There is a conversion of some of the velocity to pressure than takes place before the
liquid leaves the pump; this partial conversion takes place in the pump casing. Head loss
is associated with conversion and must be taken into account. The size of the impeller
and the pump casing vary greatly with the type of centrifugal pump. Centrifugal pumps
are often classified by a type number known as the specific speed that varies with the
shape of the impeller. Two main components of a centrifugal pump are the impeller and
the casing. The impeller is a rotating component and the casing is a stationary component
17
.The impeller is a rotating component. In centrifugal pump, water enters axially through
the impeller eyes and water exits radially. The pump Casing is to guide the liquid to the
impeller, converts into pressure the high velocity kinetic energy of the flow from the
impeller discharge and leads liquid away of the energy having imparted to the liquid
comes from the volute casing.

In a centrifugal pump, the liquid is forced by atmospheric or other pressure into a

set of rotating vanes enclosed within a housing or casing that is used to impart energy to a
fluid through centrifugal force. The design and performance analysis of radial flow
centrifugal pump are chosen because it is the most useful mechanical roto dynamic
machine in fluid works which is widely used in domestic, irrigation, industry, large plants
and river water pumping system.

The impeller has vanes on both sides of the rim that rotates in a ring like channel
in the pump‟s casing. The fluid does not discharge freely from the tip of the impeller but
is recirculated back to a lower point on the impeller diameter. This recirculated or
regeneration increases the head developed.Its discharge is split, with the greater part of
the flow leaving the system, while a portion of the flow is returned to jet pump installed
below ground in the well.

1.15 SELECTION OF PUMP FOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT

Fig: 1.12 Centrifugal pump selection

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 The design and performance analysis of centrifugal pump are chosen for the
project work, because it is the most useful mechanical rotodynamic machine in fluid
works which widely used in domestic, irrigation, industry, large plants and river water
pumping system. These pumps are used at the place where the requirements of head and
discharge are moderate. Extensive use of centrifugal pumps is because of the following
reasons.

1. Initial cost of pump is low

2. Efficiency is high

3. Discharge is uniform and continuous flow

4. Installation and maintenance is easy

5. It can run at high speeds without the risk of separation of flow

1.16 DIFFUSER

The next key component to the simple centrifugal compressor is the diffuser.
Downstream of the impeller in the flow path, it is the diffuser's responsibility to convert
the kinetic energy (high velocity) of the gas into pressure by gradually slowing
(diffusing) the gas velocity. Diffusers can be vaneless, vaned or an alternating
combination. High efficiency vaneddiffusers are also designed over a wide range of
solidities from less than 1 to over 4. Hybrid versions of vaneddiffusers include: wedge,
channel, and pipe diffusers. There are turbocharger applications that benefit by
incorporating no diffuser. Bernoulli's fluid dynamic principle plays an important role in
understanding diffuser performance.

1.17 APPLICATIONS

Below, is a partial list of centrifugal compressor applications each with a brief

description of some of the general characteristics possessed by those compressors. To

19
start this list two of the most well known centrifugal compressor applications are listed;
gas turbines and turbochargers.

In gas turbines and auxiliary power units.In their simple form, modern gas turbines
operate on the Brayton cycle. Either or both axial and centrifugal compressors are used to
provide compression. The types of gas turbines that most often include centrifugal
compressors include turboshaft, turboprop, auxiliary power units, and micro-turbines.
The industry standards applied to all of the centrifugal compressors used in aircraft
applications are set by the FAA and the military to maximize both safety and durability
under severe conditions. Centrifugal impellers used in gas turbines are commonly made
from titanium alloy forgings. Their flow-path blades are commonly flank milled or point
milled on 5-axis milling machines. When tolerances and clearances are the tightest, these
designs are completed as hot operational geometry and deflected back into the cold
geometry as required for manufacturing. This need arises from the impeller's deflections
experienced from start-up to full speed/full temperature which can be 100 times larger
than the expected hot running clearance of the impeller.

Centrifugal compressors used inconjunction with reciprocating internal

combustion engines are known as turbochargers if driven by the engine‟s exhaust gas and
turbo-superchargers if mechanically driven by the engine. Standards set by the industry
for turbochargers may have been established by SAE. Ideal gas properties often work
well for the design, test and analysis of turbocharger centrifugal compressor performance.

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 CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Extensive research work in the area of impeller has been going on over the last
few decades in order to improve their performance. The flow process is highly complex
in the water pump impellers and it can be predicted well with the aid of CFD and thus
facilitating the design of pumps. A CFD approach seems a logical way to have a detailed
look at the flow behavior and to predict the regions of separation with a high degree of
accuracy. Thus CFD is an important tool for pump designers.

Oh J.S, RO H.S and Goto. AOh and Ro used a compressible time marching
method, a traditional Simple method, and a commercial program of CFX-TASC flow to
simulate flow pattern through a water pump and compared the difference between among
these methods in predicting the pumps performance. Goto presented a comparison
between the measured and computed exit-flow fields of a mixed flow impeller with
various tip clearances, including the shrouded and un shrouded impellers, and confirmed
the applicability of the incompressible version of the threedimensional Navier-stokes
code developed by Dawes for a mixed flow centrifugal pump.

ZhouWeidong, Ng and his colleagues Zhou and Ng and their colleagues also developed a
three – dimensional time-marching, incompressible Navier-stokes solver using the
pseudo compressibility technique to study the flow field through a mixed-flow water-
pump impeller.

The applicability of the original code was validated by comparing it With many
published experimental and computational results.Kaupert, potts, Tsukamoto Kaupert and
his colleagues, Potss, and Sun and Tsukamoto studied pump off design performance
using the commercial software CFX-TASC flow, FLUENT, and STARCD, respectively.
Although these researchers predicted reverse flow in the impeller shroud region at small
flow rates numerically, some contradictions still existed. Kaupert‟s experiments showed

21
the simultaneous appearance of shroud-side reverse flow at the impeller inlet and outlet
but his CFD results failed to predict the numerical outlet – reverse flows. Sun and
Tsukamoto validated the predicted results of the head-flow curves, diffuser inlet pressure
distribution, and impeller radial forces by revealing the experimental data over the entire
flow range, and they predicted back flow at small rates, but they did not show an exact
back- flow pattern along the impeller outlet.

These researches clearly show the necessities of the off-design performance in

pumps arenecessary.MiguelAsuaje, FaridBakir, Sma¨ıneKouidri, Frank Kenyery A 3D-
CFD simulation of the impeller and volute of a centrifugal pump has been performed
using CFX codes. The pump has a specific speed of 32 (metric units) and an outside
impeller diameter of 400 mm. First, a 3D flow simulation for the impeller with a
structured grid is presented. A sensitivity analysis regarding grid quality and turbulence
models were also performed. The final impeller model obtained was usedfor a 3D quasi-
unsteady flow simulation of the impeller volute stage. A procedure for designing the
volute, the non-structural grid generation in the volute, and the interface flow passage
between the impeller and volute are discussed. This flow simulation was carried out for
several impeller blades and volute tongue relative positions. As a result, velocity and
pressure field were calculated for different flow rates, allowing to obtain the radial thrust
on the pump shaft.

22
 CHAPTER 3

3. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1 DESIGN

The design of the centrifugal impeller blade were designed in CATIA and the
types of impeller blade we use to analyse are three blade impeller, four blade impeller,
twisted four blade impeller.

CATIA (an acronym of computer-aidedthree-dimensional interactive application)

is amulti-platform software suite forcomputer-aided design (CAD), computer
aidedmanufacturing (CAM), computer aidedengineering (CAE), PLM and 3D,developed
by the French companyDassault Systems. CATIA offers a solution to shape design,
styling, surfacing workflow and visualization to create, modify and validate complex
innovative shapes from industrial design to Class-A surfacing with the ICEM surfacing
technologies.

CATIA supports multiple stages of product design whether started from scratch or
from 2D sketches(blueprints). Systems engineering The CATIA Systems Engineering
solution delivers a unique open and extensible systems engineering development platform
that fully integrates the crossdisciplinemodeling, simulation, verification and business
process support needed for developing complex „cyber-physical‟ products. It enables
organizations to evaluate requests for changes or develop new products or system
variants utilizing a unified performance based systems engineering approach. The
solution addresses the Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) needs of users
developing today‟s smart products and systems and comprises the elements.

23
3.2 THREE BLADE IMPELLER

Fig: 3.1 Isometric views of 3 blades Fig: 3.2 Top views of 3 blades

Fig: 3.3 Wireframe views of 3 blades

24
3.3 FOUR BLADE IMPELLER

Fig: 3.4 isometric views of 4 blades Fig: 3.6 Top views of 4 blades

Fig: 3.5 Wireframe views of 4 blades

25
3.4 TWISTED FOUR BLADE

Fig: 3.7 isometric view of twisted4 blade

Fig: 3.8 Wireframe view of twisted 4 blade

26
 CHAPTER 4

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 THREE BLADE IMPELLER

Fig: 4.1 Impeller Model

These Fig 4.1 were the model we designed in CATIA and imported in CFD to make an
analyse its performance.

Fig: 4.2 Mesh Model of The Impeller

27
Next Fig 4.2 is the second stage of the analyse in the process which is meshing stage and
used to find results better.

Fig: 4.3 Setup Of Impeller

Then the Fig 4.3 is stage were we select the boundary conditions for the following
workings

Fig: 4.4 Streamline of 3 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.4 shows the streamline flow of the liquid in the impeller casing with accurate
manner so it‟s easy to find its performance.

28
 Fig: 4.5 Velocity of 3 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.5 shows the velocity of the impeller blade so its performance can be changed
before fabricating them.

Fig: 4.6 Pressure of 3 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.6 shows the pressure flow in the impeller casing to be tested and used to find the
pressure ranges in whole body.

29
 Fig: 4.7 Turbulent Kinetic Energy of 3 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.7 it is used to associated with eddies in turbulent flow and produced by fluid
shear, friction or eddy scales.

Fig: 4.8 Vector plot of 3 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.8 shows the vector plot it used for streamline plot are postprocessing tools for
visualizing fluid flow.

30
4.2 FOUR BLADE IMPELLER

Fig: 4.9 Streamline of 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.9 shows the streamline flow of the liquid in the impeller casing with accurate
manner so it‟s easy to find its performance.

Fig: 4.10 Velocity of 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.10 shows the velocity of the impeller blade so its performance can be changed
before fabricating them.

31
 Fig: 4.11 Pressure of 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.11 shows the pressure flow in the impeller casing to be tested and used to find
the pressure ranges in whole body.

Fig: 4.12 Turbulent Kinetic Energy of 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.12 it is used to associated with eddies in turbulent flow and produced by fluid
shear, friction or eddy scales.

32
 Fig: 4.13 Vector plot of 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.13 shows the vector plot it used for streamline plot are postprocessing tools for
visualizing fluid flow.

4.3 TWISTED FOUR BLADE IMPELLER

Fig: 4.14 Streamline of Twisted 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.14 shows the streamline flow of the liquid in the impeller casing with accurate
manner so its easy to find its performance.

33
 Fig: 4.15 Velocity of Twisted 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.15 shows the velocity of the impeller blade so its performance can be changed
before fabricating them.

Fig: 4.16 Pressure of Twisted 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.16 shows the pressure flow in the impeller casing to be tested and used to find
the pressure ranges in whole body.

34
 Fig: 4.17 Turbulent Kinetic Energy of Twisted 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.17 it is used to associated with eddies in turbulent flow and produced by fluid
shear, friction or eddy scales.

Fig: 4.18 Vector plot of Twisted 4 Blade Impeller

In Fig 4.18 shows the vector plot it used for streamline plot are postprocessing tools for
visualizing fluid flow.

35
4.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN ALL THREE TYPES OF IMPELLER

CONTENTS VELOCITY PRESSURE

(m s-1 (Pa)

THREE BLADE 8.534e0 3.104e004

FOUR BLADE 7.417e0 3.775e004

TWISTED FOUR 1.363e002 2.253e001

BLADE

Table 4.1 Comparison of various type of Impeller

36
 CHAPTER 5

5. CONCLUSION

The impeller was designed and modelled to analyse its performance. The blade to
blade plane of the impeller had been taken for analysis. The analysis was carried out in
Fluent (Computational fluid dynamics). The velocity and pressure distribution in the
blade to-blade plane was studied. Design of an impeller was carried out by considering
the Head, Discharge and the speed of the pump. Here the performance of three pumps
had been studied by changing their specifications. The results obtained from CFD are
usedto compare their performance. It was found that the predicted results for impeller is
better than those of the impeller and impeller, which suggested that the efficiency of the
pump3 will be higher than the other two pumps. From the second case it was found that
when the inflow rate is 20% of the design flow rate, no deviation in flow pattern but if the
flow rate drops or increase by (30-40%) then the flow pattern deviates slightly and there
is a chance for the reverse flow to take place. Here there is no problem related with
recirculation and the flows through the pumps are smooth.

37
6. REFERENCES

1) Application of the Full Cavitations Model to Pumps and Inducers MAHESH

M.ATHAVALE*, H. Y. LI, YU JIANG, and ASHOK K. SINGHAL CFD Research
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Testing Held at L‟Enfant Plaza Hotel Washington, DC July 17-19, 2006.

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38
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39