Library & Learning Centre

Sonia Hansen
Librarian
Sha Tin College
Image: Source: https://www.mla.org/ Updated 12/09/2018
 MLA: Modern Language Association 8th Ed.
 APA: American Psychological Association
 Chicago Citation
 Harvard

A citation can be eluded to as: “a sources’ address”

Image:
https://hoachesterfield.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/
neighborhood_houses_144641-1d9013e.png
How you must set up How you document your
your paper. research sources.
 Referencing is used to acknowledge and credit the work of
others cited in your paper.

 It protects you against accusations of Plagiarism (taking

credit for other people’s work). Deliberate or unintentional, if
other peoples words, ideas, works or creations are not
appropriately attributed this will mislead the reader and may
be seen as academic misconduct.

 It provides a map of your research for others to see in terms

of quality and quantity of resource used to formulate your
thoughts, ideas and arguments with authoritive and credible
resources.
Your choice of research material will affect all the IB EE criterion and
therefore also affect your final mark – Make sure you get this right!

Criterion B – Knowledge and

Criterion A – Focus and Method
Understanding (6 Marks)
(6 Marks)
Are my research sources relevant
Have I used relevant range of sources to
and appropriate to my research
communicate and evaluate my research
question? Have I selected wisely and
question?
used the material effectively?

Criterion C – Critical Thinking

Criterion D – Formal Presentation
(12 Marks)
(4 Marks)
Choice of sources selected:
Use of a consistent style of
Are they academic or other sources
referencing throughout the essay.
from experts in my topic?
Acknowledging other peoples
Have I shown a variety of viewpoints to
thought, views, idea’s and creations
demonstrate I have critically evaluated
in your work.
my topic?

Criterion E – Engagement
(6 Marks)
One of the areas you can reflect upon is your research
process - how much information was available on your topic,
was it easy/difficult to locate relevant sources. How did your
research shape and influence your final research question
and conclusion?
 Information sources come in many different forms both in print
and electronically. When using materials or ideas not our own
you must acknowledge other people’s work.

Text Interviews Graphic Broadcasts

Direct Quotes Lecturers Statistics Videos

Paraphrasing Conversations Maps Audio/Radio

Visual Images Journals or Databases

Magazines
Artistic works Letters Websites Blogs

Image: witova.kicks-ass.net
There are two parts to referencing:

1. In-Text Citation/ Parentheses

LINKS
2. Works Cited Page

Image: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/5-most-
effective-methods-for-avoiding-plagiarism/
In-text citations appear next to the quotation or paraphrased
text in you have written using:

(Author’s Last Name Page Number)

Examples:
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow
of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was “a spontaneous

overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

1.No author: use title
(“Impact of Global Warming” 6) (“Impact of Global Warming”)

2.Two authors with same last name: use initial of first name
(A. Miller 7) (B. Miller 10)

3. Same author with multiple works:

(Jones, “The art of cooking” 26) (Jones, “100 delicious recipes” 34)

4.Multiple authors
(Smith and Moore 76)

3 authors or more:
(Smith, Yang, Moore & Scott 76) or (Smith et al. 76)

5.Websites: Include first item that appears in Work Cited entry (authors name, article
name, website name, film name). You do not need to include paragraph or page
number.
(Smith) or (“Impact of Global Warming”) or (news.gov.hk) or (Jaws)

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

Original passage from page 248 of Ashley Montagu’s book, The
American Way of Life:

“To be human is to weep. The human species is the only one in the
whole world of animate nature that sheds tears. The trained inability
of any human being to weep is a lessening of his capacity to be human
– a defect that usually goes deeper than the mere inability to cry. And
this, among other things, is what American parents – with the best
intentions in the world – have achieved for the American male. It is
very sad. If we feel like it, let us all have a good cry – and clear our
minds of those cobwebs of confusion, which have for so long pre
vented us from understanding the ineluctable necessity of crying”
(Montagu, 248)

The next slide shows various ways you can use the opinion
expressed in this passage with the correct MLA in-text citation.
Montagu claims that American men have a diminished capacity to be human because they have been trained
by their culture not to cry (248).

In his book The American Way of Life, Ashley Montagu writes, “The trained inability of any human being to
weep is a lessening of his capacity to be human – a defect which usually goes deeper than the mere inability
to cry” (248).

According to Montagu, “To be human is to weep” (248).

“If we feel like it,” writes Montagu, “let us have a good cry – and clear our minds of those cobwebs of
confusion which have for so long prevented us from understanding the intellectual necessity of crying” (248).

One distinguished anthropologist calls the American male’s reluctance to cry “a lessening of his capacity to
be human” (Montagu 248).

Montagu finds it “very sad” that American men have a “trained inability” to shed tears (248).

When my grandfather died, all the members of my family – men and women alike – wept openly. We have
never been ashamed to cry. As Montagu writes, “to be human is to weep” (248). I am sure we are more
human, and in better mental and physical health, because we are able to express our feelings without
artificial restraints.

Montagu argues that it is both unnatural and harmful for American males not to cry:
To be human is to weep. The human species is the only one in the whole world of animate nature that sheds
tears. The trained inability of any human being to weep is a lessening of his capacity to be human – a defect
that usually goes deeper than the mere inability to cry…. It is very sad. (248)
 It is important how you cite information in your work. Commonly
used words such as “asks”, ‘says” and “tells” are more likely to be
used in speech. Consider using more formal language such as the
following:
Phrases Verb
On the other hand… comments
However, … concludes
Despite this …. indicates
Nevertheless … confirms
The most significant point … Smith points out that
Smith advocates the view that … denies
Smith presents arguments to emphasize that … shows
The most important point … suggests
The study confirms (illustrates, establishes etc.) that… explains

Hoang, Paul. Showing Evidence of Critical Thinking. IB Review, April 2018, pp. 34 – 36.
Khoo, Elaine. Verbs for Citing Sources. Academic Vocabulary Series. University of Toronto. 2005.
Works Cited (similar to references): Sources you borrow from and cite in
your body of work. It does not include sources you have consulted but not
used.

Bibliography: Included all sources consulted to develop your research,

thoughts and ideas regardless of whether the information is actually cited.

The FULL citation should:

• Appear in an alphabetical list at the end of your assignment on a new
page.
• Contain enough bibliographic information to allow readers to locate your
source.
• Formatted with hanging indentations.

Source: MLA Handbook Eighth Edition. The Modern

Language Association of America, 2016
Core elements are the basic pieces of information that are common to all
sources, from books to articles, lectures to tweets. Include as many as possible:
Core Element Example
1 Author’s name. Royce, John.
2 Title of source. “Citation and Referencing.”
3 Title of container, IB Review,
4 Other contributors,
5 Version (Edition),
6 Number, vol. 2, no.4,
7 Publisher, Hodder Education,
8 Date of publication, April 2016,
9 Location. (page number) pp.13-15.
9 Location (website address <…>). www.hoddereducation.co.uk/ib-
review
Royce, John. “Citation and Referencing.” IB Review, vol.2, no.4, Hodder Education, April
2016, pp.13-15. www.hoddereducation.co.uk/ib-revew/.

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

Author & Title Source
Royce, John. “Citation and Referencing.”

Conatiner 1 -The journal

IB Review, vol.2, no.4, Hodder Education, April 2016,
pp. 13-15.

Works can be located nested in a second larger

container e.g. Netflix, Database, Google Books,
Google Scholar, Stocksnap, Blogs etc.

Container 2 - Name of Database

Questia School.
https://www.questiaschool.com/library/119860492/
citation-and-referencing.

Full Citation
Royce, John. “Citation and Referencing.” IB Review,
vol.2, no.4, Hodder Education, April 2016, pp. 13-
15. Questia School.
https://www.questiaschool.com/library/119860492/
citation-and-referencing. Accessed 21/02/17.
 In-text citation
Book
One distinguished anthropologist
calls the American male’s
reluctance to cry “a lessening of
his capacity to be human”
(Montagu 248).
Website
“The main message emerging from
this new comprehensive global
assessment is that premature
death and disease can be
prevented through healthier
environments” (“Quantifying
environmental health impacts”).
Works Cited page
Montagu, Ashley. The American
Way of Life. New York: Putnam,
1967.
“Quantifying environmental health
impacts”. World Health
Organisation. 21 April 2016
www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpac
ts/publications/preventing-
disease/en/ . Accessed 03/01/17.
 Works Cited

Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times, 22 May 2007,
www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016.

Ebert, Roger. Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim. rogerebert.com, 1 June 2006,
http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006 . Accessed 15 June 2016.

Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable
Development and World Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.

An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim, performances by Al Gore and Billy West, Paramount, 2006.

Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. Springer, 2005.

Milken, Michael, et al. "On Global Warming and Financial Imbalances." New Perspectives Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4, 2006, p. 63.

Nordhaus, William D. "After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming." American Economic Review, vol. 96, no. 2, 2006,

pp. 31-34.

"Global Warming Economics." Science, vol. 294, no. 5545, 9 Nov. 2001, pp. 1283-84, DOI:10.1126/science.1065007.

Regas, Diane. “Three Key Energy Policies That Can Help Us Turn the Corner on Climate.” Environmental Defense Fund, 1 June 2016, .
www.edf.org/blog/2016/06/01/3-key-energy-policies-can-help-us-turn-corner-climate. Accessed 19 July 2016.

Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New York Times, 17 May 2007,
www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climate-change.html. Accessed 29 July 2016.

Shulte, Bret. "Putting a Price on Pollution." US News & World Report, vol. 142, no. 17, 14 May 2007, p. 37. Ebsco, Access no: 24984616.

Uzawa, Hirofumi. Economic Theory and Global Warming. Cambridge UP, 2003.

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Sample Works Cited Page. MLA Formatting and Style Guide.
2016. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/12/ . Accessed 16/03/17
Author’s last name, author’s first name. Title of book (italic).
Publisher, Date of publication.

Examples:

Overy, Roger J. The Origins of the Second World War. Longman, 1998.

Kahney, Leander. Inside Steve’s Brain. Atlantic Books, 2008.

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

 Author/Creator/Publisher (if stated). “Web page title.” Website
Title (this can incl.: .com, .org etc), Version number (if stated),
Sponsor (if stated), Date listed on site or page. <URL:www>

Example:
"The Purdue OWL: Research and Citation." Welcome to the Purdue
University Online Writing Lab (OWL), Purdue University, June.
2016. www.owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Accessed 20th December 2016.

NB: 8th Edition of MLA places the URL link in

“Location”. STC’s Academic Honesty Policy
requires you to include the URL link.

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

 Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Article title.” Name of web
journal. Publisher, Date of article listed on site, Page (pp.). <URL:
www.>

Example:
Kaplan, Karen. “Flu shots may reduce risk of heart attacks, strokes and even
deaths.” Los Angeles Times, October 22, 2013, pp.4.
www.losAngelestimes.com Accessed 09 June 2016.

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

 Artist’s Last Name, First Name. The work of art. Date of creation.
Name of institution and city where work it is housed. Name of
website. URL <www.>

Example:
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
MoMA.org. http://www.moma.org/collection/works/37347
Accessed 07 March 2016.

Source: Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

“Map Location.” Name of website or source of information. Date
of access. URL <www.>

Fig. 1: Map of Sai Kung, Hong Kong (“Sai Kung”)

“Sai Kung.” Google Maps, 7 Aug. 2018.

https://www.google.com.hk/maps/place/Sai+Kung/@22.406522,114.2518362,12
z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3404059eb2285731:0xa00c396826274a0!8m2!3d22.383
689!4d114.2707867
REFERENCES
Great tool in
Microsoft Word to
help you keep tabs on
all the information
resources you use as
you write your
assignment.
Warning!
Citation tools are useful but they are not always accurate or
consistant. You must check each citation, include missing
information where you can and delete anything that is
duplicated.
https://www.refme.com/
All databases and
Google Scholar include
a citation tool that
allows you to choose a
referencing style and
cut and paste the
reference citation of the
article.
All students must book an appointment with Ms. Hansen to go through their list
of sources. The meeting will focus on:

Quality of sources used:

• Who created the source?
• When was it created – is it still relevant?
• Is the creator an expert in the field?
• Who is the target audience?
• Is there a cultural bias?

Quantity of source used:

Have I used enough sources from a variety of formats to draw a reasonable
conclusion to my EE?

Although marks are not explicitly awarded for citing and referencing in the EE,
students are expected to do so for reasons of academic honesty – failure to do
so may result in reduced marks or a fail.
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