Four Basic Tissues

FIA AND AISHA LUV

P03
SAVERO

Four Basic Tissues
A. LECTURE BEFORE PRACTICAL

In humans, there are 4 basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
In this practicum:

1) EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Covers all internal and external body surfaces
• Function: Protection, Absorption, Secretion, Filtration, Sensory receptor, Ion
transport, Lubricant.

• Shapes:
- Cuboidal (cubed-shaped),
- Squamous (thin & flattened) cells
- Columnar (column-like)

• Arranged:
- Simple (single layer)
- Stratified (multiple layers)

• Types:
• Simple :
- Cuboidal (Secretionà glands, thyroid follicles. Absorption à kidney tubules)
- Squamous (Diffusion à Alveoli & Blood vessel)
- Columnar
(Absorption, Secretion, Protection, lubrication à Gastrointestinal tract)

• Stratified :
- Cuboidal (Secretion, Absorption à sweat glands)
- Squamous (Protection à ex. Esophagus)
- Columnar (same function like simple Col. à large exocrine glands)

• Specialized epithelium:
- Stratified Squamous epithelium with keratin layer à Skin (thick: thicker keratin,
thin: thinner keratin)
- Stratified Squamous epithelium with no keratin layer à Mucous membrane:
oral, esophagus, vagina.
- Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar à Respiratory Tract (function: same as SCE)
- Transitional (Urinary S.)

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 2) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Providing Structure by connecting different tissue
• Characteristics:
- Most abundant tissue (jar. terbanyak)
- Has fibroblasts (capable of repairing tissue)
- Abundant extracellular material

• Groupings based on extracellular material:
o Liquid matrices (blood)
o Semi-solid matrices
§ loose connective tissues: collagen and elastin à flexible (ex.
Cartilage)
§ dense connective tissues: more collagen and stronger, more structure
à ex. Tendons)
o Solid matrices (hyaline cartilage and compact bone) à Real Bone

3) MUSCLE TISSUE
Kinds (skeletal, smooth, cardiac atau lurik, polos dan jantung)

4) NERVE TISSUE
Consists of neurons that are long and string-like

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 B. PRACTICAL

1. SKIN OF THE PALM

]


• Stratified Squamous Epithelium with Thick Keratin Layer

o Stratum lucidum
§ A thin layer containing eleidin that will become keratin as it proceeds to
stratum corneum and located between stratum granulosum and stratum
keratinase
o Stratum corneum
§ Consist of around twenty layers of keratinized cells which are waterproof
o Stratum granulosum
§ A single layered flattened cells that contains of dark – staining keratohyalin
granules located underneath the stratum lucidum
o Stratum spinosum
§ A layer that consist of stratified cells that is connected by spina under the
stratum lucidum (layers of prickle cells)
o Stratum basale
§ A thin layer that mostly consist of simple cuboidal epithelium cell and
melanocytes (produce melanin) that located under the stratum spinosum.
o Basement membrane
§ a membrane that consist of cuboidal or columnar cells. This membrane
separated the epithelium tissue and connective tissue

• Loose Connective Tissue : The dermis is connective tissue. The dermis supports the
epidermis and binds it to the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis), the loose connective tissue
directly under the skin.

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 o Dermis: Contains of two layers. The outermost papillary layer and the deeper
reticular layer. The thin papillary layer is composed of loose connective tissue and
connects to the epidermis with papillae. Papillae may nourish the epidermis or act as
touch receptors.

• Simple Squamous Epithelium : This flat layer of scale like cells looks like a fish’s scales and is
useful in diffusion, secretion, or absorption. Each cell nucleus is centrally located and is
round or oval. Simple squamous epithelium lines the lungs’ air sacs where oxygen and
carbon dioxide are exchanged.

• Exocrine glands ( simple squamous epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium, and
stratified cuboidal epithelium) :
o Small Sweat Gland Duct : The secretion mode is merocrine
o Large Sweat Gland : The secretion mode is apocrine
o Sebaceous Gland : The secretion mode is holocrine ( it is close to hair follicle
and only in axilla and anus )

• Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue : It is the layer of skin underneath the
epidermis, called the dermis. It contains collagen fibres and fibroblasts. It is also impact
resistance.

• Adipose Tissue : loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store
energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.

• Nerve Endings :

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 2) SKIN OF THE AXILLA/SCALP

• Stratified Squamous Epithelium with THIN keratin layer: Thin skin actually has a
thicker dermis than thick skin, which makes thin skin easier to suture, if it gets
damaged. Thin skin also has fewer eccrine/merocrine sweat glands.

• Loose Connective Tissue: It is the layer of tissue between the skin and the muscle and
it contributes to superficial and deep fascia, the intermuscular septa. It surrounds
blood vessels and nerves, and provides a framework for most organs.
• Simple Squamous Epithelium: tissues formed from one layer of squamous cells that
line surfaces, Squamous cells are large, thin, and flat and contain a rounded nucleus

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: are tissues formed from multiple layers of cells
resting on a basement membrane, with the superficial layer(s) consisting of
squamous cells. Underlying cell layers can be made of cuboidal or columnar cells as
well.
• Holocrine Glands: the whole cell detaches with the secretion
• Aprocrine Glands can be found in axillae, pubic and perineal regions and breast. The
top of the cell is lost with secretion
• Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue: This type of tissue contains a dense
woven network of collagenous (and some elastic) fibres in a viscous matrix. It is found
in joint capsules, in the connective tissue that envelops muscles (muscle fascia), and it
forms dermis of skin. It is impact resistant.
• Nerve Endings: is an unspecialized, afferent nerve fibre ending of a sensory neuron
• Adipose Tissue: Adipose tissue is commonly known as body fat. It is found all over the
body. It can be found under the skin (subcutaneous fat). It is well established that
adipocytes (or fat cells) play a vital role in the storage and release of energy
throughout the human body

3. TRACHEA

• cilliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium wih goblet cells
• mixed glands: a gland that contains both serous and mucous secretory units, is both
exocrine and endocrine, for example, the pancreas.
• smooth muscle: Smooth muscle lacks the striations characteristic of cardiac and
skeletal muscle. Layers of smooth muscle cells line the walls of various organs and

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 tubes in the body, and the contractile function of smooth muscle is not under
voluntary control.
• hyaline cartilage: has a glassy appearance when fresh, hence its name, as hyalos is
greek for glassy. It looks slightly basophilic

(Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)

The ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines the mucosa of the trachea

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue


4. GLOMEROLUS
Simple Cuboidal
epithelium

Collecting
Tubules:
Concentrating
Urines

Note: Bowman Capsule in lined by Simple Squamous Epithelium

Ductus Papillary Bellini:
Simple Columnar
Epithelium



5. BLOOD SMEAR

2 3

5 6
1. Erythrocytes: The MOST in our blood, doesn’t have nucleus

Leucocytes are divided into:

Granulocytes
2. Neutrophil: nucleus-lobe nya more than two
3. Basophil: Big, blue/purple-ish black
4. Eosinophil: Bilobed nucleus (2 lobes), kata lecturenya “kayak glasses”,
granules nya warna merah

Agranulocytes:
5. Lymphocyte: small, large spherical nucleus (almost covers up the
whole body)
6. Monocyte: kidney-shaped nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm
7. Platelets (thrombocyte) : Tiny blood cells that help your body form
clots to stop bleeding.

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

Other examples (biar makin jelas krn sll beda2 gt)

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 6. KIDNEY

• dense irregular collagenous connective tissue,

• simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border
• simple cuboidal epithelium
• simple squamous epithelium
• simple columnar epithelium
• transitional epithelium

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue


7. DUODENUM

• simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

• loose connective tissue
• mixed glands
• smooth muscle

8. BONE

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue

 Bone structures:
• Havers
• Canal
• Lamella
• Lacuna
• canaliculi

9. CEREBELLUM

ANOTHER ADDITIONAL PICT FOR THIS BLOODY BLOOD.

BBS MODULE I Practical 3 – Four Basic Tissue