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Digital Object Identifier: Hyoungjun Cho, Goeun Lim, Changsung Lee, and Jong-Moon Chung are with Yonsei University;
10.1109/MWC.2017.1600461 Sungjin Shin was with Yonsei University and is now with Samsung Electronics.
SeNB’s signal becomes weaker than threshold Neighboring cell’s eNB signal becomes stronger than
A2 A6 the threshold
Ms+Hys<Thresh Mn+Ocn-Hys>Msec+Ocs+Off
Neighboring cell’s eNB signal becomes stronger than Inter-RAT’s signal becomes stronger than the
the SeNB’s signal by a margin of the offset value threshold
A3 B1
Mn+Ofn+Ocn>Ms+Ofs+Ocs+Off+Hys Minter+Ofn>Thresh+Hys
Neighboring cell’s eNB signal becomes stronger than SeNB’s signal becomes weaker than threshold 1 and
the threshold the inter-RAT cell’s signal becomes stronger than
A4 B2 threshold 2
Abbreviation
HO
HO decision operation Mn is the measurement result of the neighboring cell
Signal strength
RSRP
procedures are operated in the HO completion secondary cell’s RSRP because it considers carrier
phase. On the other hand, the entire HO proce- aggregation, and B1 and B2 use the inter-radio
dure can be divided into two parts before and access technology (inter-RAT) cell’s received sig-
after the HO operating point, which are the HO nal strength, which is commonly used in handover
decision and HO operation, respectively. The HO between RATs.
decision part is the procedure in which the SeNB Among the HO decision schemes, event A3
decides on the optimal HO operating point, which is the most widely used HO decision scheme
has variable delay depending on the channel con- because it has the most stable performance. Fig-
ditions. The HO operation part is the procedure ure 1 shows the event A3 HO procedures. The
that changes the connected eNBs by exchanging UE measures the neighbor eNB’s RSRP periodi-
control messages. The HO operation part has a cally (Tmea) and reports the RSRP measurement
relatively fixed delay and is rarely influenced by the result of the SeNB (Ms) and the neighbor eNB
communication channel conditions. The specific (Mn) to the SeNB through MR when the entering
procedures of HO decision and operation are ana- condition is satisfied. The instant EC is satisfied
lyzed in the following. (event A3’s trigger point), event A3 is triggered.
Next, to prevent unnecessary HOs, HO is held for
Handover Decision the time to trigger (TTT). During TTT, if the RSRP
During the HO decision part, the SeNB decides values do not satisfy the HO leaving condition
on the proper HO operating point depending on (LC) of Mn + Ofn + Ocn + Hys < Ms + Ofs + Ocs
the applied HO decision scheme. Figure 1 pres- + Off, the UE sends a report to the SeNB, and
ents all X2 HO decision schemes specified in the SeNB operates HO by sending a Handover
3GPP TS 36.331 [2]. Each scheme decides the Request message to the TeNB at the end of
HO operating point with a HO entering condi- the TTT period. The instant that the SeNB sends
tion (EC) using the SeNB RSRP and TeNB RSRP. a Handover Request message is defined as
When the RSRP values meet the entering con- the HO operating point. From the HO operating
dition, the UE transmits the measurement report point, the SeNB exchanges control messages with
(MR) to the SeNB. Additionally, event A6 uses the the TeNB to execute HO. However, if the mea-
reference signal received power operation range of LTE systems. This phenome-
connection
HO preparation
HOevent
operation
measurements conducted in HSRs presented in
HO trigger
Fig. 3.
HO request Figure 3 shows the LTE measurements of an
SeNB and a TeNB’s RSRPs during HO, which
Pre-HO delay
Preamble
interruption
detection
and processing However, when the train is traveling at 300 km/h,
RA response the last RSRP measurement before HO execu-
tion was –77.38 dBm, resulting in a GapHO of
Decoding of 32.13 dB. The high speed of the train induces
RA response late HO, which results in low RSRP and large
Handover confirm GapHO. The low RSRP with the SeNB induces
a high error rate, which can result in an RLF. The
ACK ETSI standards require a 0.995 minimum HO suc-
cess rate (i.e., less than a 0.005 failure rate) since
the RLF induced TCMS message loss can severely
threaten passenger safety. In addition, the large
Post-HO delay
modify bearer
TeNB
-45 -45
RSRP (dBm)
-60 TeNB RSRP -60
after HO HO RSRP gap
SeNB RSRP (-49.0 dBm) (32.13 dB)
-65 before HO -65
(-58.25 dBm)
-70 -70 SeNB RSRP
before HO
(-77.38 dBm)
-75 -75
-80 -80
-85 -85
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
FIGURE 3. Measured LTE HO RSRP gap for an HSR at a) 50 km/h; b) 300 km/h.
Scheduling and resource allocation mechanism by A decrease in HO latency and a Optimized cell array and moving
[5]
predicting upcoming cells for seamless HO increase in throughput eNB required
Keeping multiple heterogeneous network links at Maintaining connection within one Multiple heterogeneous mobile
[6]
the same time link HO network connection required
Dual-link architecture using two antennas on HSR HO failure probability and commu- Totally redesigned LTE HO proce-
[7]
for seamless HO nication interruption time reduction dure for dual-link architecture
Enhanced measurement procedure and group HO decision and operation delay Additional measurement and
[9]
in-network HO reduction grouping process
TABLE 1. High-speed railway LTE communication related works.
4 4
2 2
0 0
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Distance from optimal HO operating point Distance from optimal HO operating point
(c) (d)
35
A4 (700 MHz) A4 (850 MHz)
A3 (700 MHz) 30 A3 (850 MHz)
30 H2 (700 MHz) H2 (850 MHz)
25
Avg. HO RSRP gap (dB)
25
20
20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Speed (km/h) Speed (km/h)
(e) (f)
100 100
0.995 0.995
Handover failure probability
A4 (700 MHz)
10-5 A3 (700 MHz) 10-5
H2 (700 MHz)
A4 (850 MHz)
A3 (850 MHz)
10-10 10-10 H2 (850 MHz)
10-15 10-15
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Speed (km/h) Speed (km/h)
(g) (h)
50 km/h 150 km/h 350 km/h 500 km/h 50 km/h 150 km/h 350 km/h 500 km/h
A4 8.37x10-13 1.22x10-4 3.75x10-2 0.16 A4 0.20 0.60 0.83 0.90
A3 2.89x10-15 5.58x10-7 3.74x10-3 3.45x10-2 A3 2.18x10-3 0.13 0.45 0.61
H2 1.33x10-15 6.66x10-16 4.44x10-16 1.64x10-14 H2 6.55x10-15 2.55x10-15 1.58x10-8 6.53x10-6
FIGURE 5. H2 scheme performance analysis of: a) Simulation parameters; b), c) and d) HO operation
success probability in reference to HSR speeds; e) and f) Average GapHO; g) and h) HO failure proba-
bility.