Civil Engineering Mega Structures

Bridge
Definition:-
A bridge is structure which allows passage over an obstruction.
The obstructions may be river, valley, rail route or road way etc.

Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way
underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of
providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that can be detrimental
to cross otherwise. There are many different designs that each serve a
particular purpose and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary
depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the
bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the
funds available to build it.

Types of Bridges:-
Bridges are classified into so many types based on different criteria’s. They
are explained below.

 Arch Bridge
 Truss Bridge
 Suspension Bridge
 Cable Stayed Bridge
 Moveable Bridge
 Pedestrian Bridge
 Train Bridge
 Pipeline Bridge
 Glass Bridge
 Under Sea Bridge
Arch Bridge:-
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as
a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and
its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either
side. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although
other more economical structures are typically used today.

Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have been
arounded for thousands of years. Arch bridges have great natural strength.

They were originally built of stone or brick but these days are built of
reinforced concrete or steel. The introduction of these new materials allows
arch bridges to be longer with lower spans.

Instead of pushing straight down, the load of an arch bridge is carried outward
along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. The weight is
transferred to the supports at either end.

These supports, called the abutments, carry the load and keep the ends of the
bridge from spreading out.

The load at the top of the key stone

makes each stone on the arch of the bridge
press on the one next to it. This happens until
the push is applied to the end supports
or abutments, which are embedded in the
ground.

For every action there is an equal and

opposite reaction. The ground which pushes
back on the abutment create a resistance
which is passed from stone to stone, until it is
eventually pushing on the key stone which is
supporting the load.
In China, the oldest existing arch bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge of 605 AD,
which combined a very low span-to-rise ratio of 5.2:1, with the use of spandrel
arches (buttressed with iron brackets). The Zhaozhou Bridge, with a length of
167 feet (51 m) and span of 123 feet (37 m), is the world's first wholly stone
open-spandrel segmental arch bridge, allowing a greater passage for flood
waters. Bridges with perforated spandrels can be found worldwide, such as in
China (Zhaozhou Bridge, 7th century).

Truss Bridge:-
Truss is member consisting connected elements to form triangular
units. In case of truss bridge the super structure is provided with trusses.
Generally, trusses are made of steel. There are several types of trusses are
available.
 A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is
composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements usually forming
triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed
from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads.
Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types
of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily
analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers. A truss bridge is
economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently.

Truss bridges, which do not have the redundant web plate

portion that girder bridges do, are an extremely rational, efficient bridge type
adopting a structure made up of a combination of thin members that convey
only axial force. Some types of truss bridges are named after their patent
holder, such as the Howe truss, the Pratt truss, the Fink truss, and the Bollman
truss. Today, the Warren truss is most widely adopted. The applied span of
truss bridges is generally 50 to 110 meters, and the Quebec Bridge (Canada;
1917) is the longest truss bridge in the world, with a span length of 549 meters.
JFE Engineering has great experience in manufacturing and erecting truss
bridges.

Name Tsukuba Express Tonegawa Bridge

Year completed 2003
Bridge type Through type 3-span continuous double-track truss bridge, etc.
Client Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation
Bridge length 897 m
Features Railway bridge
Suspension Bridge:-
In case of Suspension bridge, deck slab is suspended with the help of
cables and suspenders. These will give good appearance. For long span bridges,
this type of suspension is suitable.

Suspension bridges consist of main towers, cables, girders, and

anchorages. Girders come in the truss girder type, which is adopted mainly in
the U.S., and the lightweight box girder type, which was developed in the U.K.
and applies aerodynamic principles. Suspension bridges are a type of bridge
that is generally adopted as a very long bridge with an effective span of about
150 to 2000 meters. JFE Engineering has manufactured and constructed a large
number of suspension bridges to date both in Japan and overseas, including
the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, which is the longest suspension bridge in the world
(center span: 1991 meters).

Name Akinada Bridge

Year completed 1999
Bridge type Suspension bridge
Client Hiroshima Prefecture
Bridge length 1,175 m

Name Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

Year completed 1997
Bridge type Suspension bridge
Client Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority
Bridge length 3,911 m
・Longest suspension bridge in the world
Features ・780 N/mm2 grade high tensile steel with low weld crack sensitivity
used
Cable Stayed Bridge:-
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons),
from which cables support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables
or stays, which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-
like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the
modern suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are
suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge
and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans
longer than cantilever bridges and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the
range where cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier if the span were
lengthened, while suspension bridge cabling would not be more economical if
the span were shortened.
Cable-stayed bridges have a structure with several points in
each span between the towers supported upward in a slanting direction with
cables, and consist of main towers, cables, and girders. Main towers are
classified into such types as single-column, double-column, H-shaped, A-
shaped, inverse Y-shaped, portal, and diamond. Cabling methods include
single-plane suspension, double-plane suspension, fan pattern, and harp
pattern. In general, the span applied to cable-stayed brides ranges from about
130 to 500 meters. JFE Engineering has manufactured and constructed a large
number of cable-stayed bridges to date both in Japan and overseas, including
the Tatara Bridge (center span: 890 meters), which was the longest cable-
stayed bridge in the world at the time of its completion.
 Name Shinminato Bridge
Year completed 2011
Bridge type Cable-stayed bridge
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Hokuriku
Client
Regional Development Bureau
Bridge length 600 m
・5-span continuous composite cable-stayed bridge
Features ・Cantilever erection by floating crane and traveler crane
・One of the longest cable-stayed brides on the Sea of Japan side

Name IRR, Thailand

Year completed 2006
Bridge type Cable-stayed bridge
Client Ministry of Transport, Thailand
Bridge length South bridge: 702 m, north bridge: 576 m
・500-ton large blocks lifted and erected
Features
・North and south bridges erected simultaneously

Name Daishi Bridge

Year completed 2006
Bridge type Cable-stayed bridge
Client City of Kawasaki
Bridge length 547 m
・Structure with skew angle main towers and main girders
Features ・Pseudo 3-span cable-stayed bridge created by two 2-span parallel
cable-stayed bridges
Moveable Bridge:-
A moveable bridge, or movable bridge, is a bridge that moves to
allow passage for boats or barges. In American English, moveable bridge
and drawbridge are synonymous, and the latter is the common term,
but drawbridge can be limited to the narrower, historical definition used in
some other forms of English, in which drawbridge refers only to a specific type
of moveable bridge.
An advantage of making bridges moveable is the lower cost,
due to the absence of high piers and long approaches. The principal
disadvantage is that the traffic on the bridge must be halted when it is opened
for passage of traffic on the waterway. For seldom-used railroad bridges over
busy channels, the bridge may be left open and then closed for train passages.
For small bridges, bridge movement may be enabled without the need for an
engine. Some bridges are operated by the users, especially those with a boat,
others by a bridgeman (or bridge tender); a few are remotely controlled using
video-cameras and loudspeakers. Generally, the bridges are powered by
electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons.
While moveable bridges in their entirety may be quite long, the length of the
moveable portion is restricted by engineering and cost considerations to a few
hundred feet.
There are often traffic lights for the road and water traffic, and moving barriers
for the road traffic.

Built from 1886 till 1894, this symbol of London is a combined bascule and suspension
bridge in London, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, from which it
takes its name. Tower Bridge is one of the most famous bridges in the world and the most
famous movable bridge. The lower deck which is the bascule deck can open to an angle of
86 degrees in just 5 minutes. The two parts of the deck are counterbalanced by two
bascules weighing over 1,000 tons each
Pedestrian Bridge:-
A footbridge (also a pedestrian bridge, pedestrian overpass,
or pedestrian overcrossing) is a bridge designed solely for pedestrians. While
the primary meaning for a bridge is a structure which links "two points at a
height above the ground", a footbridge can also be a lower structure, such as
a boardwalk, that enables pedestrians to cross wet, fragile, or mashy
land. Bridges range from stepping stones–possibly the earliest man-made
structure to "bridge" water–to elaborate steel structures. Another early bridge
would have been simply a fallen tree. In some cases a footbridge can be both
functional and a beautiful work of art.
For rural communities in the developing world, a footbridge may be a
community's only access to medical clinics, schools and markets. Simple
suspension bridge designs have been developed to be sustainable and easily
constructed in such areas using only local materials and labor.
An enclosed footbridge between two buildings is sometimes known as
a skyway. Bridges providing for both pedestrians and cyclists are often referred
to as green bridges and form an important part of a sustainable transport
system.
 Bridge view

Carries Pedestrians

Crosses High-Speed Rail

Locale Lleida (Spain)

Owner ADIF

Maintained Lleida Municipalily

by

Characteristics

Design tied-arch bridge

Material GFRP

Total length 38 m

Width 3m

Longest 38 m
span

History

Designer Pedelta Structural Engineers

Engineering Juan Sobrino and Javier Jordan

design by

Opened 2001

Train Bridge:-
Road–rail bridges are bridges shared by road and rail lines.
Road and rail may be segregated so that trains may operate at the same time
as cars (e.g., the Sydney Harbour Bridge). The rail track can be above the
roadway or vice versa with truss bridges. ... Road–rail bridges are sometimes
called combined bridges

The Chenab bridge a steel and concrete arch bridge under

construction between Bakkal and Kauri in the Reasi district of Jammu and
Kashmir in India. When finished, the bridge will span the Chenab River at a
height of 359 m (1,178 ft) above the river, making it the world's highest rail
bridge.

Pipeline Bridge:-
A pipeline bridge is a bridge for running a pipeline
over a river or another obstacle. Pipeline bridges for liquids and gases are, as a
rule, only built when it is not possible to run the pipeline on a conventional
bridge or under the river. However, as it is more common to run pipelines
for centralized heating systems overhead, for this application even small
pipeline bridges are common.
Hegigio Gorge Pipeline Bridge was world's highest bridge from 2005 to 2009. It
was also world's highest pipeline bridge. The bridge is 1,289 ft in height and
has a length of 1,540 ft.

Glass Bridge:-
Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge is a bridge in Zhangjiajie, China, above
the Wulingyuan area. The bridge, built as an attraction for tourists, is glass-
bottomed and is transparent. When it opened it was the longest and tallest
glass bottomed bridge in the world. The bridge, opened to the public on
August 20, 2016, measures 430 metres in total length and 6 metres in breadth,
and is suspended about 300 metres above the ground. The bridge spans the
canyon between two mountain cliffs in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in
China's central Hunan province. It is designed to carry up to 800 visitors at a
time. The bridge was designed by Israeli architect Haim Dotan.
To build the bridge, engineers erected 4 support pillaors on the edges
of the walls of the canyon. The bridge is made of a metal frame with more than
120 glass panels. Each of these panels is 3-layered and is a 2-inch-thick slab
of tempered glass. There are 3 long swings attached to the underside of the
bridge. Also there is a provision for making a 285 metre bungee-jump. This is
considered to be highest such jump in the world.
According to the Management Committee of the Bridge, the bridge
has set ten world records spanning its design and construction.
The record as longest glass bridge has since passed to a glass bridge in
the Hongyagu Scenic Area hebei.
 On September 2, 2016, just 13 days after the bridge was opened,
the authorities put out a notice saying that they are closing the bridge due to
overwhelming visitor traffic. The bridge, designed to hold 800 people at a time
and expected to be visited by about 8,000 people per day, had reportedly
attracted more than 80,000 visitors per day. The authorities said that the
government decided to suspend operations due to the "urgency to improve
and update" the attraction, including its car parks, ticket-booking system, and
customer service. The bridge reopened on September 30, 2016

Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge

29.3987°N 110.6982°ECoordinates:
Coordinates
29.3987°N 110.6982°E

Carries Footbridge

Locale Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China

Characteristics

Design Suspension

Material Steel

Width 14 m (46 ft)

Height 360 m (1,180 ft)

Longest span 430 m (1,410 ft)

Clearance 300 m (980 ft)

 below

History

Opened August 20, 2016

Statistics

Daily traffic 8,000

Under Sea Bridge:-

An undersea tunnel is a tunnel which is partly or wholly
constructed under a body of water. They are often used where building a
bridge or operating a ferry link is impossible, or to provide competition or relief
for existing bridges or ferry links.

Thames foot tunnel" redirects here. For other tunnels, see Tunnels
underneath the River Thames.
The Thames Tunnel is an underwater tunnel, built beneath the River
Thames in London, connecting Rotherhithe and Wapping. It measures 35 feet
(11 m) wide by 20 feet (6 m) high and is 1,300 feet (396 m) long, running at a
depth of 75 feet (23 m) below the river surface measured at high tide. It was
the first tunnel known to have been constructed successfully underneath a
navigable river and was built between 1825 and 1843 using Marc Isambard
Brunel's and Thomas Cochrane's newly invented tunnelling shield technology,
by Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
The tunnel was originally designed for horse-drawn carriages, but was
never used for that purpose. Since 2010 it forms part of the London
Overground railway network under ownership of Transport for London.