Bank Shi-Urkantzu 5 PDF

Instrument# 2017026407 Page 1 of 235
2017026407
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111
PRESENTED: 04-27-201711 :12:12AM RECORDED: 04-27-2017 11 :19:57 AM
In Official Records of Larry Crane CircuiUCounty Clerk
PULASKI CO , AR FEE $1185.00
~ffibatlitof 2"~ Jlefault 3'(ubgment, 'jforfeiture, l\igbt to jforedos-ure

anb JLtguibation of ~U lJQebt~ anb <l&bligation~ <l&tueb bp ~e~ponbent~
to pjank ~bf -Wrkant?U Jfluurf~b/ Jfloorf~b .1reebolber .1fnancfal
~ertlfce~©~m (~n ~utocbtbonous- ~ru~t); eta!
.ftotite aiben bp the .:lfounber anb ~xecutOr, a larimoaeniture .1freebolb l)eir; .!JJ!
l!Jonorable anb .ftoble: 'atoriano-James t!Jerbep iJopes ~kwesi: <!&ba~bango -~(©Y
A Private Banker, Attorney in Fact. Private Attorney General, Sui /uris & Sui Generis !ustice, Bail{ff,
Muurish/Moorish Marshal, Consular General and Chiefofthe Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs•w; and
a Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish
Oe lure Freeholder by Primogeniture Blood Birthright Inheritance. Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor and
Gold, Silver and Copper Bullion Bonded Secured Party Creditor over the debtor corporations United States, the
State o{Atkansas; d a/4.9 States & all Public O,ffldals operating therein; and other corporations, and as a
Holder with absolute_ rights to enforcement of the !awfo! oblfgatfons owed by them; Unfted States' & so States'
color o,{law operations since AD. 1868 as pursuant to the 14th Amendment, and color of law establishments
since AD. 1933; as pursuant to democracy and bankruptcies.
~~:Pin gs,{[eJttio, €omitn.d @eJttiaJJt JLeni.d el.dt UJocet. 77
"By way ofsilence, the Comity ofNations is Law manifisted by refraining from contradiction or objection."
--- ----/"--=----
~ ·. ~
- . ·~ -
. --..,.. "
Flag of the Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec MuursroTM/ Flag of the Algonguian-lroquois Indigenous Muurish-Moorish Republic/ Flag of our Aboriginal
Indigenous Native American Muurish Foremothers- Empress Verdiacee "Tiara" Washitaw-Turner Gaston EI-Bey/ Relic of our Shi-Oimec ancestors of
Mexico/ The Flags of our·Aboriginallndigenous Native American Moorish Forefathers- Noble Drew Ali a.k.a. El Hajj "Sheik" Sharif Abdul Ali/ UN Draft
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples/ UN Resolution 61-295/ UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights/ UN Resolution 60-147/ The United
Nations Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 16911 United Nations Indigenous People Organization 215{1993 and the United States
Department of Justice- Classified Truth-A-1 Freehold By Inheritance Ubrary of Congress Diplomatic Immunity Registration No. AA222141 re: C. M. Bey/
"The Great Moorish Estate Express Trust"- Deed of Conveyance gives the metes and bounds of the lands of North-East and South-West Africa, across
the Great Atlantis (Atlantic), the present North, South and Central America and also Mexico and the Atlantic Islands; constituting the trust property.
The Torrens Land Title Registry System; Book 521, Page 579; Cook County Recorder of Deeds office in Chicago, Illinois; Document No. 10105905-.on
August 1st, 1928/ Annus 2011-United Nations International Year for People of African Descent/ UN Resolution 64-169/ The Organization of A111'erican
States- American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man/ American Convention on Human Rights, 0. A. S. Treatv Series No. 36, 1144 U. •N.\i: S. 123
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY/IRS UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT No. RE 381 63's 818 US
Arkansas State Pulaski County Circuit Court Real Estate Uniform Commercial Code UCC-1 File 1\!,9,::;2013007278
Washington State Uniform Commercial Code Licensing Department UCC-3 File No. 2010-256-5327-5
Sovereign Notice of International Act in Assurance & Gold Surety Bond No. RA 45Tt4o 195 US
Muurish/ Moorish Global Sovereign Autochthonous Nobility Bond No. RE 45.7J'395 068 US -
Registered Private Discharging and Indemnity Bond No. RE 381 635:'835 US
Proverbs 22 Silver & Copper Bullion Bond No. RE 346 310 3i6 US
Proverbs 22 Silver Bullion Bond No. RE 381 635 818-~US
Arkansas State Treasury Private Secured lnd~n'ture
Fiduciary Bonds No. RE 457 395 071.l:J~f
and No. RE 457 395 085 US \,,./
(Toriano-lames Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-E/©rM a.k.a. Torilfno-lames: Hervey©rM, Consular General of
the Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs©™. Lawful Recorcf:b:ft-:
Actual, Constructive, Direct and Due -
Public
-
Notice
--- of De Jure Aboriginal Indigenous,
. Native American'lvluurish/
-
Moorish Primogeniture,
-~.·
Fee Simple
Absolute Freehold Birthrights, SovereigntY, Nationali:tv;<-Status, Jurisdiction, Secured Creditor Commercial
Standing, Law Enforcement abilities, bonds and ruling·-power as a Plenipotentiary Sui Juris Justice are on file
with the PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT( COUNTY CLERK: REAL ESTATE ROOM 102; instrument No. 2010023222,
instrument No. 2010004359 and instrument No~,20l1012373; eta/. Please see WWW.PULASI<ICLERI<.COM and
search real estate records for TORIANO JAMES' HERVEY HOPES AKWESI OBASHANGO-EL©TM / TORIANO JAMES
HERVEY©rM.) (The Constitution for the uQited States of America Article IV; Section I -"Full Faith and Credit
Clause" and Article IV; Section IV -"State;~'Republic Clause" and Article VI -"Supremacy Clause/Treaties; eta/")
Arkansas Democrat Gazette Newspap'er Publishing and Allodial Permit re: Noble Drew Ali's Allodial Title,
under PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/COUNTY CLERK, REAL ESTATE ROOM 102 instrument No.2011017860:in toto.
Muurish Freehold Commerci~t~divity- PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUlT{COUNTY CLERK instrument No. 2011032622
From Secured Creditor & Primogeniture Freehold Heir. On behalf of: Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/ Moorish Freeholder
Ab Antiquo; the Honorable,~nd Noble: Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust),
Toriano-James Hervey Hi:)p~s Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM C/o 1422 South Maple Street; little Rock, Arkansas State [72204]
C/o 1422 South MaP,IeStreet Zip exempt[ Non~esident[ Non-Domestic/ Republic; without
Little Rock, A.rkal)~~ State [722041 the U.S. by order of lex domicilii {A.l Maroc{ A.mexem{
Zip exempt[ N9r,1~~sident[ Non-Domestic/ Republic; Washitaw Territory & Empire)
Without the;:U:S. by order of lex domicilii
(AI Morocf.:Amexem/ Washitaw Territory & Empire) Beneficiaries: Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Ofmec Muursro™; eta/
QCobe'r lLetter of rufibabit of 2nb 1JBetault j[ubgment, jforfeiture, .1\.igbt to jforedo~ure anb
Jtiquibation of ~11 !Jlebt~ anb l!&bligation~ ®web bp 3£\.e~ponbent~ to 1Jiank ~bi -'mrkant;u
:@luuri~b/ :@loori~b jfreebolber jffnancial ~erbiu~©m:~ (an autocbtbonou~ ~ru~t); £111/
Notice to Principals is Notice to Agents-Notice to Agents is Notice to Principals
I am an adamant claimer of all of my unalienable given rights granted to me by the Most High
Creatress/Creator, known in tones as Yehweh-Oiudumare-Amen-AIIah, All Rights Reserved.
Instrument# 2017026407 Page 3 of 235 I
1, Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM am presenting the following exhibit documents to be
recorded for the public record. The following documents are:
(A) Arkansas Secretary of State's Notary Public Report of Good Standing
(B) Affidavit of 2"d Default Judgment. forfeiture. Right to foreclosure and liquidation of All Debts and Obligations
Owed by Respondents to Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©™ (An
Autochthonous Trust); eta/ ·--t\:"'·
1~"
; ...~~i(
(C) Notary's 2"d Certificate of Oefau\t 8r. Co\\atera\ Estoppe\ by Silence ~~··'
(D) Notary's Certificate of Default & Collateral Estoppel by Silence
(E) Notary's Certificate of Service
(F) Notary's Certificate of Service Addendum
(G) Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with Enclds~d Notice of International Cease
and Desist, lien and Exhibits <~'-
-:;......-.
.."{3)~.
(H) United States Postal Service mail documents
~~~·_!
(I) Public Law 97-280-0ct. 4. 1982 Joint Resolution Authorizing and ·r'i!~uesting the President to proclaim 1983 as the
'Year of the Bible' /·;"' /"~) .,__~-
(J) Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service 98,EIN·i~umber for the trust TORIANO JAMES HERVEY
-~...."-:,/
(K) A copy of the STATE OF CALIFORNIA CERTIFICATE.. o?:~I~E BIRTH No. 7097-118611 with the name Toriano James
Hervev©TM :·,. . ·:;·'
(L) Screen-shot from usdebtclock.org showing•'th·2_.. ~mount of debt bondage per citizen and tax payer as of April 23'd,
2017 £'>:'!
/~
(M) Pages from nij.gov 'National Institute· of Justice' with U.S. Government definitions for human trafficking
(N) A copy of the Honorable Milit~fv Discharge DO 214 'CERTIFICATE OF RELEASE OR DISCHARGE FROM ACTIVE DUTY'
No. 606 of TORIANO JAMES·HERVEY .
(OJ 'Joint Resolution of'.f~~

.Georgia General Assembly Memorial to Congress- Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
to U.S. Constitutiein 'Be Declared Void, No. 45 (Senate Resolution No. 391'
.:...-:.: '
(P) 'Congressia"~1j'Record of the 90th Congress, June 1i". 1967 'The 14th Amendment- Equal Protection Law or Tool
of Usurpation: by House of Representatives Louisiana Rep. Mr. Rarick'
t:'.: ·~
(Q} l)?iliersity of South Carolina information on the Topper Site
(R)) •· University of California. Riverside information on the Pygmy Skulls of Holliston Mills, Tennessee
(S) Science Frontiers Online article about the 'American Pygmies'
(T) St. Pet~rsburg Times on Aprilli". 1975 article, 'Professor: Phoenician may have hit America'
(U) Ancient American Magazine Issue No. 54, 'Connecticut's 5th Century Church'
·. ·.. ;_,_ .....:;.._·.:.: .. . ... ·-~ ..

(V) Excerpts from 'Pre-Columbian Resources Potentials: A Comparison of Old World and New World Petroglyphs'
(W) The Fountain Magazine Issue No. 58. 'Islam and Muslims in America before Columbus'
(X) Founders Online letter 'From George Washington to Sidi Mohammed, 1 December 1789'
(Y) The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, Vol. 1; 'The Constitution of the United States'
(Z) The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, Vol. 1; 'Treaty Making Power', 'Treaty of Pe~~e and
Friendship Between the United States of America, and His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Morocco•,6Fi7s7 and
'Treaty with Morocco. (a)' of 1636 <)
(M)
' th nd · •.
'House of Representatives Document of the 59 Congress. 2 Session- Document No. 326:~December 3 . 1906-
rd <>
March 4th. 1907; Letter from the Secretary of State. Submitting Report on the Subject of Cit'izl:mship, Expatriation,
and Protection Abroad' (,,..-
.. -~-:--~
~>:{.-·
(BB) 'Pennsylvania House of Representatives Resolution No. 75 of May 4th. 1933~;Moorish Titles of El. Ali and
~ . ,·\.. G __
-~~ '
(CC) 'Moorish American Centennial Committee, Speech of His Excellency Maat'i"'Jorio Ambassador Of Morocco at the
Moorish Centennial Celebration, January 11t\ 1986' 'j
-~~~>~,
(DD) 'The Consecratus Tilsam Salmagundi' by Prince Uriel Bey; which· hdlds
the recordation for the Moorish land title of
the Americas in the Library of Congress, the Department of Hcimeland Security and the United States Department
of State Ralph J. Bunche Librarv <,_.. ·
,_)~~~>
5
(EE) 'Congressional Record-Senate July 31 \ 2012- U.S.-rvlbrocco Peace And Friendship Treaty 225th anniversity'
~;,.)
(FF) 'United States Department of State- Treaties in E·6;ce, A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the
United States in Force on January , 2013'"'anCt 'United States Department of State- Treaties in Force, A List of
Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on lanuary, 201D'
'~~~J ~;
·"'~
;-
PLEASE SEE CONTINUANCE ON THE NEXT PAGE

As my word is my bond,
Duly tendered in honor
Kan Maccu B'a m: Torian~ pes wesi: ObaShango-EI"'TM a.k.a. Toriano-James: Hervey ™, "As Good As A,~t:~,l",
A Plenipotentiary Sui Jurts and Sui Generis Consular General, Justice, Bailiff and Muurish/Moorish Marshal, Authorized.Rep-
resentative, Attorney-in-Fact, Private Attorney General, Private Banker, Secured Party Creditor, Judgment Creditpr'& lien
Holder over the United States, United States Department of the Treasury, and the State of Arkansas, .et,lr/; Only in
capacity as a De Jure land Owner, Landlord, land Creditor, Freehold by Primogeniture Birthright' inheritance
of the Fee Simple Absolute "\last £state bpTess "Trust a.k.a. the Great Moorish £state £xp~_;~·'Trust" as was/
is Established by Noble Drew Ali, and as a beneficiary of the Original Ju~isdiction ofSov'~reign, Aboriginal
Indigenous Native American Muurs/Moors. All Rights and Remedies Reserve~i:uniform Commercial
Code 1-103, 1-201 (bJ37, 1-ZOZ, 1-Z07(1-308J, Z-Z01, Z-ZOZ, Z-606, z~w: 3-104, 3-305, 340l(bJ,
3-402(b) 1, 3-419 (3-420), 3-S01-3-505, 3-603, 4-104, 4-105;"'-t-204, 4-215, 4-501- 4-504,
.~J,:'7.·1o3, 9-311, 9-333 eta/; et seq.
Circle 7 Moorish Holy Koran Chapter 47; verses 10-11..1!! Memoriam: The ""-"""-"""-"-"""~ •.
Temole of America, Subordinate Temple No. 8 In Pine Bluff, Ark of 1928. lAM "'-"'"'-"'h'!'"""~-
~ ;:;_l:_; :.:..'· : <·...:c~'? :iJ ·:_'~·~:¥::·:.. · ::· -': ·;_~: ~' __,: ,::.·-~~-~:- ::.:::~..:.. .0-:;...._b..::· :.:..~~:f.:,:_,•.;.:;:~--
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\.i
. Arkansas Secretary of State Business & Commercial Services
Notary History
Notary Public Name: JANICE JAMES Commission#: 12384139
Email Address 1: Email Address 2:
Business Phone: Home Phone:
Commission Information
Notary Public
Bonding Agent: Underwriters County Of Commission: Pulaski
Commission Start Date Commission Expiration

912012011 912012021
on Bond: Date:
Address Information 0 Out of State Notary Employed in AR
Residential Address: 3724 JOHN BARROW RD, LITTLE ROCK, AR, 72204, Pulaski County, USA
Mailing Address: 3724 JOHN BARROW RD, LITTLE ROCK, AR, 72204, Pulaski County, USA
Employer Address: NONE
Notary Status:
Notary Status: Good Standing eNotary Designation: N/A
Exam Information
#of Previous eNotary

0 Last Exam Attempt Date: NONE
Exam Attempts:
Filing History
Notary
Date of Commission Commission Expiration
Filing# Filing Type Public Comment Action
Filing # Start Date Date
Name
Notary
10/18/2011
Public JANICE
15683640001 10:30:43
Oath JAMES
12384139 9/20/2011 9/20/2021 N/A (i)
AM
Returns
9/20/2011 New
15668230002 10:23:50 Notary JANICE
JAMES
12384139 9/20/2011 9/20/2021 N/A (i
AM Application
Status Change History
Filing# Date of Filing Old Status New Status Comment
15683640001 10/18/2011 10:30:43 Pending Good

AM Oaths Standing
9/20/2011 10:23:50 Comment Legacy Comments: 12384139

N/A ADB
AM Only
Arkansas Secretary of State, 1401 W. CapitJ>J~enu~~%:1RI6tbi~~~Sm,AR 72201 . Phone: 501-682-3409 Website:

http:/ /www.sos.arkansas.gov/
© 2015 PCC Technology Group. All Rights Reserved. Report a Problem?
http://prod.sos.arkansas.gov/NotarySearch/NotaryHistory?notaryiD=800203. .. 4/24/2017
Instr~ent# 2017026407 Page 7 of 235
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Flag of the Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muursll>TM/ Flag of the Algonguian-lroguois Indigenous Muurish-Moorish Republic/ Flag of our Aboriginal
Indigenous Native American Muurish Foremothers- Empress Verdiacee "Tiara" Washitaw-Turner Goston El-Bey/ Relic of our Shi-Olmec ancestors of
Mexico/ The Flags of our Aboriginal Indigenous Native American Moorish Forefathers- Noble Drew Ali a.k.a. El Haii "Sheik" Sharif Abdul Ali/ UN Draft
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples/ UN Resolution 61-295/ UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights/ UN Resolution 60-147/The United
Nations Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention. 1989 (No. 169!f United Nations Indigenous People Organization 215{1993 and the United States
Department of Justice- Classified Truth-A-1 Freehold By Inheritance library of Congress Diplomatic lmmunitv Registration No. AA222141 re: C. M. Bey/
"The Great Moorish Estate Express Trust"- Deed of Conveyance gives the metes and bounds of the lands of North-East and South-West Africa, across
the Great Atlantis !Atlantic), the present North, South and Central America and also Mexico and the Atlantic Islands; constituting the trust property.
The Torrens land Title Registry System; Book 521, Page 579; Cook Countv Recorder of Deeds office in Chicago, Illinois; Document No. 10105905,on
August 1st, 1928/ Annus 2011-United Nations International Year for People of African Descent/ UN Resolution 64-169/ The Organization of ~!!!'erican
States- American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man/ American Convention on Human Rights, 0 . A. S. Treatv Series No. 36, 1144 U. -N:IT. S. 123
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY/IRS UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT No. RE 381 G3S 818 US
Arkansas State Pulaski County Ci~cuit Court Real Estate Uniform Commercial Code UCC-1 File ~;9/2013007278
Washington State Uniform Commercial Code Licensing Department UCC-3 File No. 2010-25'6-5327-5
Sovereign Notice of International Act in Assurance & Gold Surety Bond No. RA 457"i:4o 195 US
Muurish/ Moorish Global Sovereign Autochthonous Nobility Bond No. RE 457-395 068 US
Registered Private Discharging and Indemnity Bond No. RE 381 635-~835 US
Proverbs 22 Silver & Copper Bullion Bond No. RE 346 310 316 US
Proverbs 22 Silver Bullion Bond No. RE 381 635 818,fJs
Arkansas State Treasury Private Secured lnd~rijure
Fiduciary Bonds No. RE 457 395 071 US;··
and No. RE 457 395 085 US c>··'
(Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM a.k.a. Tqr\~'llo-James: Hervey©TM, Consular General of
the Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs(i)™. Lawful Recqr~:-bf Actual, Constructive, Direct and Due Public
Notice of De Jure Aboriginal Indigenous, Native America~~'~-Muurish/ Moorish Primogeniture, Fee Simple
Absolute Freehold Birthrights, Sovereignty, Nationalityf~-status,
....... '
Jurisdiction, Secured Creditor Commercial
Standing, Law Enforcement abilities, bonds and ruling:·power as a Plenipotentiary Sui Juris Justice are on file
with the PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/ COUNTY CLER'J{~ REAL ESTATE ROOM 102; instrument No. 2010023222,
instrument No. 2010004359 and instrument No:;20h012373; eta/. Please see WWW.PULASI<ICLERI<.COM and
search real estate records for TORIANO JAMES' HERVEY HOPES AKWESI OBASHANGO-EL©TM / TORIANO JAMES
HERVEY©™.) (The Constitution for the united ...-.. '
States of America Article IV; Section I -"Full Faith and Credit
~
Clause" and Article IV; Section IV -"State's .Republic Clause" and Article VI -"Supremacy Clause/Treaties; eta/")
Arkansas Democrat Gazette Newspaper Publishing and Allodial Permit re: Noble Drew Ali's Allodial Title,
under PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/COUNTY CLERK, REAL ESTATE ROOM 102 instrument No.2011017860;in toto.
Muurish Freehold Commerci~l~~ctivity- PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/COUNTY CLERK instrument No. 2011032622
From Secured Creditor & Primogeniture Freehold Heir, On behalf of: Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/ Moorish Freeholder
Ab Antiquo; the Honorable ~~d Noble: Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust),
Toriano-James Hervey Ht?.pes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI~ C/o 1422 South Maple Street; Little Rock, Arkansas State [72204]
C/o 1422 South Maple':'Si:reet Zip exempt/ Nonresident/ Non-Domestic/ Republic; without
-·t '
Little Rock, Arkan~a_s' State [72204) the U.S. by order of lex domidlii (AI Moroc,/ Amexem/
Zip exempt/ Ng':Jf~sident/ Non-Domestic/ Republic; Washitaw Territory & Empire)
Without the;,U:S. by order of lex domicilii
(AI MoroCJ~Amexem/ Washitaw Territory & Empire) Beneficiaries: Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec-MuursCOTM; eta/
~ffi~abtt of 2nll J)efauU 3Tubrunent, jforfetture, l\tgbt to jforedofure anb 1Ltqutbatton

<-> ·; of ~U JlBelJtf anb ®blig;attonf ®b.leb bp l\efponbentf to l!Jank ~hi -Wrkant3u
~uurifb/ ~oorifb jfree(Jolber jftnantial ~erbittf@U (~n ~utocbtbonouf 'Ql;ruft); et nl
~
~J
momment t~~ueb bp tbe autborttp of an ~utotbtbont J!an mattU Ji' alam:

tltoriano-3fames iJerbep iJopes ~kwesi: ®ba~banao -QEI©m:~
Jf~~uance puuuant to: ~rtides 2, ~ §., z..
14, ~ .!Z, 20, 21, 22; et ul ~rticle.s of tbe 'Orreatp of 3aeace anb i'rienb~IJip
between t11e uniteb $Jtates of ~ortb ~merica 3aepnblic anb tbe ~l :ffloroccatt QEmpire of 1836; mlttiteb $Jtates $Jtatntes
at JLarge 8 $!tat. 484-487, treatp series 'Or$! 244-2; 91/BeiJans 1286/ "llflniteb ~tates JJBepartment of $!tate 'Orreatics ill
jforre- ~ JList of 'Orreaties anb l!&tbcr Jfllternational ~grcements of the mlttiteb ~tates ill jforce ott 3Jannarp 1, 2016';
'3E!cacc 'Orreatics' page 306, aub tbc non -respollse of 'ruftbaiJit of :llBefanlt 3Jnbqmcllt lnitiJ ~bsolnte 3ai\Ibts to
QEllforcemellt, lnitiJ QEudoseb .@oticc of 3l11ternational Q!:easc anh :llBcsist, 1Uell allh QExiJibits' unher notarp presentment.
........ ·
_,;.':1;.
~; ..
This affidavit is given pursuant to Arkansas Uniform Commercial Code Article 4-1-103 (2) ct~~;S•<'unless
displaced by the particular provisions of this subtitle, the principles of law and eguitv, ·inch~9li:Ig the law
merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud,
misrepresentation, ~' coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, and other validating or Afi.Validating cause
supplement its provisions." Article 4-9-102 (55) cite: "Mortgage" means a consensual int~~st in real property,
including fixtures, which secures pavment or performance of an obligation ..." Article:4::.9-311 (a)(l) cite: "... a
statute, regulation, or treaty of the United States whose requirements for a security~.j~terest's obtaining priority
over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the property preempt § 4-9-310(3) ..." And, Article 4-9-607
(b)(2)(A)(B) cite: " ... the secured party's sworn affidavit in recordable form stati:fi.g that: a default has occurred;
and the secured party is entitled to enforce the mortgage non-judicially;~;-:~'; et al articles of the Arkansas
Uniform Commercial Code, and~ Articles 1-103 (2), 9-102 (55), 9-31i' (a)(l) and 9-607 (b)(2)(A)(B); et al
articles of the Uniform Commercial Code. L Toriano-James Hervt<y~·Hopes Ak.wesi: ObaShango-El(\)TM' am
standing on the second Moorish/ Moorish Ancestral Principle of T:tuth as imbued within the Laws of Ma'at-
Principle 8, "I have not uttered lies"; the Holy Bible DeuteronomV'19:15-21, United States Statutes at Large
96 Stat. 1211; Public Law 97-280, the Holy Our' an- Surah 2;~Ayah 42, and citing the corresponding ens legis
legal fiction corporate United States democracy's public p9licy~ and the ens legis legal fiction corporate State of
Arkansas democracy's public policy of the United State~'>Code Title 18 USC 1621- Perjury generally, and
Arkansas Code Title 5-53-102- Perjury generally r:~$pectively. This affidavit highlights pertinent uncontested
claimS that the duty bound respondents failed to couriter and answer, and states facts for the closing. I affirm to
the following facts below, to let the record reflect that:
:?; "i ..·
1. There has been no response by any ~f the respondents whatsoever, the respondents being the United
States Secretary of State, John Kerry; Jhe? United States President, Barack H. Obama; United States Attorney
General, Loretta E. Lynch; United Su,ttes''Secretary of the Treasury, Jacob Lew and State of Arkansas Attorney
General, Leslie Rutledge; who were ,·charged to respond and rebut the 'Affidavit of Default .Judgment with
Absolute Rights to Enforcemfnt, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist, Lien and
Exhibits'; which was presente'd' under notary presentment. As pursuant to the notary public who was charged to
receive any responses, there·has been nothing but silence to this very day. This constitutes the second default
judgment pursuant to Jlle:.·matters addressed therein and previously which created the first default judgment of
instrument No. 2015080734 at www.Pulaskiclerk.com real estate records. Proverbs 22:20-21, United States
Statutes at Large,96 Stat. 1211 and Public Law 97-280 demanded a response on both occasions; in which they
failed to do so. ,;;; · ·
2. T,_bgc'copy of the STATE OF CALIFORNIA CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRTH No. 7097-118611 with
the name Toriano James Herveyi6TM filed with the exhibits is an exact copy of the one I am holding, and presented
to ., riiy', mother at my nativity. The verbiage of the document shows proof of denationalization, human ,
tr'3fficking, racketeering, paper genocide and slavery, and used to create an ens legis legal fiction of my living
natural person. According to the National Institute of .Justice at nii.gov/topics/crime/human-
traffickinglpages/welcome.aspx, "The U.S. Government defines human trafficking as: The recruitment,
harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force ,
fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery."
By this very definition alone, the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal
fiction corporate 50 States' democracies are guilty of this crime, and the state and federal courts uphold this fraud .
@E
3. The copy of the 'Honorable Military Discharge DD 214 of TORIANO JAMES HERVEY' filed with
the exhibits is an exact copy of the one I am holding. This shows proof that I am an expert witness with expert
evidence and military knowledge of the banner that is flown with the 13 red and white stripes, 50 stars, blue
canton and gold bordered fringes; commonly called in misnomer as the flag of the United States, which by
unwary consent invokes military admiralty/ maritime, corporate democracy jurisdiction of the ens legis legal
fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies.
4. I am the holder of the following authenticated records under seal from the Pennsylvania State Ar~hf~es
and United States National Archives: The Pennsylvania House of Representatives Resolution No. 15'\'df May
4th, 1933- Moorish Titles of EL Ali and Bey, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of
North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1787; treaty series TS 244-1, Treaty"'-&f Peace and
Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan ·Empire of 1836;
treaty series TS 244-2, the Constitution for the united States of America Republic of ·f787 and the Bill of
Rights of 1791. This is the Supreme Law of the Land according to Article 6 of the Constitution.
'~~·A
5. I am the holder of the following authenticated records under seal from,J~~<·United States Library of
Congress and the Georgia State Archives in regards to the 14th Amendment: 'Congressional Record of the 901h
Congress, June 13th, 1967 'The 14th Amendment- Equal Protection Law orzrool of Usurpation; by House of
Representatives Louisiana Rep. Mr. Rarick' and 'Joint Resolution. of~the Georgia General Assembly
Memorial to Congress- Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S! Constitution Be Declared Void. No.
45 (Senate Resolution No. 39)'. These records show proof that the 14.th':Amendment was never ratified, and the
state and federal judges who use this fraud are secessionists;. tiibels with pens instead of guns seeking to
divide the Union. They also expressed that they must be stoppei:l, public opinion must be aroused and that
the Union must and shall be preserved. And, the state. a~ir··federal courts are aware of this fraud, but they
continue to use it to accomplish their fraudulent agendas ()J";!deception and racketeering. The State of Arkansas has
agreed to the use of this fraud and to operate with it as·sfiown in the Arkansas Code Title 16-4-101- "Personal
jurisdiction of Arkansas courts- ' ... ]!. Personal .Iutisdiction. The courts of this state shall have personal
jurisdiction of all persons, and all causes of action or claims for relief, to the maximum extent permitted by
the due process of law clause of the Fourteen!h'Amendrnent of the United States Constitution."'
6. I am the holder of the followi,ng!a'uthenticated records under seal from the United States Library of
Congress in regards to the bankruptcy.,of ·the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the
ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 ~~ates' democracies: 'Congressional Record of the 72nd Congress, June 101h,
1932; by House of Representatives Pennsylvania Rep. Mr. McFadden', 'Congressional Record of the 102"d
Congress, May 4th, 1992 'Naii()fial and International Thievery in High Places; by House of Representatives
Texas Rep. Mr. Gonzalez: .arid 'Congressional Record of the 103rd Congress, May 17th, 1993 'Providing for
Consideration of House,Concurrent Resolution 64, Concurrent Resolution on the Budget, Fiscal Year 1994;
by House of Represe:hfatives Ohio Rep. Mr. Traficant Jr.' These records show proof respectively that the
Federal Reserve Np'fuis not money, but a mere promissory note, i.e. a debt note. The ens legis legal fiction United
States citizens ..y~r~ and are pledged from birth to become debt slaves to the Federal Reserve Bank system, so that
'the ens leg~s'l.egal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States'
democra9,i~S'l:nay get credit for their operations. Since the New Deal era of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the
ens legislkgal fiction United States citizens have been born into debt slavery to be shackled from the cradle to the
grav~, ·These credit loans from the Federal Reserve Bank syste~. in principal plus interest, were and are to be paid
back through the various methods of taxation upon the ens legis legal fiction United States citizens. The ens legis
legal fiction corporate United States'. democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies
were and are indeed bankrupt. Further substantiation of this fact of debt slavery can be found at usdebtclock.org
National Debt Per Citizen; currently $61.204, Debt Per Taxpayer; currently $165.653, Interest Per Citizen;
currently $7,666, Total Debt Per Citizen; currently $211,380, Unfunded Liability Per Taxpayer; currently
$882,065, as of April 23-m, 2017 and rising. I was placed into this debt slavery upon my nativity via the birth
certificate and Social Security number. Mr. McFadden gave warning to us all and his words came to pass.
- -- - - -- -
7. The Supreme Court of the United States' cases of Herndon v. Howard, 76 U.S. 664 (1869),
International Bank v. Sherman, 101 U.S. 403, 406 (1879) and Carr v. Hamilton, 129 U.S. 252 (1889) confirm
that all bankrupts are civiliter monuus; i.e. civilly dead under the united States of America republic.
8. I am the holder of the following authenticated records under seal from the United States Library of
Congress in regards to the overthrow of the united States of America Republic by the ens legis legal fiction
corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democr~c,jes:
'Congressional Record of the 76th Congress; August 1••, 1939; Appendix 'Invisible Government';
'Congressional Record of the 761b Congress, August 20th, 1940; Parts L II. III and IV of 'Steps T(M•ard a
British Union, a World State, and International Strife'; 'Congressional Record of the 76th Congress, August
21•\ 1940; Parts V and VI of 'Steps Toward a British Union, a World State, and Internati6nal Strife';
'Congressional Record of the 761b Congress, September 3rd, 1940; Parts VII and VIII of·-~Sfeps Toward a
British Union, a World State, and International Strife'; 'Congressional Record of~:ihe 76th Congress,
September 51b, 1940; PART IX of 'Steps Toward a British Union, a World State, and.:International Strife';
and 'Congressional Record of the 76th Congress, September ll 1b, 1940; 'Proof of~;A.uthenticity of British
Secret Document Part II'. All of these were delivered by House of Represencitives, Montana Rep. Mr.
Thorkelson.' These records show proof respectively that there was collusion _li~tween the Legislative and the
Executive branches of government for the United States, Congress and Presid~pt Franklin D. Roosevelt, to quietly
overthrow the lawful united States of America Republic and convert it i(ltQ~:-'a democracy under the New Deal.
House of Representatives, Montana Rep. Mr. Thorkelson was the only. C~ngressman who went on record and
publicly protested this democracy at the time. The Federal '"'Reserve Act of 1913 destroyed the
Constitutional form of government and converted it into a semi':.democracy by placing the United States
Treasury under the Bank of England. The people of the .u9Jfed States of America were starved into the
acceptance of the New Deal democracy by having their foo"d staples and crops destroyed; while food was
being internationally imported in, and the dispense of that food was being controlled by the United States.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal democracf\vas a coup d'etat patterned after the South American .
coups for democracy that overthrew their various republics.
. ~-·
9. I am the holder of the following recofds from the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States
democracy's website, inaugural.senatc.gov;( and from FDR Presidential Library & Museum's website,
fdrlibrary.org; in regards to the inaug4pl,Paddresses: 'Addresses by Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933, 1937, 1941
and 1945'. These records show proo~;.t;hai President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in what he deemed as a "necessity",
was intending to overthrow the u!_l,ited States of America Republic, and replace it with what he coined as
"essential democracy".
10. The Supreme Court of the United States' cases of Cantwell v. Connecticut. 310 U.S. 296 (1940),
American Communications Assn. v. Douds. 339 U.S. 382 (1950), Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer,
343 U.S. 579 (1952), New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536
.il2@, Epperson v. Arkansas. 393 U.S. 97 (1968), Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969), U.S. Term
limits Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al. 514 U.S. 779 (1995) and Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
(2010); confirm that the last bastion of hope for upholding the rights of the citizens of the united States of
America, i..'i: the judicial branch of government for the United States; which is the Supreme Court of the United
States, had entered into collusion with the legislative and executive branches for the establishment of the
democracy. The overthrow of the state and federal republics of the united States of America was complete.
This fraud was fully embraced and adjudicated into stare decisis and res judicata by the Supreme Court of the
United States.
11. According to 'THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels', 1888;
democracy is communism. The ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal
fiction corporate 50 States' democracies are socialists/ communists constructs, and the masses of the people today
are ignorant to civics and history. You cannot punish the Muurs/ Moors for the careless ignorance of the masses.
12. As pursuant to United States Code Title 8, Section 1481, all legislative, executive and judicial public
officials of federal, state, county and municipal governments are in fact agents of a foreign government; i.e.
the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States'
democracies, which are in direct conflict to the united States of America Republic and the Constitution for
the united States of America of 1787. This direct conflict is what is known in law as a mixed war. As pursuant
to Black's Law Dictionary, 41h Ed., 1968- "MIXED WAR. A mixed war is one which is made on one side by
public authority, and on the other by mere private persons ..." As pursuant to Muurs/ Moors, i.e. Moroyqan-
Americans, this is in direct conflict with the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united Stati!s of
North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Silit. 484-
487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286. The Muurs/ Moors are private Nationals of the <~f<.Moroccan
Empire, and are allies to the united States of North America Republic through treaty law. We ~~){party to the
Constitution for the united States of America of 1787 through Article 6 of this Constitution, .,...,
'';,.
and the
Supremacy Clause; which states that treaties are the Supreme Law of the Land. . <:C'
'"')
\<'
13. The Supreme Court of the United States' cases of Luther v. Borden. 48 U.S ..l 'U849), United States v.
Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1875), United States Code Title 4, Section 4, The Fed~ralist Papers 'No. 10 The
Same Subject Continued The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Factiiln and Insurrection', United
States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211 and Public Law 97-280 confrrm tht:\~<t:he united States of America was
lawfully established as a republic. ..:;-.3'':''
r· ,1
-'' ~ -:..•
14. As proven by genetics, Lam a bloodline descendant from m~llichondrial mtDNA haplogroup Llcld, a
descendant of Llc which came from mtDNA macro-haplogroup t;i':6, and which ·shows an age older than the
Topper Site in South Carolina of approximately 50,000 years .-Bi> (before present); quote: "Three radiocarbon
dates were obtained from deep in the terrace at Topper wit!i"-two dates of 50,300 and 51,700 on burnt plant
remains. One modern date related to an intrusion," StaffoJ;4:-s~ys. ''The two 50,000 dates indicate that they are at
least 50,300 years. The absolute age is not known."- S~ience Daily article, 'New Evidence Puts Man in North
America 50,000 Years Ago'; November 18lh, 200~Y Llc appeared approximately 60.000 years BP (before
present), and the misnomer African-American l,.{c shows very few matches with continental Africans; quote,
"... Llc, is estimated at 60.000 years old ... HapltJgroup Llc is less starlike than Lla and Llb, with three major
well-defined subclades and high internal diversity. The geographic distribution of Llc is especially interesting.
More than one-third of L1c haplotvoes in bur database belong to African Americans, and few of them show
matches with continental Africans.1_.:/-T\vww.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov article, 'The Making of the African mtDNA
Landscape'. q", ;·
15. As proven by genetic~S'r ' am a bloodline descendant of Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aborigines and
many Pre-Columbian peop~t<s/including those people in misnomer as Negrito and Negrillo "Pygmies" who were
buried in Holliston Mills-,:.Eastem Tennessee. These pygmies range back to a time in America of at least 40,000
years BP (before present), as verified by radio-carbon dating information held by the United States Department
of the Interior. 'J,'.q.ff admixture shows proof that my ancestors were in situ when the misnomer Negrito and
Negrillo "Pygqyes" were in the Americas. Please see tennessee.gov, search word 'archaeology', click
'Tennessee Archaeology e-journal', then 'Volume 7, Issue 1...' for 'TENNESSEE ARCHAEOLOGY
Volume 7JFall 2013- Numberl'- ''TENNESSEE'S ANCIENT PYGMY GRAVEYARDS: THE "WONDER
OF THE'WESTERN COUNTRY" by Kevin E. Smith, "Only a few weeks after this "final" statement, an even
more_,. astonishing discovery of a cemetery in Coffee County was announced in papers nationwide: 'an ancient
graveyard of vast proportions has been found in Coffee county ... and shows that the race of pigmies who once
inhabited this country were very numerous ... The bones show they were a dwarf tribe of people, about three
feet high. lt is estimated that theie were about 75,000 to 100.000 buried there (Daily American, 14 Mar 1876;
originally published in Woodbury Press)"';~- "'Skeletons of these people have been found in Tennessee,
Brazil, Tierra del Fuego, and Tasmania, indicating they constituted a major pan global population that was
crushed by a major natural catastrophe 75.000 years ago ... Survivors of this world population of Pygmies can
still be found in the Congo, Andaman Islands, Philippines, New Guinea Highlands, and some aborigines of
~
North Queensland .... It is interesting to note that these pygmies all appear to have the bow and arrow as a
hallmark of their culture. It is quite likely they had this technology 100,000 years ago."'; p. 59.
16. As proven by genetics, I am a bloodline descendant of the mound builders of North America, iqcluding
the builders of the astronomical Summer solstice observatory known as Toltec Mounds in Arkansas, and the
oldest known mound known as Watson Brake Mound in Louisiana.
17. As proven by genetics, I am a bloodline descendant of the Punic Iberian/ Carthaginian/ Pho.epibf~n/
Canaanites. These people were responsible for leaving a plethora of documented evidence across' North
America, including the Bourne Stone in Komassakurnkanit, Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts appr9~jfuately 500
B.C. This information was recorded in the 'St. Petersburg Times' on April 17!!!, 1975 by,.;United Press
International article, 'Professor: Phoenician may have hit America', and held by the Bo'rirne Historical
Society, and recorded by Prince Angelus Uriel Elymas Bei, author of 'The Cons~'trated Talisman
'Salmagundi' and 'Libretto No. 2- Magnus Geographicus Permetiri Atgue Familia(?Annales Imperium
Maurusium Ac Gentilis Ius Sanguinus (The Great Geodetic Survey and Family Chtonicle of the Moorish
Empire and it's Bloodright Heirs)- The Book of Blood and Deeds'; "Recordeq::~s·a Legal Deed and Trust
Document in the Library of Congress under Certified Registration No.c:::fXU-1-123-633, and Control
(Catalogue) Number 71-330-6977 (U), The Department of Homeland Security- U.S. Customs and Border
Protection- Recordation No. COP 04-00062; Control No. 476030 LMW, and catalogued in The U.S.
Department of State, Bureau of Administration- (Department of State-Library- Call # BP232 .U73 2004):
and is duly recognized by the said Federal corporate United States . gO'vernment"; ~- See also pp. 196-215
of the same book for 'Libretto No.7- The Moabite ProclamatiOJn)f Suffette Hanno-Bey ffiai) & Annexation
by Legal Document of the Americas to the Iberian PeninsulaiSovereign Trust Record of Ancient Moorish-
American Land Title and Ancient Moorish-American Land;Documents); at the Department of State (Ralph
.I. Bunche) Library- Call# BP232 .U73 2004. ..,;<;>
18. As proven by genetics, I am a bloodline descehdant of Libyan Moors. These people were responsible for
leaving the inscriptions at the Narro~s Shelters on White Rock Road in what is now known today as Crawford
County, Arkansas approximately 4!!! century A. D. This information is recorded in 'Pre-Columbian Resources
Potentials: A Comparison of Old World and New World Petroglyphs', which is held by the United States
Bureau of Land Management Library. ... '~) ·~
.•'·\}
2
19. As proven by genetics, I all?c;i hloodline descendant of Moroccan Moors. These people were responsible
for leaving the Moroccan 5!h centijry church erected in Cockaponset Forest, Connecticut approximately 480 A.D.
The title of the land was recorded in stone as Asgu-Sha!lli!l, "the northern land" or "continent lying beyond '-
the sunset"; in El-Hadj Mimoun, near Figuig in Morocco. This information is recorded in 'Pre-Columbian
Resources Potentials: AJ::omparison of Old World and New World· Petroglyphs', which is held by the United
States Bureau of LaiJ.,P;Management Library, and recorded in 'Ancient American Magazine, Issue No. 54'.
;...~j '
20. My jus:s~h;uinis and jus soli title to the Americas in toto is sealed in flesh, blood and bone, and cannot
be challenged' by today's pale-skin Caucasoid and Mongoloid phenotypes; which did not exist until
approxima(~ly 5,000-10,000 years BP (before present). As pursuant to Black's Law Dictionarv, 4 1~ Ed., 1968-
".lura sali'guinis llUllo ;ure civili dirimi possullt. The right of blood and kindred cannot be destroyed by any
civil-law." "Terra manens vacua occupanti conceditur. Land lying unoccupied is given to the first occupant."
"(Juod nullius est, id ratione naturali occupanti conceditur. That which is the property of no one is, by
natural reason, given to the [first] occupant." "Solus deus facit heredem. non homo. God alone makes the
heir, not man." "Haeres est eadem persona cum antecessore. The heir is the same person with the ancestor."
"Nemo potest esse tenes et dominus. No man can be at the same time tenant and landlord of the same
tenement." "Prior tempore potior jure. He who is first in time is preferred in right." "Quod prius est verius
est.· et quod prius est tempore potius est jure. What is first is true; and whatis first in time is better in law."
"Where two rights concur, the more ancient shall be preferred." "Quando duo jura concurrunt in una
··. ··-~:;.<, . .•
persona, jequum est ac si essent in diversis. When two rights concur in one person, it is the same as if they
were in two separate persons." These ancient cemeteries and landmarks are lawful documents of my estate.
21. As pursuant to Bouvier's Dictionary of Law, 1856- "MONUMENT. A thing intended to transmit to
posterity the memory of someone; it is used, also, to signify a tomb where a dead body has been deposited.
In this sense it differs from a cenotaph, which is an empty tomb." "MONUMENTS. Permanent landmarks
established for the purpose of ascertaining boundaries. ~- Monuments may be either natural or artificial
objects, as rivers, known streams, springs, or marked trees ... Even posts set up at the corners..:•{ahd a
clearing, are considered as monuments. J_. When monuments are established, they must govern,dilthough
neither courses, nor distances, nor 'computed' contents correspond ..." ";;>·
22. As pursuant to Black's Law Dictionary, 4 1h Ed., 1968- "MONUMENT. Anything;"~:hy which the
memory of a person, thing, idea, art, science or event is preserved or perpetuated. Atomb where a dead
body has been deposited. In real-property law and surveying, monuments are visible.iriarks or indications
left on natural or other objects indicating the lines and boundaries of a survey;~i:n this sense the term
includes not only posts, pillars, stone markers, cairns, and the like, but also fix'ed natural objects, blazed
trees, and even a watercou1·se." "Monumenta quze nos recorda vocamus su11tVeritatis et vetustatis vestigia.
Monuments, which we call "records," are the vestiges of truth and antiquity.·•·
-;..~··'
'· ·;..,~
23. Deuteronomy 19:14 and Deuteronomy 27:17, and Proverbs 22:28' and Proverbs 23:10 say that no one
is to remove our landmarks, i.e. monuments, and leave us fatherless.(f!li.d motherless) in our own land, for it was
written that malediction has been spoken for all those who shall''do such activity. Hosea 5:10 says that there
is a wrath to be poured out from the Most High Creatress/ASfeator of the heavens and the earth on those
for doing such violations. The United States Congress agreeq::iliat this is part of the word of God, and is the law
with United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211 and.,Public Law 97-280. Therefore, you must return our
estate of inheritance in correlation to our status jus-<simguinis: Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal,
Indigenous Native American Muurs and Pre-Columb1ah Moors, and jus soli: AI Moroccan Empire .
.'1:-;::-·t '
24. I am the holder of the following record:'~g~ the United States' website founders.archives.gov in regards
to the presidential letter: 'From George W a§hington to Sidi Mohammed, 1 December 1789'. This letter proves
that the united States of America is withilf:the dominions of the AI Moroccan Empire, and the establishment of
the united States of America Repub!k, \vas solely for agriculture and commerce; i.e. a usufruct. This was
granted by the Sultan of Morocco aq<filie AI Moroccan Empire, Sidi Mohammed Ibn Abdullah IlL
' ~:)~ ':-
25. My blood birthright iW.;;:{stolen at nativity by the ens legis legal fiction corporate UNITED STATES
democracy and the ens legid~gal fiction corporate STATE OF CALIFORNIA democracy. The ens legis legal
fiction corporate STATE:~bF ARKANSAS democracy operated in collusion by allowing the Social Security
Administration to OReF'afe in the theft of my blood birthright. This blood birthright in jus sanguinis as a Paleo-
American, Autoch.thBrious Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muur and Pre-Columbian Moor entitled me
an
to all land right,~.\ mineral rights, all water rights and all air, sky and space rights, and automatic third party
beneficiary rights in equity to every contract, arrangement or agreement made; whether public or private, that
takes pl~c~';upon my estate lands, due to non-compensation for the use of my lands, raw materials and natural
resourc~s,;' i.e. corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments. My birthright in jus soli as a Moroccan-American
Moor.,
.,
of the AI Moroccan Empire was stolen upon my nativity as well by the same ens legis legal fiction entities .
26. As pursuant to the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America
Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty
series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, the public officials of the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States'
democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies owe several obligations to Muurs/
Moors. Public officials of federal, state, county and municipal governments who have given oath to the
Constitution for the united States of America of 1787 also owe allegiance to this treaty as well.
r
27. In the treaty, Article 2 shows that the Constitutional oath bound public officials must not apply the public
policies of the democracy against us, due to the fact that it would consist of them taking a commission from the
enemy, i.e. the democracy, and fighting underneath the color of law and the military admiralty/ maritime banner.
These public policies constitute a mixed war being waged against Muurs/ Moors on the part of the ens legis legal
fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies; which
is a violation of the peace treaty between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan
Empire. __ ,y'·
. -·
28. In the treaty, Article 3 shows that the Muurs' I Moors' nationality, status, jurisdiction, standtn'i, asset
credit and rights in commerce, and blood birthrights to all land rights, all mineral rights, all water )j.ghts and all
air, sky and space rights, and automatic third party beneficiary rights in equity to every contrac~<·~tt~ngement or
agreement made; whether public or private, that takes place upon our estate lands, due to n~-~~-co·mpensation for
the use of our lands, raw materials and natural resources; i.e. corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments; must
be returned to us. During the captivity and denationalization period of Muurs/ Moors,>,be'ginning in 177 4 and
lasting until 1865, and through the Reconstruction Era and Jim Crow, and the presiMJitial era of United States
President Franklin D. Roosevelt et seq., our blood birthrights were and continue ,t9:be unlawfully stolen; while
being loaded onto the commercial vessels known as the ens legis legal fiction cm:ppiate United States' democracy
and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies. The tre'!tY 'is a lawful contract, and the
obligation of contract cannot be impaired as pursuant to Articlel, Section f(fof the Constitution for the united
States of America of 1787. All oath bound federal, state, county and miirucipal public officers are obligated to
return these blood birthrights to their lawful heirs and beneficia~it!s. The Muurs/ Moors are to be set free
from the enemy combatant status as amended by the Emergency Btthking Relief Act of 1933, and the statutory,"
corporate, and public policy captivity administered by the ,eb5' legis legal fiction corporate United States'
democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States\:Jilemocracies. Leviticus 25:10 states, "And ye shall
hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughoue·im the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall
be a jubilee unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto
his family." The United States Congress agreed th~t (pris is part of the word of God, and is the law with United
States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211 and Publi~ Law 97-280. A short history will be given later about a Moor
named Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori and/_:!Jis' liberation through treaty law. And, in accordance with the
history of Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Soti~ ·:we must be released and restored immediately in toto.
29. In the treaty, Article 6 shows,_tli1t'if any Moor shall bring citizens of the United States, or their effects, to
his Majesty, the citizens shall immcrdiately be set at liberty, and the effects restored: and, in like manner, if any
Moor, not a subject of these doniiriions, shall make prize of any of the citizens of America or their effects, and
bring them into any of the ,.·p~rts of his Majesty, they shall be immediately released, as they will then be
considered as under his Majesty's protection. The Paleo-American Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors are not
subjects to the dominion~>df the Sultan (now King) of the Kingdom of Morocco, but we have unalienable rights
and are still within Ql~~protection of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic'hlld the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 via jus soli; i.e. by birth within the dominions of the
AI Moroccan EJppire, i.e. North America. Under the doctrine of comity, i.e. reciprocity, if a United States
citizen should]make prize of a Muur/ Moor, and bring him or her into the united States of America and United
States (jurl~diction), the Muur/ Moor shall immediately be set at liberty, and the effects restored. The doctrine of
comity;i,i;:>an ancient practice of reciprocity, and is a custom that is duly recognized under the Law of Nations.
Thiscjs 'what freed a captive Moor placed in bondage by the name of Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori from a
ptiihtation in Mississippi. Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori was a prince from the kingdom of Futa Jallon in what
is known today as Guinea. He was trained as a lawyer and politician when his father sent him to the University of
Timbuktu. Upon graduation, he returned home to Futa Jallon to help his father run the kingdom. During a military
campaign with one of the troublesome neighboring tribes, he was captured, and sold into bondage that eventually
landed him on a plantation in Mississippi. An old acquaintance named Dr. Cox, who knew Abdul Rahman
Ibrahim Ibn Sori and his family very well in Futa Jallon, had pleaded and tried to procure Abdul Rahman Ibrahim
Ibn Sori 's freedom by payment to the plantation owner Thomas Forster. ·
'
Thomas Forster refused all amounts of payment, due to the fact that Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sari had
become the brains behind the Forster's plantation. Dr Cox continued trying to procure his friend's freedom until
he died. The cause was later taken up by the doctor's son. Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sari labored for 40 years
before finding out about the Moroccan treaty. Being skilled in law and diplomacy, and representing himself, he
wrote a letter to President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Hemy Clay demanding his freedom. He
also wrote a letter to the Sultan of Morocco. The Sultan sent verifiers to Futa Jallon to see if the claims in the
letter of Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sari were true, and they were verified as such. The Sultan ordered his reJe_ase
immediately, and President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Hemy Clay ordered Thomas Fo~~·(er to
release him immediately from bondage. In 1829, Abdul Rahman Ibrahim lbn Sari returned to Africa:. ·~'d'ore he
left, he met the then President of United States in the White House and received a personal apology fQi''lhe misuse
and the dehumanization he went through under the slavery institution. More can be found OQ:)hls history at
rastalivewire.com and search 'Father Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori: The Moorish Prinfe of Western
Morocco'. This comity still applies today. due to treaties being the Supreme Law of the''Land. The public
officials of the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legi,{Tegal fiction corporate
50 States' democracies must honor this treaty by their oath upon the Constitution·..'f6r the united States of
America of 1787 through Article 6 of this Constitution and the Supremacy Clause:· In accordance with the
history of Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, We must be released with our ~f~ids restored immediately.
·~ ....... . _
c~-·~'-
30, In the treaty, Article 7 shows that if vessels of either side shall pu_lrinto the ports of the other, and they
shall need supplies or other provisions, that they are to be furnished witliout any. interruption or molestation. All
commerce within the ens legis legal fiction corporate United State§!;)i~mocracy and the ens legis legal fiction
corporate 50 States' democracies is currently under admiralty/ ma_r.i,grne law and the Uniform Commercial Code.
All incorporated and unincorporated entities act as vessels and pqrts. The commercial vessel known as Bank Shi-
Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Servict\S©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) has the treaty
right to port in all FDIC commercial banks, NCUA'> credit unions, Treasury Direct, State treasuries,
municipalities, corporations and anyone else that may he: ~hosen to do business. The release of asset credit is a
provision, and are supplies from the private bank aii(( trust of TORIANO JAMES HERVEY©TM/TORIANO
.I. HERVEY©™, passing through the UNITED . STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY/IRS UCC
CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT No. RE'. 381 635 818 US; and finally to Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Setvices©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) for its payees/ obligees,
trusts and beneficiaries, Both trusts ~ni:iY fue security agreement of Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish
Freeholder Financial Services©TM(anJ\~tochthonous Trust) are held by the Secretary of the Treasury of the
United States Department of the Treasury as an authorized officer, drawee, payor and fiduciary trustee. The
release of this asset credit will . be)i~~ued in the form of international bills of exchange, international promissory
notes, bonds, documentary dr~ftS, letters of credit and any other forms of private paper issued by Bank Shi-
Urkantzu Muurish!Moorish' Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust); to be processed
through all FDIC co1Ill11~tcial banks, NCUA credit unions, Treasury Direct, State treasuries, municipalities,
corporations and agy6ne else that may be chosen to do business, and their ports/ portals of TT&L, ACH,
FEDWlRE, SWlf.IT'7ii!s' well as all other United States Department of the Treasury's viable payment systems in the
ens legis legal ~flction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States'
democracies:(:rhe receiving of provisions and supplies for Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish!Moorish Freeholder
Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) must take place without any interruption or molestation.
··;;
3~~ ~ the treaty, Article 14 shows that the united States of North America Republic and the Al Moroccan
Empire has the most favored nation status in commerce with each other, and we both are to be respected
and esteemed. This means that the commerce of the Muurs/ Moors must be respected and esteemed. This also
means that the bankruptcy of the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal
fiction corporate 50 States' democracies, with Acceptance for Value and Consideration for Settlement and
Closure of any account regarding the adjustment of any debt, and the release of all bid, performance, and
payment bonds by anyone claiming to be a warrant holder in due course, and with the right to discharge all
debts and obligations with acquittance in this bankruptcy; must be extended to the Muurs/ Moors. Acquittance
is defined as pursuant to Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968- "ACQUITTANCE. A written discharge,
whereby one is freed from an obligation to pay money or perform a duty. It differs from a release in not
requiring to be under seal." Demands for monetary payment can only be a demand for Money (please see
definitions for "money" in seq.), and with my status, it is my signature which creates ''money"; therefore a
debt tendered is a debt paid. (Please see Arkansas Uniform Commercial Code Article 4-3-603 (b), and the
Uniform Commercial Code ~ Article 3-603 (b) cite: "If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an
instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument and the tender is refused, there is discharger to
the extent of the amount of the tender, of the obligation of an indorser or accommodation party having a r.H!ht of
recourse with respect to the obligation to which the tender relates.") Tender is defined as pursuant,tQ)Biack's
Law Dictionary. 4th Ed., 1968- "TENDER. An offer of money; the act by which one produces amf'offers to a
person holding a claim or demand against him the amount of money which he considers and"~dmits to be
due, in satisfaction of such claim or demand, without any stipulation or condition .... ~.~-Tender," though
usually used in connection with an offer to pay money, is properly used in connection with: offer of property
other than money." As a Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Nat\,:v,_e~·A.merican Muur and
Pre-Columbian Moor, my status is that of a Freeholder by Primogeniture Blood Birflni~!}f'lnheritance to the entire
Americas, Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor and Creditor. The ens legis legal ~t¢.~ion corporate United States'
democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies, et al en;iities are my debtors. J .•'
"t·~
The tender of payment is asset credit, i.e. property held by the S(:!C,tetary of the Treasury of the United
States Department of the Treasury as an authorized officer, drawee, p~~ot.. and fiduciarri truste~ for the private
bank and trust of TORIANO .JAMES HERVEY©TM/TORIANQ··,J. HERVEY© M, passmg through the
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY!IRS'·ucc CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT
No. RE 381 635 818 US; and finally to Bank Shi-Urkarit.ZU Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial
Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) in the form of interfi.ilt1onal bills of exchange, international promissory
notes, bonds, documentary drafts, letters of credit and al),'y/ other forms of private paper issued for its payees/
obligees, trusts and beneficiaries. Creditor, debtor, cfMit and correlative are defined as pursuant to Black's
Law Dictionary. 4th Ed .. 1968- "CREDITOR. A petson to whom a debt is owing by another person who is
the "debtor." One who has a right to require. tlie' fulfillment of an obligation or contract... one to whom
money is due, and, in ordinary acceptation( has reference to financial or business transactions. The
· antonvm of "debtor." The word is susceptibie of latitudinous construction. The foregoing is the strict legal
sense of the term; but in a wider sense-:if means one who has a legal right to demand and recover from
another a sum of money on any accouht whatever, and hence may include the owner of any right of action
against another, whether arising on~contract or for a tort, a penalty, or a forfeiture ..." "DEBTOR. One who
owes a debt; he who may be coriipelled to pay a claim or demand. Anyone liable on a claim, whether due or
to become due" "CREDIT .-.::,>the correlative of a debt; that is, a debt considered from the creditor's
standpoint, or that which is Incoming or due to one. That~ is due to a person, as distinguished from
debit, that which is due·-.bv him. Claim or cause of action for specific sum of money. A sum credited on the
books of a companyc~hi person who appears to be entitled to it." "CORRELATIVE. Having a mutual or
reciprocal relation~ :~in such sense that the existence of one necessarily implies the existence of the other...
Claim and duty are correlative terms." Money is legally defined as pursuant to Black's Law Dictionary, 4th
Ed., 1968- "MONEY. In usual and ordinary acceptation it means gold, silver, or paper money used as
circulatin1f''fuedinm of exchange, and does not embrace notes, bonds, evidences of debt..." In general
circulatioli today, there are only notes, bonds and evidences of debt; which under the Uniform Commercial
Code afe considered as "money" within the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens
legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies.
There is currently no de jure lawful money in general circulation as pursuant to Article 1, Section 10 and
Article 1, Section 8; Clause 5 and 6 of the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787. The Dollar
is lawfully defined as a unit of measurement for money pursuant to the Coinage Act of 1792, and there ~e no de
jure lawful dollars in general circulation as pursuant to the Coinage Act of 1792; United States Statutes at
Large 1 Stat. 246-251. (Please see Arkansas Uniform Commercial Code Article 4-1-201 (b) (24), and the
.f/;•.\.1 -~·Li.·. -~-- -~ .:. · -~ ' ···- '·· ._,_ ·.. . ' .• .::· ~ ·::-. -~- ·.., '· :. ..::3
, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - ----
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Article 1-201 (b) (24) cite: '"Money' means a medium of exchange
currently authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government. (Emphasis added: The ens legis legal
fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies are
foreign governments.) The term includes a monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental
organization or by agreement between two (2) or more countries.") As pursuant to its charter, security
agreement and the trusts it oversees, Bank Shi-Urkantzu Moorish/Moorish Freeholder Financial
Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) is an international bank, i.e. an intergovernmental organization; ..yqich
currently uses the United States Dollar as its monetary unit of account, and the medium of exchange is asseti redit
via private paper.) The Federal Reserve Note is a promissory, non-curable note for credit and _. c,o'mpelled
performance, and a debt obligation of the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democras,x)fud the ens
legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies. As pursuant to the 1932 Congressi?g~f·· Records of
Pennsylvania Rep. Mr. McFadden as contained herein, all persons and property of the ens.)ligis legal fiction
corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 Stat~~hiemocracies were
inhumanely pledged as collateral and debt slaves to the Federal Reserve Bank system, and.,~s'pursuant to the 1940
Congressional Records of Montana Rep. Mr. Thorkelson as contained herein, the Feder~l Reserve Act of 1913
allowed the Bank of England to seize the United States Treasury for its own'l.private purposes. But, as
pursuant to treaty law, Muurs/ Moors are free, and cannot affectively be _q~nected to the · above Federal
Territorial Jurisdiction of debt created by Congress, as an ens legis legal .ljction, chattel collateral ward and
conscripted paying U.S. person entity that is subject to the Jurisdiction t:Qe;feof; for we are Nationals of the AI
Moroccan Empire; which is of a Foreign Jurisdiction and Nature. The~;efdr~. any promise of payment made can
only be issued by me with instruments pursuant to treaty Article 14,Jtid contract/ trust law; thus making the
instruments lawful, and not Inflationary Federal Reserve Notes; ~~~h belong in toto to the ens legis legal fiction
corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal ~C,tibn corporate 50 States' democracies, and it's
Federal Reserve Bank/ International Monetary Fund Creditop:·"' Also, as pursuant to treaty Article 14, Muurs/
Moors also have the absolute right of freedom to travel ui?if~·our land by any mode whatsoever, and to pass in and
out of our land of the Al Moroccan Empire, i.e. North ~merica; whenever we please and without interruption or
subjugation to the permission and public policies of flie ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy
and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 St,a,t~s·' democracies. In accordance with the history of Abdul
Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, We must be releas&i immediately from these travel public policies of the ens legis
legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies.
( ,) ·1
32. In the treaty, Article 16 show_f1'tb~t in case of war betwe~n the united States of North America Republic
and the AI Moroccan Empire, the p:r:isoners are not to be made slaves, but are to be exchanged one for another,
and of equal rank and status. Ari9 'if there is a deficiency on either side, the payment of one hundred Mexican
dollars shall make up the di[fbtence for each person wanting. And it is agreed, that all prisoners shall be
exchanged in twelve moq.Qls ' from the time of their being taken, and that this exchange may be effected by a
merchant, or any other p~ts'on, authorized by either of the parties. Between 1933 through 1945, during the mixed
lti!!: waged against ;'Q<?-'united States of America Republic by the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States'
democracy and Ql~':ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies, President Franklin D. Roosev.elt's
New Deal demQ._c.racy had made all ens legis legal fiction United States citizens prisoners of war to the ens legis
legal fiction 69tporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies,
and debt_.s(aves to the Federal Reserve Bank system. Pennsylvania Congressional Rep. Mr. McFadden was the
only Congressman who went on record and publicly protested this debt slavery at the time in the 1932
Congressional Records as contained herein. The Muurs/ Moors were caught up in a dragnet of public policy and
Mot' slavery implemented under the military admiralty/ maritime democracy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's
New Deal era. The mixed war was waged against the Muurs/ Moors as well through the FBI's Director, al
Edgar Hoover. This proof is found at vault.fbi.gov and search 'Moorish Science Temple of America'. This
type of activity was never supposed to happen. According to treaty law, the Muurs/ Moors cannot be held in
debt slavery, prisoner of war status or chattel servitude to the Federal Reserve Bank system, and the ens legis
legal fiction corporate United States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies.
In accordance with the history of Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, We must be released immediately.
,----------------------------
33. In the treaty, Article 20 shows that if any of the citizens of the United States, or any persons under their
protection, shall have any dispute with each other, the Consul shall decide between them. And if the Consul shall
require any aid, or assistance from the Al Moroccan Empire to enforce his decisions, it sba11 be immediately
granted to him. A challenge was issued to the respondents of the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States'
democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies, for any counter-claims to my claim of
position as a foreign Consular General for Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs©Th\ and other Aboriginal
Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors, and also for my claim of me being an obligee under the doctrine of col)1ity
pursuant to Article 20; to receive any aid or assistance from the Constitutional oath bound public officvf~ ~nd
agents. My claims to this Consular General position, and to receive any aid or assistance, were unc6Iitested
by the respondents, and there was nothing but silence for a response. \ ',
34. In the treaty, Article 21 shows that if a citizen of the United States should kill or WOl!ni:F~ Moor, or, on
the contrary, if a Moor shall kill or wound a citizen of the United States, the law of the Coruqtty shall take place,
and equal justice shall be rendered, the Consul assisting at the trial; and if any delinquent,shall make his escape,
the Consul shall not be answerable for him in any manner whatev~r. What this is sayi.ng''is that the laws of each
jurisdiction shall set the grounds for the rules at the trial. The unit~d States of Am~Ji;t~ Republic was established
as a usufruct, while the land for its operation was granted by the Sultan of the AI;Moroccan Empire. At the tim~
this treaty was made law, a citizen of the United States was understood in th~·"common-law, common sense of a
natural, living breathing person, and not the ens legis legal fiction 141Jt 1\mendment person; i.e. a statutory
corporate person. So in essence, if a Muur/ Moor shall kill or wound a ,ciilien of the United States, then the law
that must be applied is the common law for the united States of Ariferica Republic, i.e. the usufruct, and not
the public policy of the ens legis legal fiction corporate United SJ~J(!'s' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction
corporate 50 States' democracies. This is a treaty right that w.a~,:understood by all at the time of the making and
ratification of this treaty. As pursuant to Dred Scott v. S~Iidford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856), Muurs/ Moors in
misnomer as Negroes, Blacks, Coloreds, African-Amer~c;:a,ns, Latinos, etc., cannot be Citizens/ citizens of the
Federal Republic or the united States of America Republic. This case is still valid law today as pursuant to the
unconstitutionality of the 14tlt Amendment. ·v
""7~/'
But, as pursuant to our ;us soli status ,w;i;b the AI Moroccan Empire, the Supreme Court of the United
States' case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark. 169 U.S. 649. (1898) at supreme.justia.com explains it
perfectly; cite, "In this as in other respe~(s·; lt (emphasis added: the Constitution) must be interpreted in the
light of the common law, the princhil~s and history of which were familiarly known to the framers of the
Constitution... The language of the;·constitution, as has been well said, could not be understood without
reference to the common Iaw.J-:fThe interpretation of the Constitution of the United States is necessarily
influenced by the fact that its;·provisions are framed in the language of the English common law, and are to
be read in the light of its·history.' ... 'By the common law of England, every person born within the
dominions of the Crown>ho matter whether of English or of foreign parents, and, in the latter case, whether
the parents were setil~d or merely temporarily sojourning, in the country, was an English subject, ~
onlv the children '.or' foreign ambassadors (who were excepted because their fathers carried their own
nationality with ,(hem), or a child born to a foreigner during the hostile occupation of any part of the
territories of:England. No effect appears to have been given to descent as a source of nationality.'"
r.~.:: {
·"! ~hd also citing, 'House of Representatives Document of the 59t1t Congress. 2nd Session- Document
No. 326; December 3rd, 1906-March 4tJt, 1907; Letter from the Secretary of State. Submitting Report on the
Subject of Citizenship, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad' " ...There are, strictly speaking, no Moroccan
, laws relating to citizenship of Moorish subjects in Morocco. The fundamental laws of this non-Christian
country are based entirely upon the Islamitic code, no part of which treats of the subject of citizenship.
There are, however, numerous treaties and conventions between the various Christian countries and the
Moorish Empire, by means of which citizenship in this country is defined ... (!) Citizenship in Morocco may be
said to be governed by the laws pertaining to the same in other countries, with the exception that all persons
residing in Morocco who cannot prove foreign citizenship or protection are considered ipso jure as Moorish
subjects. G. and ~) Moorish subjects lost their nationality only by becoming naturalized in, or protected by,
another country having treaty relations with the Moorish Empire. It was established by the Convention of
Madrid, concluded July 3, 1880, as follows: ARTICLE XV. Any subject of Morocco who has been
naturalized in a foreign country, and who shall return to Morocco, shall, after having remained for a length of
time equal to that which shall have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization, choose between
entire submission to the laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless it shall be proved
that his naturalization in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the Government of Morocco.
Foreign naturalization heretofore acquired by subjects of Morocco according to the rules established by tbe;.'hiws
of each country, shall be continued to them as regards all its effects without any restriction. The abov~ r;~li'ng has
never yet been acted upon, and should this at any time be contemplated seriously, a large .h umber of
naturalized people, American and others, residing in Morocco, would be affected thereiJY. (! and ~)
Residence in foreign parts does not affect the nationality of Moorish subjects... " So, as is;(fuite evident, the
law of the AI Moroccan Empire must take paramount precedence if Muurs/ Moors are k}.!l¥a or wounded by a
citizen of the United States; as pursuant to Article 21 of the treaty. '·'-·:) ·
. :~~~. ~\ .
35. United Nations Charter Treaty of 1945; in particular Articles 55a-c and s6~·tJnited States Statutes at
Large 59 Stat. 1031-1218 protects my Human Rights. The United Nations Uni:fe):sal Declaration of Human
Rights of 1948, the Organization of American States American Declaration of The Rights and Duties of
Man and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Pe6'ples: UN Resolution 61/295 are all
extensions of my rights. ~' () ··
t,_.../
36. The adjectives and 14'h Amendment ens l~gis legal ·fi<.;ti~b~ known as Latino, White, Negro, Black,
Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, AmericanJrtdian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American, etc.,
along with the 14th Amendment, the bankruptcy and the dem!;)~r~cy of the ens legis legal fiction corporate United
States' democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corp9,_iate 50 States' democracies; are all outside of the
Constitutional fold of government, as was established"bY the Constitution for the united States of America of
1787 for the united States of America Republic. Plea~e· see the United States Code Title 18, Sections 3, ~. 241,
242, 1961-1968, 2381-2385; et al. The state and,.fe,aerallegislative, executive and judicial public officials of the
ens legis legal fiction corporate United States}., democracy and the ens legis legal fiction corporate 50 States'
democracies; who have given oath to the Cori~titution for the united States of America of 1787, present an
attitude of hostility towards Muurs/ Moqr"S: ~ho use the treaty in alleged claims against them as their defense, and
who refuse to participate in the racke~~irl~g schemes. This proves that'the ens legis legal fiction corporate United
States' democracy and the ens legis:"iegal fiction corporate 50 States' democracies are foreign, ~ and
oppressive governments created::py· Congress, Franklin D. Roosevelt's coup d'etat and the Supreme Court of the
United States. It is impossibl~::to be outside of the law while trying to interpret and enforce the law. The
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan
Empire of 1836, is a con,fr~ct that was created under the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787
in the lawful jurisdiction of the-republic. Every Muur/ Moor has the absolute right to seek freedom from a
foreign, hostile anf,6ppressive government which is not a party to the Constitution or the treaty, and to seek
freedom by any, lawful means necessary. They are to seek any remedy available to them in law by the very
nature of their bloodline and nationality. The only remedy available to Muurs/ Moors is the private
administra(l've process within the ens legis legal fiction corporate United States' democracy ·and the ens legis legal
fiction,"~bijJorate 50 States' democracies; for they are administrative governments administering admiralty/
marit}m~ law under military martial authority. See suprcme.justia.com Moore v. City of East Cleveland, 431
U':S.; 494 (1977), "Utilization of available administrative processes is mandated for a complex of reasons.
Statutes sometimes provide administrative procedures as the exclusive remedy. Even apart from a statutory
command, it is common sense to permit the simple, speedy, and inexpensive processes of the administrative
machinery to sift the facts and compile a complete record fo1· the benefit of any reviewing courts.
· Exhaustion avoids interruption of the administrative process and allows application of an agency's
specialized experience and the broad discretion granted to local entities ... Most important, if administrative
remedies are pursued, the citizen (emphasis added: National) may win complete relief without needlessly
IInst~nd 2017026407 Page 20 of 235
invoking judicial process. This permits the parties to resolve their disputes by relatively informal means far
less costly and time consuming than litigation. By requiring exhaustion of administrative processes, the
courts are assured of reviewing only final agency decisions arrived at after considered judgment. It also permits
agencies an opportunity to correct their own mistakes or give discretionary relief short of judicial review.
Consistent failure by courts to mandate utilization of administrative remedies- under the growing
insistence of lawyers demanding broad judicial remedies- inevitably undermines administrative
effectiveness and defeats fundamental public policy by encouraging 'end runs' around the administrative
process ... We ought not to encourage litigants to bvpass simple, inexpensive, and expeditious remedies
available at their doorstep in order tu invoke expensive judicial machinery on matters capable.-or" being
resolved at local levels. The suggestion 1is made that exhimstion of administrative remedies is no.t, required on
issues of constitutional law. In one sense, this argument is correct, since adminiStrative agencies .hll~e no power
to decide questions of federal constitutional law. But no one has a right to a federal/ constitutional
adjudication on an issue capable of being resolved on a less elevated plane. Indeed, few5t"Oncepts have had
more faithful adherence in this Court than the imperative of avoiding constitutionaFresolution of issues
capable of being disposed of otherwise." By this case alone, it is impossible for ''papef:i:errorism" to exist.
,.·.....\ ....
!.:~'')
l stand on this Affidavit to be made "without prejudice," "without recourse,'L;'as good as aval" and executed
"without the United States of America." I affirm and solemnly declare on<My Inherent Nobility, My private
unlimited commercial asset creditlliability and under penalty of perjury un<(el ihe laws of the republic union states
of America, (Al Moroc/ Amexem/ Washitaw Territory & Empire), thfit::ilie foregoing is true, correct, complete
and certain to the best of my informed knowledge and further affi~t''"'~aith not. l now affix. my autograph and
official seal to the above 'Affidavit of 2nd Default .Iudgmelit; Forfeiture, Right to Foreclosure and
Liquidation of All Debts and Obligations Owed by Respondents to Bank Shi-Urkantzu Moorish/Moorish
Freeholder Financial Services©TM (An Autochthonous Trust:); et al.'
lo:;?~(..·
.·''\ .,
Kan Maccu B'ala : Toriano-Ja es Herv . ango-EI(!,')TM a.k.a. Toriano-James: ervey.,™, "As Good As Ava!",
\
A Plenipotentiary Sui Juris and Suf.~eneris Consular General, Justice, Bailiff and Muurish/Moorish Marshal, Authorized Rep-
resentative, Attorney-in-FactzPrivate Attorney General, Private Banker, Secured Party Creditor, Judgment Creditor & lien
Holder over the United States, United States Department of the Treasury, and the State of Arkansas, eta/; Only in
capacity.. a~:·a 'De Jure Land owner, Landlord, Land Creditor, Freehold by Primogeniture Birthright Inheritance
of the Fe~' Simple Absolute "Vast Estate Express Trust a.k.a. the Great Moorish Estate Express Trust" as was/
,. i~~Btablished by Noble Drew Ali, and as a beneficiary of the Original Jurisdiction of Sovereign, Aboriginal
· }' Indigenous Native American Muurs/Moors. All Rights and Remedies Reserved-Uniform Commercial
Code 1-103, 1-201 (b) 37, 1-202, 1-207(1-308), 2-201, 2-202, 2-606, 2-609, 3-104, 3-305, 3-401(b),
'\ 3-402(b) 1, 3-419(3-420), 3-501-3-505, 3-603, 4-104, 4-105, 4-204, 4-215, 4-501 - 4-504,
7-103, 9-311, 9-333 eta/; et seq.
11
What your ancient forefathers were, you are today wlthout doubt or contradiction. There
ls no one who 1s able to change man from the descendant nature of his forefathers; unless
hls power extends beyond the great universal Creator Atrah Hlmseff."'"·Noble Drew All.
ClrcJe 7 Moorish Holy Koran Chapter 47; verses 10-11..1!!. Memoriam: The Moorish Science
Temple of Amerlca. Subordinate Temple No. BIn Pine Bluff, Ark of 1928. ! AM Moorish Science . .·:~..-L.:.;:;:~::.:.·.:,:_,:,D.-.YL.~.C::=::.\.:. 2-.~. :LL-LL~:; . :->.
. . . .1 C :·;;..~-!..~.,::_3- ~,:·i.··-- ::;..:.~ul.\L'"::.~.-::u.~.:-~ ·.:.:.~~ , :;_:-t:: .'.:.:::: ::_.._ -:'-.•:. ~:·~. -: ;; ::: .-;o..t~·:,_~·. :.._,.~::.;_ ;;._'l.:"!;_" ~..:e, .r_·•.!f.:· i.: -::~. ~· t,;:-),~\.2:.) .• :..:·".-::rm .~~.or. l!rt .! .:·:·.:u . ~. --·~<< t-. ::· __ , ::c:..:;:' :..:;. -~~-::~- q· :::,:;._'.l~.; :- - ~-.;::~·, •·. ::~::;. s- ·. .·: 1: :;tX;:t, ~ ..:.::: ..;;.:-':-·. :.,:::_ :.-_;, ~: ~ .\~
I
i
State of:
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On this Qt tj<t.}\.. < day of , A.D., Two Thousand and Seventeen, before me, a
Notary Public of the State of Arkansas, caii;l a man personally known by me (or who proved to me on the basis of
satisfactory evidence) to be the man who'se signature is subscribed hereon. The said man solemnly affirmed under
oath, that he has firsthand knowleQ.g¥ of
the facts contained herein this 'Affidavit of 2nd Default .Judgment, .
Forfeiture, Right to Foreclosure 1and Liquidation of All Debts and Obligations Owed by Respondents to
Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish1Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (An Autochthonous Trust); et al'
and that they are true, correct and complete to the best of his knowledge, understanding and belief.
~ ')()'
-:.~;· .
JANICE JAMES
MY COMMISSION# 12384139
Notary Public 't:\PIA.ES: September 20, 2021
. Pulaski County
Comm;,;onExpi<Jif-~ COUNTY'~
{.fiotarp' ~ 2"b QCertificate of iiefault & QCollateral ~~toppel bp ~ilence}

It is hereby certified that on December 28!!!., 2016 and January 9!!!., 2017, I Janice James, as the undersigned Notary
Public and a State and Federal Public Officer for the United States and the State of Arkansas, had mailed the claim
known as the· Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of
International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits of Seventy (ZQ) pages and sundry papers; Notary's Certificate of
Default & Collateral Estoppel by Silence of Three (~) ~ Notary's Certificate of Service of Three (ru ~ and
Notary's Certificate of Service Addendum of One (!) .Pill; a total of Seventy-Seven (ll) ~ to the following
recipients on behalf of Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©™ and Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust}; for his quest to receive due process in
the claim, and to receive remedy and relief in the Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement,
with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits; the time limit having elapsed for a seasoned
response, and to rebut any error or discrepancy in the specified claim thereto. The following recipients were:
1. RECEIVED ON.JANUARY 9!!!, 2017,

United States President
Barack H. Obama
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Washington, DC 20500;
via Certified Mail No.: 7012 1010 0001 0282 3383,
with return receipt
2. RECEIVED ON JANUARY 4!!1, 2017,
United Nations Secretary General
Ban Ki-moon
United Nations
New York, NY 10017 USA;
with return receipt
3. RECEIVED ON JANUARY 3!9., 2017,
United States Attorney General
Loretta E. Lynch
United States Department of Justice, Room 4400
950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20530-0001;
with return receipt
4. RECEIVED ON JANUARY 3!!!, 2017,
United States Department of the Treasury/IRS UCC Contract Trust Dept.
C/o Trustee of the US Bankruptcy, Jacob lew, or holder of the seat,
1500 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, D.C. 20220
with return receipt
5. RECEIVED ON JANUARY 4!!1, 2017,
United States Secretary of State John Kerry, US Department
of State, 2201 C Street NW Washington, DC 20520;
with return receipt
NOTARY'S z!!!! CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE


Organization of American States Secretary General
Luis Almagro
Organization of American States
17!!! Street and Constitution Ave.,
NW Washington, D.C. 20006-4499 USA;
via Certified M~il No.: 7015 0920 0002 2997 6014,
with return receipt
7. RECEIVED ON DECEMBER 3Q!h, 2016,
Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco
Ambassador Rachad Bouhlal
160121~ Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20009;
with return receipt
8. NO DELIVERY CONFIRMATION AS OF THIS DATE,
State of Arkansas Attorney General
Leslie Rutledge
323 Center St., Suite 200, Little Rock, AR 72201;
with return receipt
~tate of Arkansas Attorney General
Leslie Rutledge
via Certified Mail No.: 70121010 00010282 4519,
with return receipt
Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See
Apostolic Nuncio, Archbishop Christophe Louis Yves Georges Pierre
3339 Massachusetts Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20008;
with return receipt
Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain
Ambassador Ramon Gil-Casares
2375 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20037;
with return receipt
Embassy of Republic of France
Ambassador Gerard Araud
4101 Reservoir Rd. NW Wash!ngton, D.C. 20007;
with return receipt
NOTARY'S 2.!!!! CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE

ESTOPPEL- Default and Collateral Estoppel by Silence is hereby in force and granted in fayor of Toriano-James Hervey
Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©™ and Bank Shi-l,.lrkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an
Autochthonous Trust). Whereupon certification under my official seal, the truth of all matters and things done by
virtue of my office, I the Notary Public signing below in attestation of the recipients' failure to respond and rebut, and
to find any error or discrepancy in the Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement. with
Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist Lien and Exhibits presented within the allotted time; and for the
reason of admission to the truth, acceptance. honor, consent and agreement. does publicly and solemnly certify the
consent and agreement of recipients. as it may concern with this Notarv's Certificate of Collateral Estoppel by Silence
by reason of failure to respond, and to find any error or discrepancy in the Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute
Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist. Lien and Exhibits thereof and
stipulations contained therein.
TESTIMONY: In testimony of the above, I have signed my name and attached my official seal. Date:t.j--t)/J~Q
Notary: Commission ExpiresR·?.LXY/ COUNTY~~

Janice James,
LEGAL NOTICE: The Certifying Notary Public Is an Independent contractor and not a party to this claim. In fact the
Notary Public Certifying Notary Public Is a Federal Witness Pursuant to TITLE 18, PART I, CHAPTER 73, SEC. 1512. Tampering with a
witness, victim, or an Informant. The Certifying Notary also performs the functions of a quasi-Postal Inspector under the
C/o P.O. Box4562 Homeland Security Act by being compelled to report any violations of the U.S. Postal regulations as an Officer of the
Little Rock, AR 72214 Executive Department. Intimidating a Notary Public under Color of Law Is a violation of Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 242,
titled "Deprivation of Rights under Color of Law," which primarily governs pollee misconduct Investigations. This Statute
makes !t a crime for any person acting under the Color of Law to wlllfully deprive any individual residing in the United
States and/or United States of America those' rights protected by the Constitution and U.S. laws.
, NOTARY'S 2!!!! CERTIFICATE OF DEFAUlT & COllATERAl ESTOPPEl BY SilENCE

,-----------------------------------------------------
{1J}otarp's ~ertificate of Jlefault & ~ollateral Qf!stoppel bp $;ilence}

It is hereby certified that on September 18!1!, 2015 and October 13!1!, 2015, I Janice James, as the undersigned Notary
Public and a State and Federal Public Officer for the United States and the State of Arkansas, had mailed the claim
known as the Affidavit of Blood, History and Law, eta/ Points for Error in Fact and Law, made by the Authentications
Officer of the United States Department of State of Eightv-Three ~ pages and sundry papers; United States
Secretary of State Document No. 15017540 of One (!) ~ Notary's Certificate of Service of Three rn pages and
Notarv's Certificate of Service Addendum of One (!) ~ a total of Eighty-Eight (n) pages to the following recipients
on behalf of Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish
Freeholder Financial Services©™ (an Autochthonous Trust); for his quest to receive due process in the claim, and to
receive remedy and relief in the Affidavit of Blood, History and Law, eta/ Points for Error in Fact and Law, made by
the Authentications Officer of the United States Department of State; the time limit having elapsed for a seasoned
response, and to rebut any error or discrepancy in the specified claim thereto. The following recipients were:
1. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 25!1!, 2015,

United States President
Barack H. Obama
with return receipt
2. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 22!!!1, 2015,
United Nations Secretary General
Ban Ki-moon
United Nations
with return receipt
3. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 23!!!, 2015,
United States Attorney General
Loretta E. Lynch.
with return receipt
United States Department of the Treasury/IRS UCC Contract Trust Dept.
C/o Trustee of the US Bankruptcy, Jacob Lew, or holder of the seat,
with return receipt
5. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 22.!!!!, 2015,
State of Arkansas Attorney General
leslie Rutledge
323 Center St., Suite 200
Little Rock, AR 72201;
NOTARY'S CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE


with return receipt
United States Secretary of State John Kerry, US Department
with return receipt
Organization of American States Secretary General
Luis Almagro
17!!1 Street and Constitution Ave.,
with return receipt
8. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 22!!!!., 2015,
Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco
1601 21g Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20009;
with return receipt
9. RETURNED TO SENDER UNABLE TO DELIVER,
Embassy of the People's Republic of China
Ambassador Cui Tiankai
3505 International Place, NW Washington, D.C. 20008;
with return receipt
RETURNED TO SENDER UNABLE TO DELIVER.
Ambassador of the People's Republic
of China to the UN, Liu Jieyi
United Nations New York, NY 10017 USA
with return receipt
Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See
Apostolic Nuncio, Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigano
with return receipt
Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain
Ambassador Ramon Gii-Casares
with return receipt

12. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 22!!.!!, 2015,

Embassy of Republic of France
4101 Reservoir Rd. NW Washington, D.C. 20007;
with return receipt
ESTOPPEL- Default and Collateral Estoppel bv Silence is hereby in force and granted in favor of Toriano-James Hervey
Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©™ (an
Autochthonous Trust). Whereupon certification under my official seal, the truth of all matters and things done by
virtue of my office, I the Notary Public signing below in attestation of the recipients' failure to respond and rebut, and
to find any error or discrepancy in the Affidavit of Blood. History and Law, et al Points for Error in Fact and Law. made
by the Authentications Officer of the United States Department of State presented within the allotted time; and for
the reason of admission to the truth. acceptance. honor. consent and agreement. does publicly and solemnly certify
the consent and agreement of recipients. as it may concern with this Notarv's Certificate of Collateral Estoppel by
Silence by reason of failure to respond, and to find any error or discrepancy in the Affidavit of Blood, History and Law,
eta/ Points for Error in Fact and Law, made by the Authentications Officer of the United States Department of State
thereof and stipulations contained therein.
TESTIMONY: In testimony of the above, I have signed my name and attached my official seal. Date: /;) jJi11//(p
Notary: j C\ t) l C e_.. Commission Expires:9/WJ/a / COUNTY:~U {a£)](0

Janice James,
LEGAL NOTICE: The Certifying Notary Public Is an Independent contractor and nat a party to this claim. In fact the
C/o P.O. Box 4562 witness, victim, or an Informant. The Certifying Notary also performs the functions of a quasi-Postal Inspector under the
Homeland Security Act by being compelled to report: any violations of the U.S. P...tal regu\atiam 33 an Officer of the
Little Rock, AR 72214 Executive Department. Intimidating a Notary Public under Calor of Law is a violation of Title 18, u.s. Code, Section 242,
titled "Deprivation of Rights under Calor of Law,u which primarily governs police misconduct investigations. This Statute
· makes It a crime for any person acting under the Color of Law to willfully deprive any Individual residing In the United
States and/or United States of America those rights protected by the Constitution and U.S. laws.

, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------
.fiotarp'11 ~erttft.cate of ~erbi.ce

It is hereby certified on the date noted below. I, Janice James, as the undersigned Notary Public and a State and Federal
Public Officer for the United States and the State of Arkansas mailed to:
1. United States President

Barack H. Obama
with return receipt
2. United Nations Secretary General

Ban Ki-moon, or holder of the seat
United Nations
with return receipt
3. United States Attorney General

Loretta E. Lynch
with return receipt
4. United States Department of the Treasury/IRS UCC Contract Trust Dept.

C/o Trustee of the US Bankruptcy, Jacob Lew, or holder of the seat,
with return receipt
5. State of Arkansas Attorney General

Leslie Rutledge
323 Center St., Suite 200
Little Rock, AR 72201;
with return receipt
6. United States Secretary of State John Kerry, US Department

with return receipt
7. Organization of American States Secretary General

Luis Almagro
NOTARY'S CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE


17!h Street and Constitution Ave.,
via Certified Mail No.: 7015 0920 0002 2997 6014.
with return receipt
8. Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco

1601 ns Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20009;
with return receipt
9. Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See

Apostolic Nuncio,
Archbishop Christophe Louis Yves Georges Pierre
with return receipt
10. Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain

Ambassador Ramon Gii-Casares
with return receipt
11. Embassy of Republic of France

4101 Reservoir Rd. NW Washington, D.C. 20007;
with return receipt
hereinafter, "Recipients," the document regarding the Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to
Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits; and sundry papers on behalf
of Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder
Financial Services©™ (an Autochthonous Trust). It is hereby noted thatthe recipients must respond in relation to the
Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and
Desist, Lien and Exhibits; in the appropriate manner and in the designated time limit. Should you fail to respond in the
manner requested by Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurlsh/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services~™ (an Autochthonous Trust), then he has petitioned me to issue a
Certificate of Collateral Estoppel by Silence as a sign of admission to the truth, consent, acceptance, honor and
agreement of the Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of
International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits. As a Public Officer, I am not a party to the matter, and only assist
Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Mooi"ish Freeholder
Financial Services@TM (an Autochthonous Trust) in his quest to receive due process for the claimants. The documents to
be mailed are as follows:
(1) A copy of the Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of
International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits (70) pages
(2) A copy of the Notary's Certificate of Default & Collateral Estoppel by Silence (3) pages
(3) A copy of the Notary's Certificate of Service (3) pages
, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------
a total of Seventy-Six (76) pages to recipients,
NOTICE~The undersigned Notary Public certifies that no notice of default for this act shall be required to be sent to the
parties noted above; as it shall be filed for the public record in the PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT.
TESTIMONY: In testimony of the above, I have signed my name and attached my official seal.. Date: fJ/;lgfl{o
SEAL
Notary: ~J:;.....=a;:...:...n,_\L.,;c~..,<~e;=---j=-Q...;......t'V\...:.....€_S__ commission Expires:CfJO.... :aJ couNrv:fJJ { ~
Janice James,
tEGAt NOTltE: The tertllylng Notary Public Is an Independent contractor ancl not a party to this claim. In fact the
witness, victim, ar an Informant. The Certifying Notary also performs the functions of a quasi-Postal Inspector under the
C/o P.O. Box 4562 Homeland Security Act by being compelled to report any violations of the U.S. Postal regulations as an Officer of the
Little Rock, AR 72214 Executive Department. Intimidating a Notary Public under Color of Law Is a violation of Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 242,
titled "Deprivation of Rights under Color of Law," which primarily governs pollee misconduct Investigations. This Statute
makes it a crime for any person acting under the Color of Law to willfully deprive any Individual residing In the United

.fiotarp' ~ QCertifitate of ~erbite abbenbum

It is hereby certified on the date noted below. I, Janice James, as the undersigned Notary Public and a State and Federal
Public Officer for the United States and the State of Arkansas mailed to:

Leslie Rutledge
with return receipt; mailed DECEMBER 28I!:! ... 2016
As of JANUARY gi!:!., 2017 there has been no delivery confirmation of the mailed documents by the United States
Postar Service due to tfleir error. rn ffeu oftnfs issue, rt fs nereoy certitTecf on tne cfate notecf oefow tnat r nave maifecf
on behalf of Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish
Freeholder Financial SeNkes©™ {an A.utochthonous lrust\; the same set~~ documents, aP.d w\tn added d~curneP.ts ~~
a Notary's Certificate of Service Addendum and USPS proof of former mailing to:

Leslie Rutledge
323 Center St., Suite ZOO, little Rock, AR 72201;
with return receipt;
hereinafter, {{Recipient". Please see Notary's Certificate of Service for all pertinent information as contained therein.
The documents to be mailed are as follows:
(1) A copy of the Affidavit of Default Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement. with Enclosed Notice of
International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits (70) pages
(2) A copy of the Notary's Certificate of Default & Collateral Estoppel by Silence (3) pages
(3) A copy of the Notary's Certificate of Service (3) pages
(4} A copy of the Notary's Certificate of Service Addendum (1\ page
(5} A copy of the USPS proof of former mailing (1) pages
a total of Seventy-Eight (78)pages to recipient,
TESTIMONY: In testimony of the above, I have signed my name and attached my offida/ seal.
' JANICE JAMES II

MY COMMISSION# 12384139 If
__j'
EXJ5~Sep.tember20, 2021 ~~
PU!aslrt County
Notary: _J_;.4...;.·_n:....\;_c=-...;;;e.__J_O-_IV\_e..
__s _ _ commission Expires: !1_-lo -'J.-1 COUNTY: P~
Janice James,
LEGAL NOTICE: The Certifying Notary Public is an independent contractor and not a party to this claim. In fact the
Notary Public Certifying Notary Public is a Federal Witness Pursuant to TITLE 18, PART I, CHAPTER 73, SEC. 1512. Tampering with a
C/o P.O. Box 4562 witness, victim, or on informant. The Certifying Notary also performs the functions of a quasi-Postal Inspector under the
Homeland Security Act by being compelled to report any violations of the U.S. Postal regulations as an Officer of the
Little Rock, AR 72214 Executive Department. Intimidating a Notary Public under Color of Law is a violation of Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 24Z,
titled "Deprivation of Rights under Color of Law," which primarily governs police misconduct investigations. This Statute
makes it a crime for any person acting under the Color of Law to willfully deprive any individual residing in the United
- - - - - - - - ---
•
Flag of the Shi~Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec MuursotM I Flag of the Algonqulan-lroquois Indigenous Muurish-Moorish Republic/ Flag of our Aboriginal
Indigenous Native American Muurlsh Foremothers- Empress Verdlacee ''Tiara" Washitaw-Tumer Goston EI-Bev/ Relic of our Shi-0/mec ancestors of
Mexico/ The Flags of our Aboriginal Indigenous Native American Moorish Forefathers - Noble Drew Ali a.k.a. El Hail usheik" Sharif Abdul Ali/ UN Draft
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples/ UN Resolution 61-295/ UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights/ UN Resolution 60-147/ The United
Nations Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 !No. 169!/ United Nations Indigenous People Organization 215/1993 and the United States
Department of Justice- aassified Truth-A-1 Freehold By Inheritance Ubrary of Congress Diplomatic lmmunitv Registration No. AA222141 re; C. M. Bev/
"The Great Moorish Estate Express Trust"- Deed of Conveyance gives the metes and bounds of the lands of North-East and South-West ·Ainca. acroit
the Great Atlantis (Atlantic!. the present North, South and Central America and also Mexico and the Atlantic Islands; constituting the trust property.
The Torrens Land IItle Registry System; Book 521, Page 579; Cook County Recorder of Deeds office in Chicago. Illinois; Document No. 10105905 on
August 1st. 1928/ Annus 2011-Unlted Nations International Year for People of African Descent/ UN Resolution 64-169/ The Organization of Anierican
States- American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man/ American Convention on Human Rights. 0. A. S. Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 U. N.• t. S. 123
-UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY/IRS UCC CO-NTRACT TRlfST ACCOUNT N-o. R(3Sl 63S·S-1S US
Arkansas State Pulaski County Circuit Court Real Estate Uniform Commercial Code UCC-1 File No_.<·2013007278
Washington State Uniform Commercial Code licensing Department UCC-3 File No. 2010-2SG-5327-5
Sovereign Notice of International Act in Assurance & Gold Surety Bond No. RA 457,'140 195 US
Muurish/ M()ori~ll ~lobr.ll ~ov~reign A1,1\()C::lltllono'!~ N,()~i!iW ~c;md N,o, RE 457-395 068 US
Registered Private Discharging and Indemnity Bond No. RE 381 635 '835 US
Proverbs 22 Silver & Copper Bullion Bond No. RE 346 310 3f6. US
Proverbs 22 Silver Bullion Bond No. RE 381 635 818-lJS
Arkansas State Treasury Private Secured lnd.~nture
Fiduciary Bonds No. RE 457 395 07~ - ~s--
and No. RE 457 395 085 U~ (Y
(Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango~EI@™ a.k.a. Tqr!~no-James: Hervey~™. Consular c;ieneral of
the Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs@™. Lawful Recorrf~f: Actual, Constructive, Direct and Due Public
' ' ----
Notice of De Jure Aboriginal Indigenous, Native America-.;'·ivJuurish/ Moorish Primogeniture, Fee Simple
Absolute Freehold Birthrights, Sovereignty, NationaliWf\JStatus, Jurisdiction, Secured Creditor Commercial
Standing, Law Enforcement abilities, bonds and ruling:·power as a Plenipotentiary Sui Juris Justice are on fife
with the PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/ COUNTY CLERle REAL ESTATE ROOM 102: instrument No. 2010023222,
instrument No. 2010004359 and instrument No:,2dh012373; et at. Please see WWW.PULASKICLERK.COM and
search real estate records for TORIANO JAMES HERVEY HOPES AKWESI OBASHANGO-EL©TM / TORIANO JAMES
HERVEY©™.) (The Constitution for the 'mi~ed States of America Article IV; Section I -"Full Faith and Credit
Clause" and Article IV; Section IV -"State'sRepublic Clause" and Article VI -"Supremacy Clause/Treaties: et af')
Arkansas Democrat Gazette Newspiiper Publishing and Allodial Permit re: Noble Drew Ali's Allodial Title,
under PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/COUNTY CLERK, REAL ESTATE ROOM 102 instrument No.2011017860;in toto.
Muurish Freehold Commercil'!l,~ctivity- PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/COUNTY CLERK instrument No. 2011032622
From Secured Creditor & Primoieniture Freehold Heir, On behalf of: Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder
Ab Antiquo; the Honorable arid Noble: Financial Services©™, C/o 1422 South Maple Street; Littlerock,
Toriano-James Hervey Hqp~s Akwesi: ObaShango-EJID™ Arkansas State [72204]; Zip exempt/ Nonresident/
C/o 1422 South Mapl~:street Non-Domestic/ Republic; Without the U.S. by order of
Littlerock, Arkansa~ St~te [72204] lex domicilii (AI Moroc/ Amexem/ Washitaw Territory & Empire)
Zip exempt/ Nopf~~ident/Non-Domestic/Republic;
Without the(u:s. by order of lex domicilii To: The US Secretary of State John Kerry, US Department
(AI Mor_oc/)Amexem/ Washitaw Territory & Empire) of State, 2201 C Street NW Washington, DC 20520; Via
l"!/·,
Certified Mail No. 7012 1010 0001 0282 3468; return receipt
0
affibabit of 11atfault Iubgmtnt tuitb ~bsolute 1\.igbts to Qenforument, tuitb
Gendostb Jaotiu of lfnttrnational Qtease anb 11atsist, 1Lien anb Gexbihits
,----------------------------- -------~~~----- ---- -------
llomment issueb bp tbe autboritp of an autotbtbon. k.an i$1attu ll'alam:

~oriano -JameS i)erbep ~)opeS aktueSi: C!&ba§bang;o -Qe{©U
Jlssuance pursuant to: ~rtid.es 2, ~ ~. L 14, .12, .!L ~ 2.1, ~ et al ~rtid.es of tb.e 'ijj;r.eatv of la.eace anb ;lfri.enbsbip
b.ettu.e.en tb.e unit.eb :S>tat.es of ftortb ~m.erica l\tuublic anb tb.e ~1 :ffloroccan QEmpir.e of 1836; 'Udnit.eb :S>tat.es :S>tatut.ell
at JLarge 8 :S>tat. 484-487, treatp s.eri.es 'ijj;:Sl 244-2; 9lli.e\Jans 1286/ "l!ilnit.eb :S>tat.es1.1eeuartm.ent of :S>tat.e 'ijj;r.eaties in
;!force- ~ 1List of 'ijj;r.eaties anb <!&tber Jlntemational ~qr.e.em.entsof tb.e Wnit.eb :S>tat.es in ;!force on ~anuarv 1, 2013';
'!l.eace 1!I:r.eati.es' pag.e 202, anb tb.e non-r.espons.e of instrument fto. 2015080734 in !lulaski QCountv QCircuit/QI:ountp
Ql:l.erk, 31\.eal QEstat.e 31\oom 102. anb biewabl.e at www.JulaS'kid.erk.rom.
I send greetings of peace and blessings to you United States President, Barack H. Obama; United States
Secretary of the Treasury, Jacob Lew; United Nations Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon; United Stat(!S Attorney
General, Loretta E. Lynch; United States Secretary of State, John Kerry and Arkansas State Attqme:Y General,
Leslie Rutledge, and to all whom shall view this document. I am addressing this matter to you the Chief 'as
International Administrative Officer, the President/ Chief Executive Officer/ Commander in Chief and
Secretary of the Treasury of the corporate United States, and as fiduciary trustees of ~e private bank aud
trust of TORIANO .TAMES HERVEy©TMJTORIANO .I. HERVEy©TM, ~e.· iJNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY/IRS UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOuNT No. RE 381 635 818
US, and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Servicesml\t·(an Autochthonous Trust),
and the chief lawyers, law advisors, law enforcement officers and the Chief Foreign Affairs Adviser of your
respective positions within your corporate bodies.
This matter is pursuant to the 'Affidavit of Blood, Historv and Law, et al Points for Error in Fact and
Law, made by the Authentications Officer of the United States Department of State'; which is now duly
recorded in PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/ COUNTY CLERK~ REAL ESTATE ROOM 102, and viewable
at www .Pulaskiclerk.com real estate records; instrument No; ,'2015080734; referred to hereinafter as 'public
record instrument No. 2015080734'. I am now bringing this ~tter to a settlement and final closing so that the
unalienable rights and natural equity may be established_ ptftsuant to de jure laws, history and blood birthrights
of heirs as contained within 'public record inst:rlln!~Pl No. 2015080734' and also as contained herein. This
settlement and final closing should not include any post retaliation because the truth has been revealed and
the perpetrators of deceit exposed, but one which should be respected, honored and upheld as pursuant to
blood, history, law, facts and truth, and also as pursuant to my due diligence to seek the truth. "And ye shall
know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." (See .John 8:32, United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat.
1211 and Public Law 97-280.) The truth~ has no concern for one's opinions or beliefs, it is only concerned
with facts, and is firmly rooted within Natural Law issuing from Divine Law. Divine Law governs all
events; including equity, remedy, recourse and relief.
;,._./ . .
This 'Affidavit of Default: Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of
International Cease and De8ist, Lien and Exhibits' is issued pursuant to Article 6 of the Constitution for the
united States of America of 1787-1791, the Divine Law of Truth; United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat.
1211, Article 20 oJ 'the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America
Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty
series TS 244..,2; ·9 Bevans 1286, the Convention on Rights and Duties of States (inter.,.American) of 1933;
United States'Statutes at Large 49 Stat. 3097-3110, treatv series TS 881; 3 Bevans 145; 165 LNTS 19, the
United Nations Charter Treaty of 1945; in particular Articles 55a-c and 56, United States Statutes at Large
59 Stat. 1031-1218, treaty series TS 993; 3 Bevans 1153, State of Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920),
Kolovrat v. Oregon, 366 U.S. 187 (1961), the Coinage Act of 1792; United States Statutes at Large 1 Stat.
246-251, the 15\ 2"d, 41h, 51b, 7th, 9th, 101b et al Amendments in the Bill of Rights, Articles 4-1-103 and 4-9-311
et al articles of the Arkansas Uniform Commercial Code ~. Articles 1-103 and 9-311 et al articles of the
Uniform Commercial Code~. and the public record instrument No. 2015080734 in toto.
Now that a default has occurred on your part, the time has come for the restitution in postliminium in
t!!J!!. of the Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muurs and the Pre-
Columbian Moors. WE MUST BE MADE WHOLE from the beiDnlling of the arrival of the European
~
•. ' -~_! :_ . ' - ~·
colonialists upon our soll and the establishment of their commerce. The descendants of European colonists and
immigrants, as well as other immigrants beyond Europe, have grown wealthy and corpulent from our estate
and its resources, and have not given anything in consideration to us Paleo-American, Autochthonous
Aborigirial, Indigenous Native American Muurs and the Pre-Columbian Moors; as we are the lawful heirs of this
estate. Being that the 14th Amendment was never ratified, this renders the personhood of all corporations and
ens legis legal fictions there under as being in a status of civiliter mortuus. This is inclusive of the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies, and all financial banks and credit unions with stat€( ~d
fedeml charters. -~., ·
This is also inclusive of the adjectives and ens legis legal fictions known as Latino, White, N,~~o, Black,
Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen,:fiillerican, etc.
Voluntary chattel slavery and peonage exists by consent under the 14th Amendment,>bU't involuntary
existence under the 14th Amendment is also chattel slavery and peonage, is fraudulent; ~d all contracts of
adhesion to the 14th Amendment are vitiated due to this fraud when addressed. (See ~.justia.com United
States v. Throckmorton, 98 U.S. 61 (1878), "There is no question of the general doCtrine that fraud vitiates
the most solemn contracts, documents, and even judgments." And, Black's Law'·,Dictionary, 4th Ed .. 1968.,
"Fraus est celare fraudem. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud." "Fraus et dolus neinini patrocinari debent. Fraud
and deceit should defend or excuse no man." ''Dolus circuitu non purgtitur. Fraud is not purged by
circuity." [Emphasis added: Circuity- A lack of straightforwardness or··iddressing the issue directly.] "Jus
et fraus nunquam cohabitant. Right and fraud never dwell together.'O'Dolus auctoris non nocet successori.
The fraud of a predecessor prejudices not his successor.'' "Nemo ex·iioto suo proprio relevetur. aut auxilium
capiat. Let no one be relieved or gain an advantage by his own,, fraud." "Nulla pactione effici potest ut dolus
priestetur. By no agreement can it be effected that a fraud-shall be practiced. Fraud will not be upheld,
though it may seem to be authorized by express agreement" "Once a fraud. alwavs a fraud." "Qui per
fraudem agit frustra agit. What a man does fraudulently:he does in vain." "Quod alias bonum et justum est.
si per vim vel fraudem petatur. malum et injustum efficitur. What otherwise is good and just, if it be sought
or
. by force and fraud, becomes-bad and unjust." VITiATE.-To impair; to make void voidable; to cause to
fail of force or effect; to destroy or annul, either''entirely or in part, the legal efficacy and binding force of
an act or instrument; as when it is said thaUniud vitiates a contract. See also Bouvier's Dictionarv of Law,
1856, Maxims of Law- "Ex facto ius oritun~Law arises out of fact; that is, its application must be to facts."
"Fraus et jus numquam cohabitant. Fraud and justice never agree together.")
' i '
G·:..,
As proven by the public recont;iiistrument No. 2015080734, I am not a part of your silent war that has
been, and is currently being fought between the de jure united States of America Republic and the de facto
current United States' and·.flie current 50 states' corporate democracies. You must cease your forced
assimilation of me in your biternal conflict bnmediately. The current United States' and the current 50 states'
corporate democracies ~~/unlawfully holding rights and property which does not belong to them, but as
proven by the publis,iecord instrument No. 2015080734, these unlawfully held rights and property belong to me,
and I shall now exercise my power to take back all of my rights (which are considered as my property), and
all of my Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muurish and Pre-
Columbian Moorish rights to the corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments owed to me from non-Muurish/
Moorish. corPorations doing business upon my land, my right to withdraw and liquidate all of the debts,
obligations and liens owed to me, my right to withdraw and liquidate all of my credit and equity held at the
United'-States Department of the Treasury, Fidelity Investments, Depository Trust Corporation, Depository
Trust Corporation Clearinghouse, the Federal Reserve, and all other non-Muurishl Moorish corporations,
my right to issue asset credit and funds superior to any non-Muurish/ Moorish credit issued upon my land,
and my right to have my private paper monetized by an non-Muurish/ Moorish corporations as well, and my
right to withdraw and liquidate all of my credit and equity in everything within the current United States'
and the current 50 states' corporate democracies.
- - - - -- -- - - - - . ··- - - · -·-- - - - - -
This reclamation is pursuant to Article 3 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States
of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat.
484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, (Article 3: If either of the parties shall be at war with any
nation·whatever, and take a prize belonging to that nation, and there shall be found on board subjects or
effects belonging to either of the parties, the subjects shall be set at Liberty, and the effects returned to the
owners. And if any goods, belonging to any nation, with whom either of the parties shall be at war, shall be
loaded on vessels belonging to the other partv. they shall pass free and unmolested, without any attempt
being made to take or detain them.), the public record instrument No. 2015080734 in toto, and the.:-; Joint
Resolution Authorizing and requesting the President to proclaim 1983 as the ''Year of the Bible'~.;.;·-united
States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211, Public Law 97-280; 971b Congress, approved October{4tb. 1982,
"Whereas the Bible, the Word of God... ". I have the unquestionable absolute blood birthriglifto do all of
this. If you dare not question the Queen of England, the King of Spain, the Sultan of Saudi Arabia, the King
of Morocco or any other thrones of power that are based on bloodlines, then you have al}soiutely no right to
question my power based on my Autochthonous Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish bloodline. !!§
granted by the Most High Creatress/ Creator of the heavens and earth; the only author of bloodlines. I am
of lawful age, competent to testify on this truth and have personal firsthand knowle4ge of the facts stated herein
this affidavit as being true, correct, complete, certain and are not misleading;lb . .I
·'the best of My knowledge,
understanding and belief. I solidly affirm the following below: ._.:{,<
.,·. ..
.. ..:~. ,)
1. ~ffibabit of llefault 3Jubament tuitiJ ~b.solute 1\.iui.Jt.s tJi-~nforument:
/"--~~~
A. Publi~ record instrument No. 2015080734 is now IawfukinJtoto (see Black's Law Dictionary, 4tb Ed.,
1968- "Idem est facere, et non prohibere cum possis.· et qui.:.non prohibit. cum prohiberimossit. in culpa est,
(aut jubet.) To commit, and not to prohibit when in youf.,.bower, is the same thing; and he who does not
prohibit when he can prohibit is in fault, or does the same as ordering it to be done.'' "Tout ce que Ia loi ne
defend pas est permis. Everything is pennitted whicli is.not forbidden by law." "Lex semper dabit remedium.
The law will always give a remedy." Cite: Arkansa8·Code 16-45-101 through 16-45-105 in re: Affidavits.)
r~. 1
B. The current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies have been found to be in
breach of the peace and a breach of trust .¥ regards to Muurs/ Moors and Article 6 of the Constitution for the
united States of America of 1787-179t'and treaties; i.e. the Supreme Law ofthe Land (see Black's Law
Dictionarv, 4tb Ed., 1968- "BREAmi. The breaking or violating of a law, right, or duty, either by
commission or omission.", ''BREACH OF THE PEACE. A violation or disturbance of the public
tranquility and order. The offense of breaking or disturbing the public peace by any riotous, forcible, or
unlawful proceeding... 'BreaCii of the peace' is a generic term... and includes all violations of public peace or
a
order and acts tending ~to: disturbance thereof... One who commits a breach of the peace is guilty of
disorderly conduct, B·~f''not all disorderly conduct is necessarily a 'breach of the peace.' ... A constructive
breach of the peace Js ·an unlawful act which, though wanting the elements of actual violence or injury to any
person, is yet inconSistent with the peaceable and orderly conduct of society. An apprehended breach of the
peace is C3.11SJ~4q>y Ul~? conduct of a man who threatens another with violence or physical injury. or who g~s
about in public with dangerous and unusual weapons in a threatening or alarming manner, or who
publishes .an aggravated libel upon another, etc.", and, ''BREACH OF TRUST. Any act done by a trustee
contrm to the terms of his trust, or in excess of his authority and to the detriment of the trust; or the
wroniful omission by a trustee of any act required of him by the terms of the trust. Also the wrongful
nlisappropriation by a trustee of any fund or property which had been lawfully committed to him in a
fiduciary character. Every Vfoiation by a trusteeofa-duty which equity lays upon bini; whether willful and
fraudulent, or done through negligence, or arising through mere oversight and forgetfulness, is a 'breach of
trust.' The term, therefore, includes every omission and commission in carrying out the trust according to its
terms. of care and diligence in protecting and investing the trust property. and of using perfect good faith...
A violation by the trustee of any duty which he owes to the beneficiary...") The current United States' and the
-----~~~-
current 50 states' corporate democracies must cure their breach of the peace and breach of trust with Muurs/
Moors as pursuant to the Supreme Law ofthe lAnd.
i. As hereby confirmed on the date noted by a notary public, a default has occurred which constitutes
a default judgment via nil dicit, and there has been absolutely no response whatsoever to the public record
instrument No. 2015080734.
ii. All state and federal public official recipients listed in the public record instrument No. 2015080734
had well over thirty QID days to respond, or to even ask for more time to respond, and it has bee~ .-well over
~ CD and nine (2) months of pure and complete silence from all of the state and federal ppbiic official
recipients; in which there was a Gold, Silver and Copper backed obligation to re8pond should @f'one of them
have found even one iota of error or untruth. You also, United States President, Barack H.';dbama; United
States Secretary of the Treasury, Jacob Lew; United Nations Secretary General, Ban :rq,.ril:ti~n; United States
Attorney General, Loretta E. Lynch; United States Secretary of State, John Kerry and ~kansas State Attorney
General, Leslie Rutledge were recipients as well; who were charged with a duty to·!eSpond should you have
found even one iota of error or untruth. NOTE: The number seven (1) is the Dirine number of perfection;
with 49 being a multiple of 7; i.e. the amount of days it takes for the pineal gland io form after conception. In
our most ancient high cultures of the Ancestors of the Muurs/ Moors, the pineal gland represents the 3n1 eye
chakra (the eyes of Goddess/God that dwells with us) and the seat of the shUI; which when developed, gives us
the ability to see through ''maya"; i.e. illusions, lies and deceit and giv~~one the ability to reach the core truth.
(See Genesis 32:30, "And Jacob called the name of the place PenieJ:· for I have seen God face to face, and
my life is preserved.") Ma'at, the Ta-Merrian/ Egyptian Netert ;m.~fMother of truth of the immutable Laws of
Ma'at; i.e. the codified natural laws, sits within the heart chakra?This is the reason in the Ta-Merrian/ Egyptian
afterlife, the deceased person's heart was weighed on the seal~ against the feather of Ma' at; i.e. being weighed
against the truth. This is where the sayings "truth speaks to the heart" and all truth is spoken from the
heart" come from, and truth is also known as the mai:velous ligh!; as stated by Noble Drew Ali to the Muurs/
Moors. (See 'Pert Em Hru- The Book of Coming Folth by Day. The Papyrus of Ani/ Egytptian Book of the
Dead'; by E. A. Wallis Budge; whereas the 8!!!,.p~hciple of Ma'at is "I have not uttered lies." And, the 26!1!
principle of Ma' at is "I have not stopped my,eaiS against the words of Right and Truth.") The number nine
(2) is the Divine number of completion. ~t has now been over the common law year and day, Termes de fa ley;
which has created equitable estoppel (pals1 1and collateral estoppel, and estoppel via laches, and still, you gave
me nothing but pure, complete and. unobscured silence. Do not pretend as if you do not know about the
common Jaw. (See the United StateS'Department of .Justice at www.justice.gov/recovery,"The common law
is the will of mankind issuingCfrom the life of the people.", and Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968-
''YEAR AND DAY~ This period was fixed for many purposes in law, .. Also, a year and a day were given for
prosecuting or avoiding .. certain legal acts; e.g., for bringing actions after entrv. for making claim for
avoiding a fine. etc.) Aceording to w2.vatican.valcontent/francesco/it/events/day.dir.html/2015/9/24.html,
'Apostolic .Journey: ViSit to the United States Congress' (24 September 2015 at 9:20A.M.), Pope Francis I had
stated " ...Yours is. a-~work which makes me reflect in two ways on the figure of Moses. On the one hand, the
patriarch and rlawgiver of the people of Israel svmbolizes the need of peoples to keep alive their sense of
imity by nieans of jrist legislation. On the other, the figure of Moses leads us directly to- God: and thus to the
transcendent dignity of the human being. Moses provides us with a good synthesis of your work: you are
asked,tO:'protect, by means of the law, the image and likeness fashioned by God on everv human face."
Moshebt Musal Moses was educated in the laws ofMa'at. (See Acts 7:22. "And Moses was learned in all the
wiSdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds.") And, he transcribed these laws in the Old
Testament Torah of the Holy Bible; which were confirmed by Yashua Ha Mashiakh that they are of a general
and permanent nature until Heaven and Earth passes away. (See Matthew 5:17-18, "Think not that I have
come to destroy the Jaw;· or the prophets: I have not come to destroy, buf to fulfill. For verily I say unto you,
Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fult'"dled." And,
see also Matthew 24:35, "Heaven·and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away.") And, they
were reconfirmed again by the Prophet Mustafa Muhammad A1 Amin in the Holy Qur'an. The Laws of
Ma'at Mosaic Law and Moslem Law were all upon these lands long before European colonization. The
United States Congress knows that the Holy Bible is a major part of the formation of American common law,
declared it as the "Word of God", and even says that the teachings should be applied. (See United States
Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211 and Public Law 97-280.) So, you cannot honor Moses or his works without
honoring his teachers and the source from which his laws came, i.e. the Laws of Ma'at; which was the law
for Hekuptah/ Ta-merri/ Kemet/ Egypt, and in antiguity, these lands too. With this being stated, it is f"mished,
and there is absolutely no excuse that you all could possibly give as to why you could not respond to PJ.iplic
record instrument No. 2015080734, except that when you received and read it, you recognized the -trUth/
marvelous light held within the document and realized that there was no counter against the trutlNhat is
held within it. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968- "Nihil possumus contra veritatem .. We can do
nothing against truth." "Veritas. a quocunque dicitur, a Deo est. Truth, by whomsoever prououli~ed, is from
God." "Qui non libere veritatem pronunciat, proditor est veritotis. He who does not freely speiik the truth is a
betrayer of the truth.") r <~~.
'"'')
·i·.·
m. Not one point whatsoever in the public record instrument No. 201508073'4;in toto was rebutted by
any of the state and federal public official recipients. _" (-~~-'· -
iv. More specifically, not one de jure law was presented or even one·pf~e of proof was brought forth
whatsoever by any of the state and federal public official recipients t_o:.''counter and rebut any of the points
contained within section 6 in toto known as 'OstendereAc Probare- Show.and Prove by what lawful power is
the United States' and the 50 States' Corporate Democracies Granted to Act as if in Plena Vita, i.e. in full
life- only Right lawfully makes Might'; beginning on page 56 ~-t!le'public record instrument No. 2015080734.
I/·
!'' .'-
v. Even more specifically, not one demand was.obl~ted to whatsoever by any of the state and
federal public official recipients in regards to the list of 9:emands within section 7 in toto known as the 'List of
Demands to be met Under Unalienable Rights· to Remedy in Natural Eguity, Upon Failure of Sworn or
Affirmed Rebuttal in Response to this Affidavit- Truth is the only King who Decides the De .lure Outcome
Between the Parties; beginning on page 74 in,th¢~imblic record instrument No. 2015080734. In essence, the
TRUTH renders .JUSTICE. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968- "Justitia non novit patrem nee
matrem; so/am veritatem spectat justitia, JIIStiee knows not father nor mother; justice looks at truth alone.")
{.-'"j •I
.
./i. \ '
vi. Public record instrument.Nb. 2015080734 must now be honored as law by operation of law
pursuant to its contents in toto, and;phi-suant to Article 6 of the Constitution for the united States of America
of 1787-1791, the Divine Law of'Truth; United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211, Article 20 of the
Treaty of Peace and Friendsllip' between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan
Empire of 1836; United StateiStatutes at Large 8--Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244~2; 9 Bevans 1286~ ilie
Convention on Rights ana Duties of States (inter-American) of 1933; United States Statutes at Large 49
Stat. 3097-3110, treah•series TS 881; 3 Bevans 145; 165 LNTS 19, the United Nations Charter Treaty of
1945; in particular\Articles 55a-c and 56, United States Statutes at Large 59 Stat. 1031-1218, treaty series TS
993; 3 Bevans ·11S3, State of Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920), Kolovrat v. Oregon, 366 U.S. 187
(1961), the Coinage Act of 1792; United States Statutes at Large 1 Stat. 246-251, the 1st, 2111\ 4th, 5th, 7th, 9th,
lOth et al XIDendments in the Bill of Rights, Articles 4-1-103 and 4-9-311 et al articles of the Arkansas
Uniforn{Commercial Code~. Articles 1-103 and 9-311 etal articles of the Uniform Commercial Code
(!!g):·
~)I,
vii. In comparison to all Federal Reserve Banks and all commercial banks and credit unions of the
Federal Reserve System, FDIC and NCUA, Bank Shi-Urkantzu Moorish/Moorish Freeholder Financial
Services@TM (an Autochthonous Trust) is the only lawfully chartered bank in Arkansas with a de jure charter
who can lawfully issue de jure asset credit backed by contracts secured in gold, silver, copper and asset bonds,
and the corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments and the payments due and owed to me, Toriano-James Hervey
Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-El©TM; in eguity as a Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native
~--------------- - -- -- ----------·
American Muur and Pre-Columbian Moor; owed to me for being a true blood heir to the Americas with all
land rights, all mineral rights, all water rights and all air, sky and space rights, and automatic third party
beneficiary rights in equity to every contract, arrangement or agreement made; whether public or private,
that takes place upon my lands, due to non-compensation for the use of my lands, raw materials and
natural resources; owed through Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial ServicesmM
(an Autochthonous Trust) operating as a trustee for Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs©'i'M, and other
Muurs/ Moor& by their choice as pUrsuant to public record instrument No. 2015080734. Not one Federal Re~~rve
Bank, commercial bank or credit union of the Federal Reserve System. FDIC and NCUA can lawfully challenge
this claim. As pursuant to banking ledger accounting principles, Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish
Freeholder Fin~cial Services~ (an_ Autochthonous Trust) is the Creditor; while all Federal ~~lerve Banks
and all commercial banks and credit umons of the Federal Reserve System, FDIC and NCUA are !Qe·(febtors. All
credit issued using private paper sealed by Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freehf>Ider Financial
ServicesmM (an Autochthonous Trust) and signed by me must now be monetized and credited on demand due
to the commerce of the Muurs/ Moors holding the most favored nation status with the,. u mted States of North
America Republic and vice versa as pursuant to Article 14 and Article 20 of,.tb.e' Treaty of Peace and
Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the Al:Moroccan Empire of 1836;
United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, and public record
instrument No. 2015080734. The current United States' and the current 50 s~ies' corporate -democracies cannot
give to the Federal Reserve Banks and all commercial banks and credit !!n:Ions of the Federal Reserve System,
FDIC and NCUA a higher status than the status held by Mu-ursi Moors and Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthoiious Trust) under international treaty
law. The Federal Reserve Banks and !I! commercial banks ang._¢tedit unions of the Federal Reserve System,
FDIC and NCUA; as well as those natural persons connected ,t<i·those institutions and labeled as Latino, White,
Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-Amep:c'an, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen,
American and other adjectives; are all underneath the 1411',-Amendment as con!orate juristic persons and !!!1§..
legis legal fictions, and all of them are stateless, civilit~r mortuus and insolvent as well. The current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democ~a$es are insolvent too. It is impossible according to law to
hold these entities equal in comparison to Bank' Shi-Urkantzu Muurish!Moorish Freeholder Financial
ServicesmM (an Autochthonous Trust) and·m~ ·in regards to status and standing. We, the Muurs/ Moors are in
plena vita and are not equal in law to ~e 14~ Amendment civiliter mortuus corporate juristic persons ~d !!!1§..
legis legal fictions at all. The de jure Iawis' the de jure law, and it is deemed to be known by all, and the.£!!!!!!:
of law cannot supersede it and to subscribe to a dead law/ color of law makes one dead in the eyes of the law
and colorable in the nature of :law. Any interference with the commerce between the United States
Department of the Treasury at\d ' Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish!Moorish Freeholder Financial ServicesfuM
("' '
(an Autochthonous Trust) by:the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies would
be a breach of the peace,and-a breach of trust pursuant to Article 14, Article 16, Article 20 and Article 21; et
al articles of the Treaty•Of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and
the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 2
Bevans 1286. Th_ese.transactions and private paper are rights to payment from the United States Department of
the Treasury vie, eiectronic debits via TT&L, ACH, FEDWIRE, SWIFT as well as all other United States
Department<"of the Treasury's viable pavment systems, and with the use of account numbers and routing
numbers, and electronic credits to Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial ServicesmM
(an Autoththonous Trust), its trusts and beneficiaries. These transactions are not physical gold, silver and
copp~r. 'transactions; only asset credit transactions from the assets being held by the United States Department
of-) the Treasury for Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an
Autochthonous Trust), its trusts and beneficiaries, and these asset credits are to be transferred electronically
via book entry ledger for all transactions; as referenced in public record instrument No. 2015080734. NOTE:
There is absolutely no lawful money in general circulation today in the current United States' and the current
50 states' corporate democracies, and there are only claims and proof of claims, Creditors and debtors via the
Uniform Commercial Code, rights to credits i.e. rights to payments, debits and instruments of debt; i.e. !!!£
Federal Reserve Note (which is a slave note that carries a lien attached to it, and which the lien attaches to
everything purchased with it or associated with it or Federal Reserve credits), and other commercial
instruments governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. The Muurs/ Moors cannot be held to peonage; i.e.
debt slavery, for that would violate Article 16 of the AI Moroccan Empire Treaty as referenced herein this point.
viii. As pursuant to Article 14 and Article 20 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the
united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at
Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, and public record instrument No. 2015080734;-I,
Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-El@TM; a Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aborjgmal,
Indigenous Native American Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish Freeholder by Primogeniture Bloo<J:~iithright
Inheritance to the entire Americas, Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor, Creditor and clan mem~r:Vof the Shi-
Urkantzu Thunder Oan Olmec Muurs@TM, and as Founder, Executor/ Authorized~ent ~<f one of the
Beneficiaries of Bank Shi-Urkantzu Moorish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services (an.::Autochthonous
Trust); have the unalienable absolute right to retrieve my eguity by right of subrogati()D.~ from the current
United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies, and their citizens and ens·leiis legal fictions; due
to them conducting trade and commerce upon my lands via every contract, arrangemeht or agreement made;
whether public or private, that takes place upon my lands due to non-compensatidn· for the use of my lands,
raw materials and natural resources. And, via Bank Shi-Urkantzu Moorish/Moorish Freeholder Financial
Services@'i'M (an Autochthonous Trust), I have the unalienable absolute right for this subrogation to take place
in the form of the liguidation of my assets currently held by the United ~Jites Department of the Treasury. As
pursuant to Article 14 and Article 20 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of
North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-
487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, and public r'7~1d. instrument No. 2015080734, I have the
unalienable absolute right through Bank Shi-Urkantzu MooriSh/Moorish Freeholder Financial ServicesmM
(an Autochthonous Trust) to use any FDIC commercial banks and NCUA credit unions as depositories and
pavment windows ·for monetization of private paper'~for credit .on demand, to open an account with
Treasury Direct as a pavment window and holding .fatility for monetization of private paper for credit on
demand, to do business with the Arkansas State) Treasury or any other state treasury by opening an
account with them as a pavment window and-holding facility for monetization of private paper for credit
on demand in order to conduct commeree.,ali"d create industrv, to do business with any municipalitv, or
bank<?~ anyone else I may choose, ~cl t9 be·a philanthropist, ~cl give gifts of a better life vit;z my assets to
the less fortunate and underorivileged. 'No 14th Amendment requirements or~ may be brought against
Muurs/ Moors or Bank Shi-Urkahizu Moorish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Service8mM (an
Autochthonous Trust) as pursuant~;to de jure law; as treaty law is the law of all matters between Moors/
Moors and the united States of 'North America Republic, as well as the current United States' and the current
50 states' corporate democraci~s 'pursuant to document 'United States Department of State Treaties in Force-
m
A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the Uirlted States FOrCe on .January f. 2013';
'Peace Treaties' page 202:'The natural persons labeled as Latino, White, Negro, Black. Colored, Afro-American,
Asian, African-Am~p~an, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other adjectives and!!!!!
legis legal fictions~ ·~who · are all underneath the 14th Amendment as corporate juristic persons and attached to
these commerci,@;l,corporations, need not ask me obtuse questions such as, "Where is the money coming from?"
Or, "What is~backing this instrument?" They need to understand that the entire monetarv policy of the current
United S~ate's'' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies is driven by the Uniform Commercial Code,
and theY:kust understand that there is no lawful money in general circulation, there are only claims and
proof. of claims, Creditors and debtors via the Uniform Commercial Code, rights to credits i.e. rights to
paVinents, debits and instruments of debt; all handled electronically. How else has the current United States'
and the current 50 states' corporate democracies managed to settle their financial obligations since the 1933
bankruptcy under United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Nixon Shock of 1971 under
United States President Richard M. Nixon? They did it through the use of Federal Reserve Bank credits; in
which the Federal Reserve Bank creates these credits out of thin air via book entrv ledger, i.e. nothing.
According to 'Potting it simply' by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, "When you or I write a check there
must be sufficient funds in out account to cover- the check, but when the Feder-al Reser-ve writes a check
,..-------- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - ---- ·- - -- - - · ·
there is no bank deposit on which that check is drawn. When the Federal Reserve writes a check, it is
creating money." <NOTE: United States President Richard M. Nixon created a potential situation for
international war by closing the international window for the settlement of foreign debts in gold, and
created the petro-dollar by OPEC oil's requirement to be purchased only via the United States Federal
Reserve Note in misnomer as the United States Dollar. The Federal Reserve Note is NOT a United States
Dollar, for the United States dollar is lawfully based on silver coinage. See the Coinage Act of 1792; United
States Statutes at Large 1 Stat 246-251.) The debts and obligations that the current United States' an~ :;the
current 50 states' corporate democracies owe to me and other Muurs/ Moors is a Federal public debt; i~;which
the validity of these debts and obligations cannot be questioned by any of their corporate citizens~'period.
(See the 14th Amendment, Section 4) Any asset credit in the form of international bills of exchange,,lliternational
promissory notes, bonds, documentary drafts, letters of credit and any other forms of private pai}br issued by
Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial ServicesmM (an AutochthonouS/Trust) must be
accepted as discharge for the settlement of any debt, and the President of the United Stat~;· Secretary of the
Treasury for the United States Department of the Treasury and the Commissioner of-Hie Internal Revenue
Service, as authorized officers, drawees, payors and fiduciary trustees .~C,f Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM {an Autochthonous Trust). ,will not deny this fact under
oath or affirmation and under penalties of perjury at all. All banks, credit unions and state treasuries are to
take the private paper instrument, ledger their books for the private pa~ b~rng an asset, credit the account of
Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurisb/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services . ~(an Autochthonous Trust), mail the
private paper instrument to the Secretary of the Treasury for the UnitecfStates Department of the Treasury
(who is one of the authorized officers, drawees, payors and fiduciary-'trustees for the private bank and trust
of TORIANO .JAMES HERVEy©TMJTORIANO J. HERVE~~\ the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF THE TREASURY/IRS UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT No. RE 381 635 818 US, and Bank Shi-
Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Servic~s©TM (an Autochthonous Trust), and debit the
United States Department of the Treasury for settlement; set-off and discharge of all debts under Three (3)
days Truth In Lending (TJLA); which allows the<.authorized officers. drawees, payors and fiduciary
trustees to say no by responding under oath or (affirmation and under penalties of perjury, or yes by
or
silence. This is simple; it is not astrophysics .. aerospace engineering, i.e. rocket science. This is how
private banking is done with trust assets and~ a8set credit in conformity with the Unifonn Commercial Code
outside of the 14ih Amendment The Unifonn Commercial Code has the ability to operate with the de jure
private operations of banking, as well>;aS the 14th Amendment public operations of banking. This was
reserved within UCC 1-103 and 9-311,;'as well as other codes and articles of the Uniform Commercial Code. I
have had clearance from the Presid~_~tof the United States and the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States
Department of the Treasury to operate in this manner for quite some time. If it was not lawfully possible to
operate in this mauner, then,d}e' fiduciary trustees; i.e. the President of the United States and the Secretary of the
Treasury- of tlie United St,ttes Department of the Treasury, would have told me so in my requested written
manner of response long·~go. The problem is that the 14th Amendment banks did not expect me to know
any of this knowledge at all of how they trnly operate; including the identity of who I am in law and my
status in relationship to the land. They are afraid of competition, so therefore they tried to hold me in
slaverv via the·:l4th Amendment, and peonage by the forced continuous use of Federal Reserve Notes; while
also hoping tbat I would beseechingly ask them for alleged loans when they have nothing to lend in the first
place. 1'9~t:ii a form of economic genocide and slaverv and ont of order; especially when I am a Freeholder by
Primog~mture Blood Birthright Inheritance to the entire Americas, Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor and
Cred~tor, and THEY ALL OWE ME. Competition for banks is healthy, and forces everyone to be honest, or
lo'Se'their customers from unscrupulous dealings as they have been doing for the longest time prior to and
since 1933. They assumed that I was Black, African-American or some other ens legis legal fiction, and !l!m
felt like they did not have to grant me remedy in Jaw, banking and in conformity with the Uniform
Commercial Code. How silly and foolish it is to judge someone by his or her skin tone when the world is
based on nationalities and the laws pertaining to them, and to think that I would carrv the same status as
everyone else of this color of law skin tone classification 'caste system' because of this. Black and White are
legal statuses, and you must have a nationality to properly obtain the status of White in law; or else white
becomes just another ens legis legal fiction. This lack of comprehension of status by the 14th Amendment
·United States citizens is a problem that I have had with the banks and clandestine BAR members for quite
some time now, but status is determined by law, and the law always gives remedy. (See Black's Law
Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968- "When the law gives anything, it gives a remedy for the same." "Ubi jus. ibi
remedium. Where there is a right. there is a remedy." "Lex semper dabit remedium. The law will always give
a remedy." "Equity suffers not a right without a remedy." "Fiat justitia. ruat caelum. Let right be done,
though the heavens should fall." "Terra manens vacua occupanti conceditur. Land lying unoccupied is given
to the first occupant." "Quod nullius est, id ratWne naturali occupanti conceditur. That which is the property
of no one is. by natural reason. given to the [first] occupant." "Solus deus (acit heredem. non hoino. God
alone makes the heir. not man." "Haeres est eadem persona cum antecessore. The heir is the same person
with the ancestor." "Nemo potest esse tenes et dominus . No man can be at the same time tenant ·a nd landlord
of the same tenement." "Cujus est solum. ejus est usque ad coelum et ad in(eros. To whomsoever the soll
belongs, he owns also to the sky and to the depths. The owner of a niece of land owns everYthing above and
below it to an indefinite extent." "Jura sanguinis nullo jure civili dirimi possunt. The'· right of blood and
kindred caunot be destroyed by any civlllaw." ILERES. In Common Law. An·Jleir; he to whom lands,
tenements, or hereditaments by the act of God and right of blood to descend, of.Some estate of inheritance.
"Filius est nomen nature. sed ileres nomen juris. Son is a name of nature, but- heir is a name of law." VIS
DIVINA. In the civlllaw. Divine or superhuman force; the act of God. AtT OF GOD. An act occasioned
exclusively... without the interference of any human agency. It means a;iiatural necessity proceeding from
physical causes alone without the intervention of man. It is an act, .ev~nt happening, or occurrence... and
effect due to natural causes... a naturaJ and inevitable necessity whi~h implies entire exclusion of all human
agency which operates without interference or aid from man mid.' which results from natural causes and is
in no sense attributable to human agency. ''Actus Dei nemini'facit injuriam. The act of God does injury to
~- A thing which is inevitable by the act of God, whicli-D.o industrv can avoid, nor policy prevent, will
not be construed to the prejudice of any person in whom-there was no laches." "FREE WHITE PERSONS.
'Free white persons' referred to in Naturalization ·~~t as amended by Act July 14, 1870, has meaning
naturally given to it when first used in 1 Stat. 103, c. 3, meaning all persons belonging to the European
~. then commonly counted as white, aq<;l_'.tlieir descendants, including such descendants in other
countries to which they have emigrated. It insludes all European .Jews, more or less intermixed with peoples
of Celtic, Scandinavian, Teutonic, lberi!m,l;I.;atin, Greek, and Slavic descent. It includes Magyars, Lapps, and
Finns, and the Basgues and Albanians., Ip:ihcludes the mixed Latin, Celtic-Iberian, and Moorish inhabitants
of Spain and PortugaJ, the mixed Greek, Latin, Phoenician, and North African inhabitants of Siclly, and the
mixed Slav and Tarter inhabitants,of South Russia. It does not mean Caucasian race, Arvan race, or Indo-
European races, nor the mixed>Indo-European, Dravidian, Semitic and Mongolian oeoples who inhabit
Persia. A ~yr!~ of As~at!~ l?!hh ~d cl~SCe!!t wm !!<?t {)e ~!!t!~!¢ to {)e~<?~e ~ !!~tllfcl!i.~~cl ~!t!~e!! <?f t!!~ lJ!llted
States as being a free white,person.")
:'y:I ..·'
ix. As purSJ~#if to public record instrument No. 2015080734, Bank Shi-Urkantzu Moorish/Moorish
Freeholder Financi3l Services@TM (an Autochthonous Trust) can issue funds from its assets in the form of
credit. The fund,~, of the Federal Reserve Banks and commercial banks are not superior or equal in value in any
way to the fi.n'lds issued from the assets of Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muiuish!M:oonsb Freeholder Fin3nclal
Servicesl!n'¥: '(an Autochthonous Trust). Bank Shi-Urkantzu Moorish/Moorish Freeholder FinanciaJ
Service8'i!STM (an Autochthonous Trust) circulation of private paper and lending oower is due to the fact that
it is ,qacked by contracts secured in gold, sllver, copper, asset bonds, land, raw materials, natural resources,
cornoreal and incorporeal hereditaments, and payments due and owed to me ancestrally in eguity since
1492 as a Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muur and Pre-Columbian
Moor; due to me being a true Blood heir to these American lands. The Federal Reserve Banks have their
Federal Reserve notes and other private paper circulated and respected in regards to 18 USC 8 and 31 USC
5103. (See the uscode.house.gov Tide 18, Section 8 'Obligation or other security of the United States
defmed', ''The term 'obligation or other security of the United States' includes all bonds, certificates of
indebtedness, national bank currency, Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve bank notes, coupons, United
States notes, Treasury notes, gold certificates, silver certificates, fractional notes, certificates of deposit, bills,
checks, or drafts for money, drawn by or upon authorized officers of the United States, stamps and other
representatives of value, of whatever denomination, issued under any Act of Congress, and canceled United States
stamps." And, see the uscode.house.gov Title 31, Section 5103 'Legal tender', "United States coins and
currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal Reserve banks and national banks) .
are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and dues. Foreign gold or silver coins are not legal tender
for debts."). Therefore, as pursuant to public record instrument No. 2015080734, the asset credit in the form-of
international bills of exchange, international promissory notes, bonds, documentary drafts, letters of credit and
any other forms of private paper issued by Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial
Services@TM (an Autochthonous Trust) must be given the same merit and full faith and credit ~~.extended to
the Federal Reserve banking system; due to the fact that in comity, the commerce of the Muurs/ Moors is of a
paramount status with the united States of North America Republic and the United States Federal Republic, and
is of the most favored nation status as pursuant to Article 14 of the Treaty of Peace and FHendship between
the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836;:U.Dited States Statutes
at Large 8 Stat. 484487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, and which is ~.er enforced by Article 6;
Clause 2 i.e. the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution for the united States of-America, ''This Constitution,
and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all'treaties made, or which shall
be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges, in
every State, shall be bound thereby; any thing in the Constitution or· iaws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mention~d;. and the members of the several State
legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall
be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution .. ,':.· This treaty is further enforced by the current
corporate United States' Democracy and the current corporate 50 states' democracies as written within
www.state.gov/documents/organizationl218912.pdf 'United"States Department of State Treaties in Force- A
List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of- the United States in Force on .January l, 2013';
'Peace Treaties' page 202. Unanswered affidavits becoine the law of the matter, and it is a fact that certain
people have become wealthy by corruption and through the circulation of the Federal Reserve note, and
through a means known as unjust enrichment. Being that public record instrument No. 2015080734 and this
document are attached to the treaty through .• various articles, it is my right to chose not to deal in the .
Federal Reserve note which is attached to peOnage and slavery, and to penalize those who force me to do so.
(~; 1
x. As pursuant to public record instrument No. 2015080734, I must now be recognized and honored by
the recipients of public record inst]:Ument No. 2015080734 as a foreign Consular General for Shi-Urkantzu
Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs©TM,::~mid other Aboriginal Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors in the current United
States and the current 50 states,:I have been operating in this capacity for the benefit of Shi-Urkantzu Thunder
Clan Olmec Muurs©TM, ap.d.. other Aboriginal Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors for quite some time anvway.
Your corporate structure~ 'lack all jurisdiction (evolving from the parent Latin, iuris meaning "right, law" and
dictio meaning "sayb:ig"; so, jurisdiction meaning "right to say the law") over me and matters pertaining to
~- This is also puis'uant to Articles 6, 20 and 21 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united
States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8
Stat. 484-487~J treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, and Articles 3, ~. ~. !. ~. 37; et al articles of the United
Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; UN Resolution 61/295, and also by the current
United-States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies' elected public officials, and non-elected officers,
agen~s·and employees being citizens of the United States under the color of law 14th Amendment which was
never ratified, and thus they are all civiliter mortuus. My right to be a foreign Consular General is an
indigenous right and human right, and is reflected within Article 6 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship
between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States
Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286; whereas the Paleo-American
Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors are not subject to the dominions of the Sultan (now King) of the Kingdom
of Morocco.
xi. Pursuant to public record instrument No. 2015080734, rights of Blood are the highest rights
granted by Divine and Natnral Law of the Most IDgh Creatress/ Creator of the heavens and earth. This is
the foundation of Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aborigine Law; which was first codified within the Laws
·of Ma'at, and which became the codified law when America was first annexed by the consanguineous Ta-
Nehesianl Kushite, Ta-Setianl Nubian and Ta-Merrianl Kemetian Empires. (NOTE: The Canaanite/
Phoenician/ Carthaginian Empire's and AI Moroccan Empire's annexations came later in history after their
consanguine families of Kush, Nubia and Kemet.) All civil law must take an inferior position to the Rights.of
Blood and Natural Law. (See Bouvier's Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia by .John Bouvier:'3nt
Revision, 8tb Ed., 1914- "Leges naturae perfectissimae sunt et immutabiles; humani vero juris conditio. 'Semper
in infinitum decurrit. et nihil est in eo quod peroetuo stare possit. Leges humanae nascuniUt~ vivunt,
moriuntur. The laws of nature are most perfect and immutable; but the condition of hunlan law is an
unending succession, and there is nothing in it which can continue perpetually. Human laws ·are born, live,
and die.") In accordance with us misnomer "Black Indians" being the first people of·i.America and this
originally being our land; which was the oral history as given by my Great-Grandmother, Odessa Gibson-
Yancey, and her mother, my Great-Great Grandmother, Eliza .Johnson-Gibson, my";DNA has proven that!
am ancient and autochthonous to the Americas from North to South in toto (w~ch is actually one landmass
now called America; notwithstanding the manmade artifice called the Panam~rCanal), and I am a descendant
of the original peoples that populated the Americas as well as other Pr~€olumbian Pacific, Atlantic and
Asiatic migratory peoples. Your corporate structures have held thiS-· truth of the Paleo-American,
Autochthonous Aborigines now known as Muurs/ Moors as the orisiin81 people of the Americas for quite
some time, so I did not reveal anything new to you that you did •not already know. The difference is, !!m!
you know that we both know the truth. According to 'The ffidden mstory of the Human Race'; March 9'h,
1999, by Michael A. Cremo and Richard L. Thompson, "Forewo'id- by Graham Hancock (Author of Fingerprints
of the Gods) ' ... Let me say at the outset that I believe tQ!lf''book to be one of the landmark intellectual
achievements of the late twentieth centurv. It will fa!<:.!f(more conservative scholars a long while, probably
many years, to come to terms with the revelations<it contains. Nevertheless, Michael Cremo and Richard
Thompson have put the revelations out there and(the clock cannot now be turned back. Sooner or later,
whether we like it or not, our species is going t9 1 h~~e to come to terms with the facts that are so impressively
documented in the pages that follow, and these·facts are stunning. Cremo and Thompson's central proposition
js 1hat the mode' o_f _llulllafl prel)istory, carefUlly built-up by scholars over the past two centuries, is sadly and
completely wrong. Moreover, the autl!p(SI are not proposing that it can be put right with minor tinkering and
adjustments. What is needed is for the .eXisting model to be thrown out the window and for us to start again
with open minds and with absolu~(;!ly no preconceptions at all.'... RECENT EXAMPLES OF EOLITHIC
IMPLEMENTS FROM THE AMERICAS- Despite the best efforts of Barnes and Breuil, the eolith question
continues to haunt archeologiStS. Several anomalously old crude stone-tool industries of Eolithic type have
-been discovered in the Amei:icas. Most archeologists say Siberian hunters crossed into Alaska on a land
bridge that existed wheif'the last glaciation lowered sea levels. During this period, the Canadian ice sheet
blocked southward nnlrration until about 12,000 years ago, when the first American immigrants followed
an ice-free passag~'to what is now the United States. These people were the so-called Clovis hunters, famous
for their chara~!eristic spear points. These correspond to the highly evolved stone implements of the later
Paleolithic in>Etrrope. Nevertheless, many sites, excavated with modern archeological methods, have yielded
dates as gfeat as 30,000 years for humans in America. These sites include El Cedralin northern Mexico,
Santa -Barbara Island off California, and the rock-shelter of Boguierao do Sitio da Pedra Furada in
northern Brazil. Other controversial sites are far older than 30,000 years ... GEORGE CARTER AND THE
TEXAS STREET SITE- A good example of a controversial American early stone-tool industry reminiscent of
the European eoliths is the one discovered by George Carter in the 1950s at the Texas Street excavation in San
Diego. At this site, Carter claimed to have found hearths and crude stone tools at levels corresponding to
the last interglacial period, some 80,000-90,000 years ago. Critics scoffed at these claims, referring to Carter's
alleged tools as products of nature, or 'cartifacts,' and Carter was later publicly defamed in a Harvard course on
'Fantastic Archeology.' However, Carter gave clear criteria for distinguishing between his tools and
naturally broken rocks, and lithic experts such as John Witthoft have endorsed his claims... LOUIS
LEAKEY AND THE CALICO SITE- Leakey continued to harbor unorthodox views on this matter, and in 1964
he made an effort to collect some definite evidence at the Calico site in the Mojave Desert of California. This site
is situated near the shore of now-vanished Pleistocene Lake Manix. Over a period of eighteen years of excavation
under the direction of Ruth D. Simpson, 11,400 eolith-like artifacts were recovered from a number of levels. The
oldest artifact bearing level has been given an age of 200,000 years by the uranium series method ... TOCA
DA ESPERANSA. BRAZIL- Support for the authenticity of the Calico tools has come from a imd in
Brazil. In 1982, Maria Beltrao found a series of caves with wall paintings in the state of Bahia. In 1985, a tr;ench
~tin the Toea da Esperansa (Cave of Hope), and excavations in 1986 and 1987 yielded crude stone·~tools
associated with Pleistocene mammals. When the bones were tested by the uranium series method, ages in
excess of 200.000 years were obtained. The maximum age was 295.000 years." Also, .!!d'tording to
en.Wikipedia.org 'Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)', "The Americas- Haplogroup L lineages ar~d:ound in the
Mrican diaspora of the Americas as well as indigenous Americans. Haplogroup L lineages are predominant
among African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans and Afro-Latin-Americans. In Brazil, J;>en3: ·et al. report that
85% of self-identified Afro-Brazilians have Haplogroup L mtDNA sequences,);; And, according to
phys.orglpdf79886094.pdf 'Tracing African-American Ancestry Difficult' by -.):Jie University of South
Carolina, ''The report by Dr. Bert Ely, a biology professor in the university's ColJege."of Arts and Sciences, and
colleagues at the universities of Massachusetts and Maryland reveals that fewer. than 10 percent of African-
American mitochondrial DNA sequences that were analyzed can be matched to mitochondrial DNA from
one single African ethnic group...The researchers, who were acknowJeclged for their work on the highly
acclaimed PBS series, 'African American Lives,' found that more thaii half of the African-American DNA
sequences were found in many different sub-Saharan ethnic -gr6ups. Fortv percent of the African-
American sequences did not match any sequences in the datab3Se; and fewer than 10 percent were an exact
match to a sequence from a single African ethnic group."; pctober 12!1!, 2006. The reason for this is what is
known as Identity by Descent (ffiD) and Identity by State·:<mS). Identity by descent is when people possess
genomic traits because they descend from a common ancestor. Identity by state is when a multitude of people in
a broad spectrum possess common genomic traits, but do .hot descend from a common ancestor; which points to
a multi-regional, independent evolution. This means that the genomic traits exist at the basal level of the
DNA structure, and from antiquity. Ancestral,and 'derived states of genes can and do exist within the basal
DNA; which can yield variations within identifY by state. Remember, in the science of genetics, the rule is
that the location with the highest concentration (volume) and highest diversity (frequency) for a genetic
expression denotes the place of origin, ?fld thus it is the Americas in this case. The genomic traits related to
the Duffy null allele, inability to process lactose, eumelanin pigmentation and curly hair have been used to
assign Paleo-American, Autochthom;>iis Aboriginal Muurs as being of direct sub-Saharan African Ancestry, but
our mitochondrial DNA (as Vf_~ll· as the Albert Perry Y chromosome AOO at approximately 270.000-340,000
years BP (before present) and .~e ancient archaeological finds in America tell a whole different story, and one
thaf"points to an ancient; - independent evolution --here in the Americas.-· And-- las"tly·; according to
scientificamerican.com ·~Did a Comet Hit Earth 12.000 Years Ago?'; by David Biello, "Roughly 12,900 years
ago, massive global_c_odling kicked in abruptly, along with the end of the line for some 35 different mammal
species, including.th(i mammoth, as well as the so-called Clovis culture of prehistoric North Americans... But
now nanodiamorids found in the sediments from this time period point to an alternative: a massive
explosion or ·exolosions by a fragmentarv comet, similar to ·but even larger than the Tunguska event of 1908
in Siberia.•. 'Sediments from six sites across North America- Murray Springs, Ariz.; Bull Creek, Okla.; Gainey,
Mich.; Topper. S.C.; Lake Hind, Manitoba; and Chobot, Alberta- yielded such teensy diamonds, which only
occur jfl. sediment exposed to extreme temperatures and pressures, such as those from an explosion or impact,
according to new research published today in 'Science'. The discovery lends support to a theory first advanced
last year in that some type of cosmic impact or impacts- a fragmented comet bursting in the atmosphere or raining
down on the oceans- set off the more than 1,300-year cooling period in the Northern Hemisphere known as the
Younger Dryas for the abundance of an alpine flower's pollen found during the interval. The cooling period
interrupted an extended warming out of an ice age predicted by slight changes in Earth's orbit (known as
Milankovitch cycles) that continues today. And it remains an unexplained anomaly in the climate record. But a
series of cometary fragments exploding over North America might explain a layer of soil immediately prior to the
cooling containing unusually high levels of iridium, an element more common in cosmic wanderers like
meteoroids than in Earth's crust. Paired with the fact that this layer occurs directly before the extinction of at
least 35 genera of large mammals, including mammoths, it is strong circumstantial evidence for a cosmic event.
'Very strong impact indicators are found in the sediments directly above, and often shrouding in the case of
Murray Springs, the remains of these animals and the people who were hunting them,' says archaeologist and
study co-author Doug Kennett of the University of Oregon in Eugene, the son in the father-son team helping to
advance the new impact theory. 'Is it a comet? Is it a carbonaceous chondrite? Was it fragmented? w;as .it
focused? Based on the distribution of the diamonds, it was certainly large scale.' Preliminary searches .,further
afield- Europe, Asia and South America- have turned up similar minerals and elements in sediments <;>f the same
age, Kennett says, and his own work on California's Channel Islands tells a tale of a massive burn-off, followed
by erosion and a total change in the flora of the region... "; January 200, 2009. As I had stated i~''jmblic record
instrument No. 2015080734, human activity was shown at the Topper site in South Carolina a( approximately
50,300-51,700 years BP (before present), and sea travel was already being conducted at approximately
130,000 years BP (before present) by evidence of the Cretan artifacts found on the island of Crete. It would not
have been difficult for my ancestors to flee from this disaster and go into other paHs of America, or ~
flee to Mrica. And also, as I stated in public record instrument No. 2015080734, mt:i>NA Macro-hapJogroup L
at approximately 151,600-233,600 years BP (before present) and its descendants; andY Chromosome Macro-
haplogroup AOO at approximately 270,000-340.000 years BP (before preserit) and its descendants; being that
AOO currently carries the basal ancestral state for all known Y chromosome SNPs, are the only mtDNA and
Y Chromosome haplogroups with the age contemporary to the archaeological timelines of sites that were
presented; just as I showed in public record instrument No. 2015080734 with Y Chromosome Macro-
haplogroup AOO and the Hueyatlaco site, BUT THEY DO NOT·FIT THE OUT OF AFRICA MODEL OR
ITS TIMELINE. (NOTE: It has already been genetically proven that Mongoloid and Caucasoid
morphologies of today, and pale skin as well, did not com,elnto existence until approximately 5,000-10,000
years BP (before present), and the misnomer American 'Indian! Native American haplogroups derived from
mtDNA haplogroups A, !!, C, D and X, as well as Y chromosome haplogroups Q, ~ and R are actually quite
recent in relation to these ancient American sites and the misnomer Negroid existence here in the Americas.
The Mongoloid and Caucasoid were nowhere t()· be found morphologically or genetically on the planet at
the time of these ancient American sites and our existence. Southeast Asian Negroid ancestrv and Native
American Siberian Mongoloid ancestry ~¢ a· part of my admixture from longer ago, Ill_ea!}ing ~~t my Paleo-
American, Autochthonous Aborigine anceStry was contemporary with them, and also predates them as well
here in the Americas. We would haye.,had to have been here previously for them to be able to mixed in with,
and thus this is why it is called admiXture. This also means that the DNA in misnomer as sub-Saharan African
Ancestry is primarily in actualitv'Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aborigine ancestry, and that the Southeast
Asian Negroid ancestry and':Native American Siberian Mongoloid ancestry came much later in genetic
descent:) Now, according to the research of independent geneticist TYt'one Cannon- oH>eri:h, Western Australia,
out of 351 so-called Negroes/ African-Americans as research subjects, 88% of research subjects carry the
Native American genetic markers, and 90.5% of research subjects carry the Southeast Asian genetic
markers. 99.7% .of>research subjects carry both sets of genetic markers. These markers register in the
autosomal, and: in the amounts which display that the admixture had taken place long ago, and are Pre-
Columbian. ~-ADd, according to the ethnologist and archaeologist from Bogota, Columbia, Carlos Cuervo
Marque:z;, .author of 'Estudios Argueologicos y Etnograficos- Torno 1'; the founding population of the
AmericaS. was of misnomer Negroid stock, and which formed the basis for which the other phenotypes had
mixed in with to create the misnomer Native American. Genetically, the mtDNA sub-haplogroups of A, .J!,
!;;~ D and X, and Y chromosome sub-haplogroups of Q, C and R, as well as the phenotype and morphology of
the misnomer Native Americans today, are way too young to have been contemporary with sites such as the
Pygmy Skulls of Holliston Mills, Eastern Tennessee, the Topper site in South Carolina, the HueyatJaco site
in Mexico, the Texas Street site and Calico site which are both in California, and even older sites throughout
the Americas. The so-called African-Americans' gene pool, phenotypes and morphology are the only ones
today who were and are contemporary to these sites, and actually predate them as well. This is a scientific
fact which cannot be disputed. DNA scientific data is used to determilie paternities, maternities, rapes,
murders and estates, and meets the criteria of Federal Rules of Evidence- Rule 702 as pursuant to United States
v. .Jakobetz, "955F.2d 786 (2d Cir. 1992), cert. denied. 113 S. Ct. 104 (1992), and Article 31, et al articles of
the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; UN Resolution 611295. What my
ancient forefathers and foremothers were, I am today; lawfully known as a Paleo-American,
Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muur and Pre-Columbian Moor; i.e. a .i.!H..
sanguinis Muor and jus soli Moor. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4ih Ed., 1968- "Prior tempore potior jure. He
who is first in time is preferred in right." "Quod prius est verius est; et quod prius est tempore potius est jure.
What is rarst is true; and what is first in time is better in law." "Where two rights concur. the more aiident
shall be preferred." ''Quando duo jura concurrunt in una persona. jequum est ac si essent in diversiS:;When
two rights concur in one person. it is the same as if they were in two separate persons." "Monumenta quze
nos recorda vocamus sunt veritatis et vetustatis vestigia. Monuments, which we call "records," are the
vestiges of troth and antiquity." "Law favoreth coinmon right.", and public record) instrument No.
2015080734, page 19; et al pages for Allodial status by direct matrilineal, patrilineal and autosomal
bloodline heir descent to the entire Americas in toto as a Paleo-American, Autpd1thonous Aboriginal,
Indigenous Native American Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish Freeholder by Primggeniture Blood Birthright
Inheritance, Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor and Creditor.) . ,~:;·\ ·
:~('
2. l!ntemational QCea~e anb 119e~i~t, llien anb Gexbibi~: ·, .

'•...·--~
'·
/~,._J
A. This International Cease and Desist, lien and exhibits is is~h-&1 to put an end to the breach of the
peace and a breach of trust perpetrated by the current United,..Siates' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies against Muurs/ Moors and the Supreme Law of the La:lul, and is also issued pursuant to Article 6 of
the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787fl791, the Divine Law of Troth; United States
Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211, Article 20 of the Treatv:of·Peace and Friendship between the united States
of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empife of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat.
48~87, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, ,~e- Convention on Rights and Duties of States (inter-
American) of 1933; United States Statutes at Large 49 Stat. 3097-3110, treaty series TS 881; 3 Bevans 145;
165 LNTS 19, the United Nations Charter Treaty of 1945; in particular Articles 55a-c and 56, United States
Statutes at Large 59 Stat. 1031-1218, treaty'seiies TS 993; 3 Bevans 1153, State of Missouri v. HoUand, 252
U.S. 416 (1920), Kolovrat v. Oregon, 366.lLS. 187 (1961), the Coinage Act of 1792; United States Statutes at
Large 1 Stat. 246-251, the 1st, 200, 4th, s•h;?•h, 9th, lOth etal Amendments in the Bill of Rights, Articles 4-1-103
and 4-9-311 et al articles of the ArkBnsas Uniform Commercial Code~. Articles 1-103 and 9-311 et al
articles of the Uniform CommerCi3I Code ~. and the public record instrument No. 2015080734. Citing
Rules of Evidence 902, the s~uiC~s of exhibits will be referenced for your constructive notice, and for you to
go and do your own due diligence to help with paperwork reduction; as you already have access to aD of
these exhibits in your databases, so reference is only needed, These facts and laws as points reiterated and
contained herein this <!qdiment i!!..!!!J!!.. are the bedrock as to why this International Cease and Desist and Lien
shall forever closer:the door on the presumptions and assumptions of Statehood, Nationhood, authority,
assumed political\ jurisdictions, all forms of court jurisdictions, judgments, rulings and decrees made under
color of law,~a 'carried out by the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies and
their civiliter,'mortuus and stateless citizenry against Muurs/ Moors. When the Constitution for the united
States of'-America of 1787-1791, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; et al treaties and the Bill of Rights are brought
fq~ard, the power of de jure law is invoked to be adhered to by all. Public record instrument No. 2015080734
is now res judicata, and strictly a matter of trade and commerce between us as pursuant to law. To those it
applies to; do know that your oaths of offices upon the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787-
1791 are hereby accepted for honor and value as an enforceable contract. Please observe the following points.
i. Whereas, the Paleo-American Muurs' and Pre-Columbian Moors' lives, liberties and pursuits of
happiness are under the constant threat of harm, violation. slander and attack from the 14th Amendment
corporate United States citizenry within the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
~
democracies; due to Birthrights theft in misnomer as racism, prejudices and assumptions created by
propaganda, religious and skin complexion prejudices and phobias, ignorance and stereotypes created from color
of law and socio-political misnomers (see the demagoguery of splcenter.org and search title 'Sovereigns' in
Black', referenced as exhibit A); and
ii. Whereas, the Al Moroccan Empire was the first sovereign power to recognize the Declaration of
Independence of the united States of North America on December 2Q'h, 1777, and conjoined in treaty with. the
King of France to protect the fledgling united States of North America as they proclaimed their independence
from Great Britain; which has created customary international law between the Al Moroccan Empire.· the and
united States of North America Republic (see memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllink.html for;.:.historical .
reference Article 8 of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States of AmeriCa. and His
Most Christian Majesty of 1778; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 12-31, and morocco.risembassy.gov
article titled 'U.S. Morocco Relations-The Beginning', referenced as exhibits B); and -
m. Whereas, out of all of the international relationships that the united States of):~~-orth America Republic
has with other nations, the Al Moroccan Empire, who are the descendants of ~ttl~- Ancient Carthaginian,
Phoenician, Canaanite, Kemetian, Nubian and Kushite Empires that also settled th~.Americas in Pre-Columbian
Ancient times; historically has the longest unbroken perpetual treaty with tl)e united States of North America
Republic, and whereas, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of North America
Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1787 and 1836; was and is in''fact a deed of trust for commercial
privileges and profits where the united States of North America Republic is the borrower as it relates to the
Sultan's gracious extension of the AI Moroccan Empire's dominions in North America for use by the united
States of North America Republic to conduct trade and commerce, a11d w~ere~s. ~~ AI Moroccan Empire is
the lender of the dominions (as an agricultural usufruct only; which will be explained next), and the United
States Federal Republic of 10 miles square is the trustee of the treaty which contains the trade and
commerce, and the Muurs/ Moors are the third partv. beneficiaries, and whereas, George Washington had
written the Sultan of Morocco, Sidi Mohammed Ibn :Abdullah, on December lli!, 1789 and apologized for not
being able to pay the tribute required from the united States of North America Republic; in order for the
Euroiiean colonists to inhabit and conduct tracit{ and.- comnierce in the heart of the Af Moroccan Empire,
i.e. North America; (which will be explained'-next) (see memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllink.html for the
Treaties of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI
Moroccan Empire of 1787 and 1836;-United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 100-105 and 8 Stat. 484487,
treaty series TS 244-1 and TS 244.:.2; 9 Bevans 1286 and for historical reference An Act making an
appropriation for the purpose therein mentioned; United States Statutes at Large 1 Stat. 214, referenced as
exhibits C); and c-, -
:-"'-
/"' ....
iv. Whereas, the u~ted State's of North America Republic that was formed from the thirteen colonies was
placed in a usufruct status to the real rights of the North American Muurish/ Moorish descendants of Paleo-
American, Autochthonous Aborigines; who possess natural, aboriginal title under the ancient law m~.
i.e. "the first occupants of the land are the true title holders under natural law" (see Black's Law
Dictionary, 4th rEd., 1968- "Terra manens vacua occupanti conceditur. Land lying unoccupied is given to the
first occupant.';; "Oyod nullius est, id ratione naturali occupanti conceditur. That which is the property of no
one is, by:.natural reason, given to the [first] occupant."), and in a usufruct status to the real rights of
voyagerS and travelers by ship and land of ancient Pacific, Atlantic @d Asiatic Pre-Columbian migrations,
and who as Muurs/ Moors are also individually and collectively the Land Owners, Landlords, Land Creditors
arid 'Creditors of Amerriques, Turtle Island, Aztlan, Societas Republicae Ea Al Maurikanos, Ta Merri-Ka,
Amuruka, Amenti, Amexem and various other names of North America; i.e. the Mahgreb Al Aqsa; Morocco
farthest West of the Al Moroccan Empire; where the Muurs/ Moors are the heirs and beneficiaries, and
whereas, the United States of North America Republic was given a usufruct of the allotted lands of the 13
colonies to do agriculture as their basis of commerce and trade, and nothing more, and whereas, this usufruct
was acknowledged in a letter from George Washington to Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ibn Abdullah of the Al
Moroccan Empire, and whereas, if the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Reoublic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 was to ever be dissolved, then the united States of
North America Republic would cease to exist, and the European colonial descendants and European
immigrants would have to leave North America known as the lands of the Mahgreb AI Agsal Asgu-Shamal of
the AI Moroccan Empire, and whereas, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of
North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 is actually evidence of jus soli imoerial,
lawful Moorish paramount title to the land in the AI Moroccan Empire's dominions now called America; i!§
the Moroccan Empire received the land rights. interests and title via the Moroccan 5th century church
landmark of approximately 450 A.D. in Cockaoonset Forest, Connecticut; with the title recorded in-s tone
in Figuig, Morocco approximately 480 A.D., and whereas, the State of Connecticut has known }~!.at · it was
Northwest African Moroccan Moors, a portion of my ancestry, who built the first church in tbe' Americas,
and whereas, the Moroccan Empire also inherited in consanguineous descent the land rights,. iiiterests and
title of America from their previous ancestral Punic Iberian/ Carthaginian/ Phoenician/ Canaanite Empires
via the Punic Iberian Bourne stone landmark; with the title recorded in stone in Kom.aSs8kumkanit Cape
Cod Bay. Massachusetts at approximately 550-500 B.C.; which is also a portion of my ancestlJ', and whereas,
they received it from their consanguineous Kemetian, Nubian and Kushite Empires, and which is also !
portion of my ancestry, and whereas, Article 24 of this treaty is a usufruct cla9se which has the power to
dissolve the Republic upon peaceful dissolution to a dispute, and whereas, this·,would actually make the treaty
"The Supreme Law of the lAnd'' superseding the Constitution for the united--States of America of 1787-1791
(see founders.archives.gov and search title 'From George Washington.;-to Sidi Mohammed, 1 December
1789', " ...Within our Territories there are no Mines, either of Gol~ (oi Sllvel', and this young Nation, just
recovering from the Waste and Desolation of a long War, have nq(·as yet, had Time to acquire Riches by
Agriculture and Commerce. But our Soil is bountiful, and our Peqple industrious; and we have Reason to flatter
ourselves, that we shall gradually become useful to our Friends·. The Encouragement which your Majesty has
been pleased, generously, to give to our Commerce with your' Dominions; the Punctuality with which you have
caused the Treaty with us to be observed, and the just an~;generous Measures taken... made a deep Impression on
the United States, and confmn their Respect for, -aird Attachment to your Imperial Majesty ... ", and
memory.loc.gov/ammemlamlawllwsllink.html for Attlcle 24 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between
the united States of North America Republic micl' the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes
at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, and 'Pre-Columbian Resources Potentials:
A Comparison of Old World and New World Petroglvobs' l?y M~g~~Wl ~~ !!~~~ f()!' the Bureau of Land
Management, " ... Moroccan inscription8:of the fifth century A.D. from El-Hadj Mimoun, near Figuig which
were discovered in 1921 by Flamandft~;\Yntten in a Libyan script in an Arabic dialect the inscriptions tell of an
emigration by a group of Christiay.,"inonks to Asgu-Shamal, a continent lying beyond the sunset... The
Moroccan inscription was writt~n' by a monk who later returned home. The inscription implies that the
helmsman by secret calcwati6ns knew the right course ... The Moroccan inscription subject to its verification
bi.other linguists is belierab'le in its time framework.'' ; September 1978, page 21, and the Moroccan church
article in the magazine .AiiCient American- Volume 8, Issue No. 54 'Connecticut's 5th Century Church'; by
John Gallager (which'ls also the first church in the Americas), and the Moroccan dally Newspaoer 'Le Matin
du Sahara et du . M(ighreb'; September 1(jl!l, 1995, and 'Monastic Brotherhood of Morocco settlement in
Cockaponset Forest in Connecticut'; in PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/ COUNTY CLERK, REAL
ESTATE ROOM 102, real estate records instrument No. 2011012373, page 25; viewable at
www.Pulaskiclerkcom, and www.nvtimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-
humans~arrival-in-the-americas.html New York Times 'Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival
in theAmericas' by Simon Romero; in the view of Dr. Niede Guidon on the rock art and ancient settlements
datt~d with thermoluminescence (TL) dating at Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil, "Dr. Guidon
remains defiant about her findings. At her home on the grounds of a museum she founded to focus on the
discoveries in Serra da Capivara, she said she believed that humans had reached these plateaus even earlier,
around 100.000 years ago, and might have come not overland from Asia but by boat from Africa.''; March
27lh, 2014, and news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/09/0903 030903 bajaskull.html National
Geographic News 'Who Were The First Americans?' by Stefan Lovgren, "A study of skulls excavated from
the tip of Baja California in Mexico suggests that the first Americans may not have been the ancestors of today' s
Amerindians, but another people who came from Southeast Asia and the southern Pacific area ... But recent
research, including the Baja California study, indicates that the initial settlement of the continent was instead
driven by Southeast Asians who occupied Australia 60.000 years ago and then e.manded into the Americas
about 13,500 years ago, prior to Mongoloid people arriving from northeast Asia... But more recent
discoveries challenge the Clovis story. In 1996, archeologists in southern Chile found weapons and tools dating
back 12,500 years. In Brazil, they found some of the oldest human remains in the Americas, among them a
skeleton- named Luzia- that is more than 11,000 years old. Luzia did not look like American Indians.
Instead, her facial features matched most closely with the native Aborigines in Australia. These people~-date
back to about 60,000 years and were themselves descended from the first humans who probably originated in
Africa. The researchers believe Luzia was part of a people, referred to as 'Paleoamericans,' who/~grated into
the Americas- possibly even by boat- long before the Mongoloid people. These Paleoameric~s_:~ay later have
been wiped out by or interbred with Mongoloids invading from the north."; Septemb.e i' ·3m, 2003, and
www.smithsonianmag.com Smithsonian.com 'DNA From 12.000-Year-Oid Skeleton <ill!lps Answer the
Question: Who Were the First Americans?' by Mohi Kumar, "'Modern Native Americans closely resemble
people of China, Korea, and Japan ... but the oldest American skeletons do not;!~ says archaeologist and
paleontologist James Chatters, lead author on the study and the owner of Appli~d Paleoscience, a research
consulting service based in Bothell, Washington. ' ...The small number of early American specimens discovered
so far have smaller and shorter faces and longer and narrower skulls than iater Native Americans, more
closely resembling the modern people of Africa, Australia, and the South Pacific... "'; May 15m, 2014, and
teachingamericanhistory.org/librarv/document/the-folly-of-colonizati«in/ 'The Folly of Colonization' by
Frederick Douglass, "It is the proposition to colonize the coloured p~op]e of America in Africa, or somewhere
else. Happily this scheme will be defeated, both by its impolicy ~g!its impracticability. It is all nonsense to talk
about the removal of eight millions of the American people from-their homes in America to Africa... The native
land of the American Negro is America. His bones, his mliScles, his sinews, are all American... woe to that
nation when it should employ the sword to drive the Negro from his native land."; January 9'h, 1894, and
news.google.com St. Petersburg Times 'Professor:"'Phoenician may have hit America' by United Press
International, "If a Harvard linguist reads stone ~scnptions right, a Phoenician seafarer-king named Hanno
sailed to North America almost 2,500 years ago. 'Pr'of. Barry Fell translated his latest piece of evidence from an
ancient, inscribed stone on display at a historic~' society in the Cape Cod Canal community of Bourne, Mass. 'It
is similar to a number of other stones fomid 131ong the Atlantic Coast,' he said. Fell and James Whittall, chief
archaeologist for the Early Research Sop,i~ty' of Danielson, Conn., viewed ~d i)hot~graphed- th~ -stone- whlch-was
found by New England settlers in 1~5;.8'and used as a doorstep at an Indian mission. The stone, measuring 45
inches by 5 inches by 15 inche~; -:bears inscriptions which had always been assumed to be Norse, but
untranslatable. After delivering _a'speech at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Monday, Fell returned home
and worked through the night·i)ll"the inscriptions. When he was through, at 4 a.m. Tuesday, he was so excited he
called Whittall. Fell's trcws.Iafion of the two-line inscription: 'Proclamation of Annexation. Do not deface.
Hanno of this takes poss~sion.' Fell said he believes that the last sentence means, 'Hanno takes possession of
this place.' Accor<ljnftb general references, Hanno was a Phoenician seafarer who explored and colonized
the West Coast of'Mrica early in the 5th centurv B.C. He founded seven cities and a trading post along the
African coast, ~d 'probably reached as far south as the coast of present day Gambia or Sierra Leone. An account
of his voyage;~ written in the Carthaginian Temple of Baal survives in a Greek manuscript dating back to
the 10th c~ntury A.D. Scholars consider it a translation from the ancient Punic tongue. Fell said the
inscript;i~ri on the Appuxet stone 'is one more of the same series, evidently belonging to a second voyage that
Hanno' made of which the original Greek account has been lost. But the Greeks remembered that be did
make such a voyage; that is to say they remembered he bad circumnavigated the northern ocean. This
stone comes from that voyage, which, according to our Greek sources, dates from approximately 480 or 475
B.C. They report him as a navigator from Carthage, but the rather numerous inscriptions we bave now
found suggest to us he was not only a navigator but rather a king of Southern Spain, with his principal Port
Cadiz."'; April 17m, 1975, and Prince Angelus Uriel Elymas Bei, author of 'Libretto No. 2- Magnus
Geographicus Permetiri Atgue Familiae Annales Imperium Maurusium Ac Gentilis Ius Sanguinus <The
Great Geodetic SUJ.!Vey and Family Chronicle of the Moorish Empire and it's Bloodright Heirs)- The Book
of Blood and Deeds' with his documents of the Bourne Stone beginning on page 26 in public record
instrument No. 2015080734, and the Ancient Law of Landmarks as found in Deuteronomy 19:14 and 27:17,
Proverbs 22:28 and 23:10-11, Isaiah 40:8, Hosea 5:10, United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211, Public
Law 97-280, referenced as exhibits D); and
v. Whereas, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America
Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 is still in full force and in full effect today, and whereas •.~!!J.e
jus sanguinis -Paleo-Americail, Autocfitlu)noris-- Aboriginal;- Indigenous Native Aniericari Muurs an~::.Pre
Columbian Moors (also called Blackamoors within the last 50 years; i.e. adjective, black plus proper':noun,
Moors) are not subject to the King of the Kingdom of Morocco, but have unalienable rights and are(shlJ. within
the protection of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic
and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 via jus soli by birth within the dominions of the AI Mor~·can Empire, i.e.
North America (see memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwsllink.html for Article 6 of the Treah of Peace and
Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroc~n Empire of 1836;
United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484487, treaty series TS 244-2;c;-~9 Bevans 1286, and
www.state.gov/documents/organization/218912.pdf 'United States Department of\State Treaties in Force- A
List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States iri.':Force on .Ianuarv 1. 2013';
'Peace Tretities' page 202, and 'Honse of Representatives Document of.,tli~ 59th Congress, 2nd Session-
Document No. 326; December 3nl, 1906-March 4th, 1907; Letter from.the Secretary of State, Submitting
Report on the Subject of Citizenship, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad' " ...There are, strictly speaking,
no Moroccan laws relating to citizenship of Moorish subjects in Mo.(ofco. The fundamental laws of this non-
Christian countrv are based entirely upon the Islamitic code,-nt> part of which treats of the subject of
citizenship. There are, howevei", numerous treaties and conventions between the various Christian countries
and the Moorish Empire, by means of which citizenship in this;'Country is defined... (!) Citizenship in Morocco
may be said to be governed by the laws pertaining to the ~fune in other countries, with the exception that all
persons residing in Morocco who cannot prove foreign'citizenship or protection are considered ipso jure as
Moorish subjects. (1 and ;!) Moorish subjects lost-. tlieir nationality only by becoming naturalized in, !!!:
protected by, another country having treaty relations with the Moorish Empire. It was established by the
Convention of Madrid, concluded July 3, 1889, ·:as' follows: ARTICLE XV. Any subject of Morocco who has
been naturalized in a foreign country, ~~Lwho shall return to Morocco, shall, after having remained for a
length of time equal to that which shall,;have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization,
choose between entire submission to the" laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless !!
shall be proved that his naturali'zation in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the
Government of Morocco. Foreigp'~haturalization heretofore acquired by subjects of Morocco according to the
rules established by the laws. o..f each country, shall be continued to them as regards all its effects without any
restriction. The above ruling ~has never yet been acted upon, and should this at any time be contemplated
a
seriously, large number· of naturalized people, American and others, residing in Morocco, would be
affected thereby.~ ~d~~ Residence in foreign parts does not affect the nationality of Moorish subjects...";
August . 3m, 19q6() JJP.- 459-460; in PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/ COUNTY CLERK, REAL
ESTATEROOM '> 102, real estate records instrument No. 2014009391, pp. 51-54, and Blackamoors in
PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT/ COUNTY CLERK, REAL ESTATEROOM 102, real estate records
instrument }'-TO. 2014009391, PP. 55-61; viewable at www.Pulaskiclerk.com, referenced as exhibits E); and
t;:; ~
vi.. ·' Whereas, the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies are foreign
entities as pursuant to the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787-1791, the Bill of Rights and
the; Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI
Moroccan Empire of 1836, and have been since 1933, and are currently operating as foreign corporate colonizers
that do not have de jure status and standing as pursuant to the de jure law of the Constitution for the united
States of America of 1787..,1791, the Bill of Rights and the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the
united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836, and whereas, the current
United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies must not commit a breach of the peace or
breach of trust, and must respect, uphold and honor the de jure political statehood and jurisdiction of the AI
Moroccan Empire and the united States of North America Republic as pursuant to Article 10 and Article U
of the Convention on Rights and Duties of States {inter~American) of 1933, and whereas, in 1960 the United
Nations had called for the end of colonialism in all its forms (see www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/74th-
congress/c74.pdf Article 10- "The prlmarv interest of states is the conservation of peace. Differences of any
nature which arise between them should be settled by· recognized pacific methods.", and Article 11- ''The
contracting states definitely establish as the rule of their conduct the precise obligation not to recognize
territorial acguisitions or special advantages which have been obtained by force whether this consists m'the
employment of arms, in threatening diplomatic representations, or in any other effective coercive.,Dieasure.
The territorv of a state is inviolable and may not be the object of military occupation nor of othet::fiteasures
of force imposed by another state directly or indirectly or for any motive whatever even temporarily."; et al
articles of the Convention on Rights and Duties of States {inter-American) of 1933; United.States Statutes at
Large 49 Stat. 3097-3110, treaty series TS 881; 3 Bevans 145; 165·5~LNTS 19, and
www.state.gov/documents/organizationl218912.pdf 'United States Department of StatctTreaties in Force- A
List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2013';
'States. Rights and Duties' page 477, and www.un.org/en/decolonizationldeclaration.shtml 'Declaration on
the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples' Resolution'-1514 !XV) of December 14!!!,
. 1960, referenced as exhibits F); and ./'-, '
vii; Whereas I, Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: Ol?~~=ango-El©TM; a Paleo-American,
Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muurish aptCPre-Columbian Moorish Freeholder by
Primogeniture Blood Birthright Inheritance to the entire Ameticfs~ Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor,
Creditor and clan member of the Shi-Urkantzu Thunder CJan:Olmec Muurs©TM, and as Founder, Executor/
Authorized Agent and one of the Beneficiaries of Bank Shi-UrkantZu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial
Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust); have the unali~nable absolute right and duty to issue this
International Cease and Desist and lien for the sake of<tlie truth, and for the safety and protection of ~.
trust, trade and convenience of commerce, and fpr/the Paleo-American Muurs' and Pre-Columbian Moors'
lives, liberties, pursuits of happiness, and the Mo~dligh Creatress/ Creator of the heavens and earth's Natural
Law interests in our allodial freehold, fee sirilpie absolute estate in real property; with all land rights, all
/;.-~1 -
mineral rights, all water rights and all, afr, all sky and all space rights, corporeal and incorporeal
hereditaments, and all third party benetidarv rights in Natural Eguity to every contract, arrangement or
agreement made; whether public or piiiate, that takes place upon our lands, due to non-compensation for the
use of our lands, raw materials, mitUral resources, flora and fauna (see the public record instrument No.
2015080734, referenced as exhib~i'G); and
("\'
viii. Whereas, the govefnment of the united States of North America Republic was not in any sense
founded upon the Christian religion (see memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllink.html for historical
reference Article 11 9f ~e Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the United States of America. and the
Bey and Subjects of?friooli. of Barbary; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 154-156, referenced as
exhibit H); and ..~, '·
(:;1
ix. ~ereas, the united States of North America Republic, and the current United States' corporate
democrac;y fMs knowledge of the ancient territories and the ancient history of the Paleo-American Muurish and
Pre-O;>ly)ilbian Moorish AI Moroccan Empire; as the United States Marine Corp bears the territories in their
anthep{; as well as the Mamluk sword as part of their military attire, and whereas, the statue of Sachem/ Chief-
Tamanend of the Lenni Lenape (Delaware Moors) bears a fez {the headdress of the Muurs/ Moors) with him
standing on a turtle (Turtle Island) bearing a five pointed star (the symbol upon the AI Moroccan Empire's
flag) in ancient Shackamaxon (Amexem) now called Philadelphia, and whereas, the busts of the Muurs/ Moors
· wearing fezzes and turbans, wooly hair with misnomer negro features are on the exterior walls of the
Library of Congress, and the ancient presence of the Muurs/ Moors in America has been known for quite some
time by the united States of North America Republic and the current United States' and the current 50 states'
corporate democracies, and whereas, the current United States' corporate democracy also has knowledge of the
ancient Muurish/ Moorish history of the misnomer Indian tribes of the southern lands such as Alabama, Florida,
Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Georgia, Virginia; and Northern lands of Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey,
Maryland and other territories in what is known today as the united States of America; as recorded by the
Spanish, Dutch, French and other European explorers (see www.marines.mil and search for 'The Marines'
!!I!!!!!.', ''From the Halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli...", and 'Mamluk sword', and
www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/images/File!Weeks Bay/DeSoto.pdf American Journeys
Collection 'A Narrative of De Soto's Expedition Based on the Diary of Rodrigo Ranjel. His Private
Secretary' by Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, Document No. AJ-023; Wisconsin Historical ~odety
Digital Library and Archives, "CHAPTER Vll... Sunday, October 10, the Governor entered the .village of c
Tascaluca, which is called Athahachi, a recent village. And the chief was on a kind of balcony on al';:rBound at
one side of the square, his head covered by a kind of coif like a almaizal, so that his headdress was like a
Moor's which gave him an aspect of authority; he also wore a palote or mantle of feathers.·. down to his feet,
very imposing... Before this chief there stood always an Indian of graceful mien holding a parasol on a handle
something like a round and very large fly fm!. with a cross similar to that of the Knights of the Order of St.
.John of Rhodes, _it:~- t:IIe -~ddle of a black fleld, and the cross was wJ:tite."; 2003, pp. 120.:121, and 57th Congress,
1st Session; House of Representatives, Document No. 179; 'Report of therlh.dustrial Commission on
Agriculture and Agricultural Labor. Including Testimony, with Reviewdind Topical Digest Thereof-
Volume X of the Commission's Reports', " ...A most peculiar thing is this<Qnatrefages in his book on the
human race asserts the fact that the Mrican lived on these islands long·Jiefore the discovery of America by
Christopher Columbus. He is high authority, and he says that the Ym:iiasee Indians were negroes, what were
known afterwards as the fiercest of the Indian tribes of· the South~, the well-known Yamasee Indians were
Mricans ... (By Mr. Phillips.) Is it f!£1 that they were much darker than the other Indians? ...Yes; it is fact.
...And the hair was different. too? ...So it is stated by one,of the most distinguished ethnologists in the
world. Another corroborative proof is that the Spaniards foun~~'tliat 1 negro was equal to 10 Indians for work, and
they therefore imported these Indian negroes and carried:them to the West Indies to experiment with."; 1901,
page 824, and 'Researches Into the Lost Historie8'"'hf America; Or the Zodiac Shown to be An Old
Terrestrial Map In Which the Atlantic Isle is Delineated; So That Light Can Be Thrown Upon the Obscure
of
Histories of the Earthworks and Ruined Cities. America' by W.S. Blacket, "Unfortunately, there is nothing
said respecting this figure. But verbal explanation of it is really unnecessary. It tells its own tale admirably. It is
like opening the shutters of a dark room. If tht(Vireinian Indians were found in possession of such an Idol as
this, they must have had histories veiT 'different from those with which North American Indians are
commonly credited. Looking at it, tq9,ughtfu1ly, one can hardly believe that the Virginian Indians worshipped
such a God as this. Perhaps it is orgy~·a picture: but that makes no difference; where did they get it, and how?
Here is a black man, yet he has':not Negro's features. He is well dressed. Then he holds in his hand a very fine
specimen of a Negro's head,. ~bout which there can be no mistake. He is called God of the winds, and he holds
in his hand the symbols of. navigation. But who is he? From what harbour did he set sail? That guestion is
easily answered, from hj.S' features and colour. He comes from Africa. But, is it possible that the Virginian
Indians had intercourse, by navigation, with Mrica, and that before the arrival of the European races! One
is at liberty to he.s~~te before he reaches that conclusion. But why should he be called a God of the Vireinian
Indians? On th~; whole, it is manifest, that the great hiatus of history, which has arisen out of the blunder of the
sunken Island:of the Atlantis, has to be filled up with incidents, histories, and navigation, of which the people of
modem R,urope have at present no reasonable conception. The sudden appearance of this Mrican navigator in
the lodies of the Virginian Indians, acts as a stimulant of thought. Looking at the figure, it suggests the
supposition that the route of Mrica must have supplied the medium of communication between the
inliabitants of the mounds and the shores of the old continent. The distance between the North-Eastern parts
of South America and the coast of Mrica is not greater than the length of the Mediterranean Sea. This
suggestion agrees with the Classical myths. The course of research has now brought this enquiry to those events
which must have opened up the passage of the Atlantic, and it will soon be found that the story hangs on to
Mrica, as being, at least, one of the earliest landing places of the Atlantic race, in their search for
transmarine settlements."; 1884, pp. 195-196, and William Penn's eye witness account of the Lenni Lenape in
'The Friends Library: Comprising .Journals. Doctrinal Treatises, and Other Writings of Members of the
Religious Society of Friends'; edited by William Evans and Thomas Evans, ''The natives I shall consider in their
persons, language, manners, religion and government, with my sense of their original. For their persons, they are
generally tall, straight, well-built and of singular proportion; they tread strong and clever, and mostly walk with a
lofty chin. Of complexion, black, but by design, as the gypsies in England. They grease themselves with bear's
fat clarified, and using no defense against sun or weather, their skins must needs be swarthy. Their eye is little
and black, not unlike a straight-looked Jew."; 1841, page 180, referenced as exhibits D; and
x. Whereas, due to the 1866-1868 coup d'etat of the post Civil War Reconstruction Era, there .i~ a
need to make it as plain as possible that the Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, lndigeno!_ls:'Native
American Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors are not 14th Amendment United States citizen subjects, and
whereas, the corporate administrators called judges who use the 14th Amendment are actuJillY criminals,
treasonists and secessionists against the united States of North America Republic and its C'?~~titution; as they
have deceitfully passed stare decisis embracing the 14th Amendment in Slaughterhouse .:Cases, 83 U.S. 36
(1872) et al, et seq., and whereas, the Utah State Supreme Court in 1968 had stated that the14ih Amendment was
created under military occupation and duress by denial of several southern states' rigbts in the amendment
process as guaranteed by Article 5 of the Constitution, and whereas, according'1:o a 1967 Congressional
Record as requested by Mr. Pryor of Arkansas, and given by Mr. Rarick of Loui~iifia, the 14th Amendment was
never ratified and is unconstitutional, and whereas, in 1957 the General Asseinbly of the corporate State of
Georgia passed a joint resolution declaring both the 14th and 15th Amendments unconstitutional, and whereas,
the 14th Amendment operates as contractual color of law to those 13~t~hl persons labeled as Latino, White,
Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, J\ffiencan Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen,
American and other adjectives and ens legis legal fictions who never refuted their color of law status with a
corrected status by exercising the Human Right to a Natiomilit}r, and by bringing forth the facts proving
non-ratification of the 14th Amendment; thus rendering ~~--'subject
1
Latino, White, Negro, Black, Colored,
Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American lndiaii: West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other
adjectives and ens legis legal fictions as stateless and civiliter mortuus; i.e. dead in the eyes of the law (see the
Congressional Record of the 90th Congress, FirstrSe5sion; June 13th. 1967 'The 14ih Amendment- Equal
Protection Law or Tool of Usumation', "Mr. .Sp-eak:er, arrogantly ignoring clearcut expressions in the
Constitution of the United States, the declared~intent of its drafters notwithstanding, our unelected Federal
judges read out prohibitions of the ConstitUtion of the United States by adopting the fuzzy haze of the 14th
amendment to legislate their personal ideas, prejudices, theories, guilt complexes, aims, and whims ... We
have tolerantly permitted the habitual rilis8se of words to serve as a vehicle to abandon our foundations and
goals. Thus, the present use and exi;ansion of the 141h amendment is a sham ... As our politically appointed
Federal judiciarv proceeds down;tlieir chosen path of chaotic departure from the peoples' government by
substituting their personallaw·.·rationalized under the 14th amendment, their actions and verbiage brand
them and their team as secessionists rebels with pens instead of guns seeking to divide our Union. They
must be stopped. Public:.opinion must be aroused. The Union must and shall be preserved. Mr. Speaker, I
ask to include in the ·~CORD, following my remarks, House Concurrent Resolution 208 of the Louisiana
Legislature urging (this Congress to declare the 14th amendment illegal. Also, I include in the RECORD an
informative and-1•well-annotated treatise on the illegality of the 14th amendment, the play toy of our
secessionist judges; which has been prepared by Judge Leander H. Perez, of Louisiana... There is no such thing
as giving life. . to an amendment illegally proposed or never legally ratified by three-fourths of the states.
There isrno such thing as amendment by laches; no such thing as amendment by waiver; no such thing as
amendment by acquiescence; and no such thing as amendment by any other means whatsoever except the
means specified In Article V of the Constitution Itself... It should need no further citations to sustain the
proposition that neither the .Joint Resolution proposing the 14th Amendment nor Its ratification by the
required three-fourths of the States In the Union were In compliance with the requirements of Article V of
the Constitution. When the mandatory provisions of the Constitution are violated, the Constitution Itself
strikes with nullity the Act that did violence to its provisions. Thus, the Constitution strikes with nullity the
purported 14th Amendment... The Constitution makes It the sworn duty of the judges to uphold the
Constitution which strikes with nullity the 14th Amendment."; pp. H15641-15646, and
georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu!topics!historv/article/the-leo-frank-case/joint-resolution-of-the-georgia-general-
assembly-regarding-the-14th-and-15t .Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly 'Memorial to
Congress- Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void. No. 45 (Senate
Resolution No. 39)', "A Resolution. A memorial to the Congress of the United States of America urging them to
enact such legislation as they may deem fit to declare that the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution
of the United States were never validly adopted and that they are null and void and of no effect... Whereas,
the State of Georgia together with the ten other Southern States declared to have been lately in rebellion ag~nst
the United States, following the termination of hostilities in 1865, met all the conditions laid down by the
President of the United States, in the exercise of his Constitutional powers to recognize the governments of
states, domestic as well as foreign, for t_I:te !eSl@pti~n of practical !elations w_ith the Gov~rn~entRf'the D_nited
States, and at the direction of the President did elect ·Senators and Representatives to the 39"1 f9ngress of the
United States, as a State and States in proper Constitutional relation to the United States; and -~ereas, when the
duly elected Senators and Representatives appeared in the Capitol of the United States.t()'."take their seats at
the time for the opening of the 39th Congress, and again at the times for the opening-of-the 40th and the 41st
Congresses, hostile majorities in both Houses refused to admit them to their seats<,ifi manifest violation of
Articles I and V of the United States Constitution; and Whereas, the said Congr~!J~:es·; not being constituted of
Senators and Representatives from each State as required by the Supreme-Law of the land, were not, in
Constitutional contemplation, anything more than private assemblages uDiawfully attempting to exercise
the Legislative Power of the United States; and Whereas, the so-called 391b.-"congress, which proposed to the
Legislatures of the several States an amendment to the Constitution 6fthe United States, known as the 141b
Amendment, and the so-called 401b Congress, which proposed~/an amendment known as the 15th
Amendment, were without lawful power to propose any amendihent whatsoever to the Constitution; and
Whereas, two-thirds of the Members of the House of Representatives and of the Senate, as they should have
been constituted, failed · to vote for the submission of tliese amendments; and Whereas, all proceedings
subsequently flowing from these invalid proposals, pUrporting to establish the so-called 141b and 151b
Amendments as valid parts of the Constitution, were<n'ull and void and of no effect from the beginning; and
Whereas, furthermore, when these invalid proposalS)were rejected by the General Assembly of the State of
Georgia, and twelve other Southern States, as,-~eJi as of sundrv Northern States, the so-called 39!'1 and 4()ili
Congresses, in flagrant disregard of the United States Constitution, by the use of militarv force, dissolved
the duly recognized State Governments lin·· Georgia and nine of the other southern States and set up
militarv occupation or puppet State governments, which compliantly ratified the invalid proposals, thereby
making (at the point of the bayonet) .ainockerv of Section 4, Article IV of the Constitution, guaranteeing
a
"to every State in this Union Republican Form of Government," and guaranteeing protection to "each of
them against invasion"; and Wliereas, further, the pretended ratification of the so-called 141b and 151b
Amendments by Georgia and:O'tber States whose sovereign powers had been unlawfully seized by force of
arms against the peace and.dignity of the people of those States, were necessary to give color to the claim of
the so-called 401b and 41~! -tongresses that these so-called amendments had been ratified by three-fourths of
the States; and Wh~r~iis~ it is a well-established principle of law that the mere lapse of time does not confirm
by common acquie1.cence an invalidly-enacted provision of law just as it does not repeal by general
desuetude a proVision validly enacted; and Whereas, the continued recognition of the 141b and 151b
Amendment:S::as valid parts of the Constitution of the United States is incompatible with the present day
position of'the United States as the World's champion of Constitutional governments resting upon the
consent of the people given through their lawful representatives; Now, therefore, be it resolved by the General
Asse91bly of the State of Georgia: The Congress of the United States is hereby memorialized and respectfully
uigea to declare that the exclusions of the Southern Senators and Representatives from the 391h, 4()1b and 41st
Congresses were malignant acts of arbitrary power and rendered those Congresses invalidly constituted;
that the forms of law with which those invalid Congresses attempted to clothe the submission of the 141b
and 15th amendments and to cloth the subsequent acts to compel unwilling States to ratify these invalidly
proposed amendments, imparted no validity to these acts and amendments; and that the so-called 14th and
15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States are null and void and of no effect. Be it further
resolved that copies of this memorial be transmitted forthwith by the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the
Senate of the State of Georgia to the President of the United States, the Chief Justice of the United States, the
President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Congress of the United States,
and the Senators and Representatives in the Congress from the State of Qeorgia."; approved March g.!!!, 1957, and
www.justia.com Dvett v. Turner, 20 Utah 2d 403 (1968) 439 P.2d 266, "The United States Supreme Court,
as at present constituted, has departed from the Constitution as it has been interpreted from its inception
and has followed the urgings of social reformers in foisting upon this Nation laws which even Congress
could not constitutionally pass. It has amended the Constitution in a manner unknown to the document
itself. While it takes three fourths of the states of the Union to change the Constitution legally, yet as few as
iiv;""men who have never been elected to office can by judicial fiat accomplish a change just as ntdlcal as
could three fourths of the states of this Nation. As a result of the recent holdings of that :court, the
sovereignty of the states is practically abolished, and the erst while free and independent states' are now in
effect and purpose merely closely supervised units in the federal svstem. We do not believe that justices of
once free and independent states should surrender their constitutional powers without bei,D!i heard from. We
~-"")
would betray the trust of our people if we sat supinely by and permitted the great bulk of our powers to be
taken over by the federal courts without at least stating reasons why it should not~be so. By attempti_ng to
save the dual relationship which bas heretofore existed between state and federal autl(dnty and which is clearly set
out in the Constitution, we think we act in the best interest of our countrv. We:feellike galley slaves chained
to our oars by a power from which we cannot free ourselves, but like slave5.of old we think we must cry out
when we can see the boat heading into the maelstrom directly ahead ·o t'us; and by doing so, we hope the
master of the craft will heed the call and avert the dangers which confront us an. But by raising our voices in
protest we, like the galley slaves of old, expect to be lashed for do~ng'·-so. We are confident that we will not be
struck by 90 per cent of the people of this Nation who long for tlie~ return to the days when the Constitution
was a document plain enough to be understood by an who read it, the meaning of which was set firmly like
a jewel in the matrix of common sense and wise judicial deciSions. We shall not complain if those who berate
us belong to that sman group who refuse to take an oath that they will not overthrow this government by
force. When we bare our legal backs to receive the ':'~tl:ial lashes, we will try to be brave; and should the great
court of these United States decide that in our t:h.irtKing we have committed error, then we shall indeed feel
honored, for we will then be placed on an equal J.o()tfug with all those great justices who at this late date are also
said to have been in error for so many years.:_:J Iii.regard to the Fourteenth Amendment which the present
Supreme Court of the United States haS ' by decision chosen as the basis for invading the rights and
prerogatives of the sovereign states~)<::is appropriate to look at the means and methods by which that
amendment was foisted upon the Nation in times of emotional stress. We have no desire at this time to have
the Fourteenth Amendment declareg-unconstitutional. In fact, we are not asked to do that. We merely want to
show what type of a horse that 'C ourt has to ride in order to justify its usurpation of the prerogatives of the
states. It is common knowledge' that any assumption of power will always attract a certain following, and !f
no resistance is offered to this show of strength, then the asserted oowers are accepted without question ...
The method of amendin(the Federal Constitution is provided for in Article V of the original document. ~
other method will a&omplish this purpose... Despite the fact that the southern states had been functioning
peacefully for two years
7 and had been counted to secure ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment
Congress passed-·the Reconstruction Act, which provided for the military occupation of 10 of the 11
southern states. It excluded Tennessee from military occupation, and one must suspect it was because Tennessee
had ratifj.~"the Fourteenth Amendment on July 7, 1866. The Act further disfranchised practically an white
voters ·an'd provided that no senator or congressman from the occupied states 'c ould be seated in Congress
until.a' new constitution was adopted by each state which would be approved by Congress, and further
proVided that each of the 10 states must ratify the proposed Fourteenth Amendment and the Fourteenth
Amendment must become a part of the Constitution of the United States before the military occupancy
would cease and the states be anowed to have seats in Congress. By the time the Reconstruction Act had
been declared to be the law, three more states had ratified the proposed Fourteenth Amendment, and two
Louisiana and Delaware had rejected it. Then Maryland withdrew its prior ratification and rejected the proposed
Fourteenth Amendment. Ohio followed suit and withdrew its prior ratification, as also did New Jersey. California,
which earlier had voted not to pass upon the proposal, now voted to reject the amendment. Thus 16 of the 37
states had rejected the proposed amendment. By spurious, non-representative governments seven of the
southern states which had theretofore rejected the proposed amendment under the duress of military
occupation and of being denied representation in Congress did attempt to ratify the proposed Fourteenth
Amendment. The Secretary of State on July 20, 1868, issued his proclamation wherein he stated that it was his
duty under the law to cause amendments to be published and certified as a part of the Constitution when he
received official notice that they had been adopted pursuant to the Constitution... Congress was not satisfied
with the proclamation as issued and on the next day passed a concurrent resolution wherein it was resqlyed
'That said fourteenth article is hereby declared to be a part of the Constitution of the United States;; ahd it
shall be duly promulgated as such by the Secretary of State.' Thereupon, William H. Seward, the S.efre'tary of
State, after setting forth the concurrent resolution of both houses of Congress, then certified that tl}~ . 'iiinendment
'has become valid to all intents and purposes as a part of the Constitution of the United'<States.' The
Constitution of the United States is silent as to who should d~ide whether a proposed amen~ent' has or has not
been passed according to formal provisions of Article V of the Constitution. The Supreme Conrt of the United
States is the ultimate authority on the meaning of the Constitution and has never hesitated in a proper case
to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional except when the act purported to .amend the Constitution.
The duty of the Secretary of State was ministerial, to wit, to count and dete~e when three fourths of the
states had ratified the proposed amendment. He could not deten:niile that a· state once having rejected a
proposed amendment could thereafter approve it, nor could he determine<tliat a state once having ratified
that proposal could thereafter reject it. The court and not Congresf~should determine such matters.
Consistency would seem to require that a vote once cast would be fin!d(oi-would not be final, whether the first
vote was for ratification or rejection. In order to have 27 states .i~tlfy the Fourteenth Amendment, it was
necessary to count those states which had first rejected and then under the duress of military occupation
had ratified, and then also to count those states which initihlly ratified but subsequently rejected the
proposal. To leave such dishonest counting to a fractional:'part of Congress is dangerous in the extreme.
What is to prevent any political partv having control ot~both houses of Congress from refusing to seat the
opposition and then without more passing a joint reSolution to the effect that the Constitution is amended
and that it is the duty of the Administrator of~~the General Services Administration to proclaim the
adoption? Would the Supreme Court of the United States still say the problem was political and refuse to
determine whether constitutional standards-had been met? How can it be conceived in the minds of anyone
that a combination of powerful states (':ctin by force of arms deny another state a right to have
representation in Congress until it haSVratified an amendment which its people oppose? The Fourteenth
Amendment was adopted by means-almost as bad as that suggested above. We have spoken in the hope that
the Supreme Court of the United States may retreat from some of its recent decisions affecting the rights of
a sovereign state to determineCfor itself what is proper procedure in its own courts as it affects its own
citizens. However, we realizeJiiat because of that Court's superior power, we must pay homage to it even though
we disagree with it...", ~P · Www.justia.com the stare decisis of Marbury v. Madison. 5 U.S. 137 (1803),
"Certainly all those who·;h~ve framed written Constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and
paramount law of the dation, and consequently the theory of every such government must be that an act of the
Legislature repugOilnt ·to the Constitution is void... If an act of the Legislature repugnant to the
Constitution is:-void, does it, notwithstanding its invalidity, bind the Courts and oblige them to give it effect? Or,
in other words; though it be not law, does it constitute a rule as operative as if it was a law? This would be to
overthrow¥W fact what was established in theory, and would seem, at first view, an absurdity too gross to be
insisted on. It shall, however, receive a more attentive consideration... This doctrine would subvert the very
foundation of all written Constitutions. It would declare that an act which, according to the principles and
theory of our government, is entirely void, is yet, in practice, completely obligatory. It would declare that, if
the Legislature shall do what is expressly forbidden, such act, notwithstanding the express prohibition, is in
reality effectual. It would be giving to the Legislature a practical and real omnipotence with the same breath
which professes to restrict their powers within narrow limits. It is prescribing limits, and declaring that those
limits may be passed at pleasure... Thus, the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States
confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written Constitutions, that a law
repugnant to the Constitution is void, and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that
instrument."; Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425 (1886), "An unconstitutional act is not a law; it confers
no rights; it imposes no duties; it affords no protection; it creates no office; it is in legal contemplation as
inoperative as though it had never been passed."; Hawke v. Smith. 253 U.S. 221 (1920), "The Fifth Article is
a grant of authority by the people to Congress. The determination of the method of ratification is the exercise
of a national power specifically granted by the Constitution; that power is conferred upon Congress, and ~
limited to two methods, by action of the legislatures of three-fourths of the states, or conventions in a like
number of states... The framers of the .Constitution might have adopted a different method. Ratification might
have been left to a vote of the people, or to some authority of government other than that selected. The lanifuage
of the article is plai!!. and admits of no doubt in its interpretation. It is not the function of coiirts or
legislative bodies, national or state, to alter the method which the Constitution has. fiXed.", and
Slaughterhouse Cases. 83 U.S. 36 (1872), "The process of restoring to their proper relations with the
Federal government and with the other States those which had sided with the rebellio!!, undertaken under
the proclamation of President .Johnson in 1865 and before the assembling of Congress,;d~veloped the fact
that, notwithstanding the formal recognition by those States of the abolition of slaven';'the condition of the
slave race would, without further protection of the Federal government be almost~as bad as it was before.
Among the first acts of legislation adopted by several of the States in the legislati"e bodies which claimed to
be in their normal relations with the Federal government were laws which miposed upon the colored race
onerous disabilities and burdens and curtailed their rights in the pursuitof life, liberty, and property to
such an extent that their freedom was of little value, while they had lost the protection which they had
received from their former owners from motives both of interest and:hlunanity. They were in some States
forbidden to appear in the towns in any other character than menialservants. They were reguired to reside
on and cUltivate the soil without the right to purchase or ,.6\vn it. They were excluded from many
occupations of g~ and were not permitted to give testimoni:in the courts in any case where a white man
was a party. It was said that their lives were at the mercy of bad men, either because the laws for their
protection were insufficient or were not enforcedf\·These circumstances, whatever of falsehood or
misconception may have been mingled with their presentation, forced upon the statesmen who bad conducted the
Federal government in safety through the crisis of t:Qe~rebellion, and who supposed that, by the thirteenth article of
amendment, they bad secured the result of their .l!i.bbrs, the conviction that something more was necessary in the
way of constitutional protection to the unfort\l~ate race who bad suffered so much. They accordingly passed
through Congress the proposition for the :fourteenth amendment, and they declined to treat as restored to
their full participation in the governmeiit bf the Union the States which had been in insurrection until they
ratified that article by a formal vote of their legislative bodies. Before we proceed to examine more critically
the provisions of this amendment, 011 :which the plaintiffs in error rely, let us complete and dismiss the history
of the recent amendments, ·as th~t history relates to the general purpose which pervades them all ... The
question presented is, therefor~;' hne of the gravest importance not merely to the parties here, but to the whole
country. It is nothing less than'the question whether the recent amendments to the Federal Constitution protect the
citizens of the United s~i~s against the deprivation of their common rights by State legislation. In my judgment,
the fourteenth amen9!D~nt does afford such protection, and was so intended by the Congress which framed and
the States which,adopted it... It is not necessary, however, as I have said, to rest my objections to the act in
question upon (!he terms and meaning of the thirteenth amendment. The provisions of the fourteenth
amendment/which is properly a supplement to the thirteenth, cover, in my judgment, the case before us, and
inhibit any }lekislation which confers special and exclusive privileges like these under consideration... The first of
these q~estions is one of vast importance, and lies at the very foundations of our government. The guestion is
now·,settled by the fourteenth amendment itself, that citizenship of the United States is the primary
citizenship in this country, and that State citizenship is secondary and derivative, depending upon
citizenship of the United States and the citizen's place of residence... Admitting, therefore, that formerly the
States were not prohibited from infringing any of the fundamental privileges and immunities of citizens of the
United States, except in a few specified cases, that cannot be said now, since the adoption of the fourteenth
amendment.", and Georgia v. Stanton. 73 U.S. 50 (1867) for the destruction of the southern states'
governments while placed under military jurisdictions after the civil war, and the Supreme Court of the United
States being stripped of jurisdiction to role the Reconstruction Acts and actions taken under them as
unconstitutional, and 'A Divine Warning By The Prophet For The Nations' by Noble Drew Ali, ''The 14th and
15ih Amendments brought the North and South in unit, placing the Southerners who were at that time without
power, with the constitutional body of power. And at that time, 1865, the free national constitutional law that
was enforced since 1774 declared all men egual and free, and if all men are declared by the free national
constitution to be free and equal since that constitution has never been changed, there is no need for the
application of the 141b and 151b Amendments for the salvation of our people and citizens.", referenced as
exhibits J); and ·:-_ .
.,_ J. r
xi. Whereas, fines and punishments has been prescribed for the Latino, White, Negro, Black, <f6Iored,
Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American{ltiid other
adjectives and ens legis legal fictions of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies who try to conspire against Muurs/ Moors, and subject Muurs/ Moors and theP",' property to the
color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or cnstom in the texts of 18 USC 241 and.l~fUSC 242 (see the
uscode.house.gov Title 18, Section 241 'Conspiracy against rights', "If two or more~persons conspire to
injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in any State, Territory, Commokl~ealth, Possession, or
District in the free exercise or enjovment of any right or privilege secured to bfui by the Constitution or
laws of the United States, or because of his having so exercised the same; <;>r.l ff two or more persons go in
disguise on the highway, or on the premises of another, with intent to prevent' or ·hinder his free exercise or
enjoyment of any right or privilege so secured- They shall be fined un~er· this title or imprisoned not more
than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in,Vi~lation of this section or if such acts
include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated
sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this ,q.tle or imprisoned for any term of years or
for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death.", and uscode.hoiiSe.gov Title 18, Section 242 'Deprivation of
rights under color of law', "Whoever, under color of any/ law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom,
willfully subjects any person in any State, Territocy, '"Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the
deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities sediroo or protected by the Constitution or laws of the
United States, or to different punishments, pains, o.t;'penalties, on account of such person being an alien, or
by reason of his color, or race, than are prescribed-for the punishment of citizens, shall be fined under this
. title or imprisoned not more than one year, or ho'th; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in
violation of this section or if such acts inciude the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous
weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be fined,under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and
if death results from the acts committed- in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an
attempt to kidnap, aggravated seXfuil. abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or !!!!
attempt to kill, shall be fmed Ul!,q~f this title, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may
be sentenced to death.", referenced
, .,j,
as exhibits K); and
xii. Whereas, the ~urient United States and the current 50 States have been in democracy since the era
of the United States PreSident Franklin D. Rooseveli's incumbency beginning in 1933, and whereas,~
democracy was institUted by him as a rounded and permanent national life, and whereas, the Democracy in
and of itself is -a. coup d'etat and a breach of the peace, and a breach of trust as pursuant to de jure
Constitutional,law and treaty law (see www.inaugural.senate.gov and search titles Address by Franklin D.
Roosevelt. ,1933, "But in the event that the Congress shall fail to take one of these two courses, and in the
event that the national emergency is still critical, I shall not evade the clear course of duty that will then
confronfme. I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis- broad Executive
power' to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in
fa'ci'invaded by a foreign foe. For the trust reoosed in me I will return the courage and the devotion that
befit the time. I can do no less. We face the arduous days that lie before us in the warm courage of the national
unity; with the clear consciousness of seeking old and precious moral values; with the clean satisfaction that
comes from the stem performance of duty by old and young alike. We aim at the assurance of a rounded and
permanent national life. We do not distrust the future of essential democracy. The people of the United
States have not failed. In their need they have registered a mandate that they want direct, vigorous action.
They have asked for discipline and direction under leadership. They have made me the present instrument
of their wishes. In the spirit of the gift I take it.", and Address by Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1937, "Four years of
new experience have not belied our historic instinct. They bold out the clear hope that government within
communities, government within the separate States, and government of the Uilited States can do the things
the times require, without yielding its democracy. Our tasks in the last four years did not force democracy to
take a holiday. Nearly all of us recognize that as intricacies of human relationships increase, so power to govern ,
them also must increase- power to stop evil; power to do good. The essential democracy of our Nation and
the safety of our peoole deoend not upon the absence of vower, but upon lodging it with those whqm 'the
people can change or continue at stated intervals through an honest and free system of elecJi~h~. The
Constitution of 1787 did not make our democracy imPOtent. In fact, in these last four years, we .Have made
the exercise of all vower more democratic; for we have begun to bring private autocratic powets into their
proper subordination to the public's government. The legend that they were invincible- above and beyond
the processes of a democracy- bas been shattered. They have been challenged and. beaten... (Emphasis
added: This is proof that each state within the union of states for the united StateS of North America
Republic was overthrown by the Democracy) ...Among men of good will, science··afid democracy together
offer an ever- richer life and ever- larger satisfaction to the individual. With ~$~Change in our moral climate
and our rediscovered ability to improve our economic order, we have set our.:::fdet upon the road of enduring
progress ... But here is the challenge to our democracy: In this nation I se~tens of millions of its citizens- a
substantial part of its whole population- who at this very moment are depi1;d the greater part of what the very
lowest standards of today call the necessities of life... To maintain a]i(;mocracy of effort reguires a vast .
amount of patience in dealing with differing methods, a vast amo.y!}h>f humility. But out of the confusion of
many voices rises an understanding of dominant public need(Then political leadership can voice common
ideals, and aid in their realization.", and Address by Franklin~:D: Roosevelt. 1941, ''There are men who doubt
this. There are men who believe that democracy, as a fornf·ot Government and a frame of life, is limited or
measured by a kind of mystical and artificial fate that::~for some unexolained reason, tyranny and slavery
have become the surging wave of the future- and tha~(freedom is an ebbing tide... These later years have been
living years- fruitful years for the people of this deiilocracy. For they have brought to us greater security and, I
hope, a better understanding that life's ideals ar~.tq-b'e measured in other than material things. Most vital to our
present and our future is this exoerience of.;{democracy which successfully survived crisis at home; put
away many evil things; built new structures~con enduring lines; and, through it all, maintained the fact of itS
democracy. For action has-been tak:~ri _)Yijb{n the- three:way-framework-of the Constitution of the United States.
The coordinate branches of the Governthent continue freely to function. The Bill of Rights remains inviolate.
The freedom of elections is wholly:(_.;~i-ntained. Prophets of the downfall of American democracy have seen
their dire predictions come to naught. Democracy is not dying ...We know it because democracy alone, of all
forms of government, enlists)he full force of men's enlightened will. We know it because democracy alone
bas ccinstriiCte(fan unlimited civilization capable of infimte progress 'in the improvement ofhuman fife ... In
the face of great perils :~iver before encountered, our strong purpose is to protect and to perpetuate the
integrity of democracy:", and 16 American .Jurisprudence ld., Constitutional Law; Sec. 98 (1962)- 'Effect of
public emergency'~-''Wbile an emergency cannot create power, and no emergency justifies the violation of
any of the proviSions of the United States Constitution or State Constitutions. Public emergency such as
economic depression for especially liberal construction of constitutional powers, and it has been declared that
because _qfJnational exigency, it is the policy of the courts of times of national peril, so liberally to construe
the soecial vowers vested in the chief executive as to sustain an effectuate the purpose there of, and to that
end ;a.Jso more liberally to construe the constituted division and classification of the powers of the coordinate
branches of the government, and in so far as may not be clearly inconsistent with the constitution to vest
extraordinary powers in the chief executive. On the other hand, a contention that a grave emergency such as the
Depression should permit construction of the constitutional provisions which would meet the emergency,
was rejected in one case, the court holding that neither the legislature, nor any executive or judicial officer
may disregard the provisions of the Constitution in cases of an emergency where the plain and uneguivocal
terms of the Constitution present to guestion of construction as to departures in emergencies." ~
emergency can grant vowers that supersede the Constitution.), referenced as exhibits L); and
xiii. Whereas, the Supreme Court of the United States has passed stare decisis embracing democracy as
if it was the original form of government, and whereas, this stare decisis in and of itself is a breach of the peace
and a breach of trust as pursuant to de jure Constitutional law and treaty law (see www.justia.com the stare
~of American Communications Assn. v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382 (1950), "Our Constitution relies on our
electorate's complete ideological freedom to nourish independent and responsible intelligence and preserve our
democracy from that submissiveness, timidity and herd-mindedness of the masses which would foster a tyranny
of mediocrity... If any single characteristic distinguishes our democracy from Communism, it is :our
recognition of the individual as a personality ..."; Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. 343 U.S.' 579
(1952), "A constitutional democracy like ours is perhaps the most difficult of man's social arrangements to
manage successfully ... For our democracy implies the reign of reason on the most extensive s~:;~e... a most
delicate matter that has occupied the thoughts of statesmen and judges since the Nation was fo.qrtded and will
continue to occupy their thoughts as long as our democracy lasts, .."; New York Times Co;.v~ Sullivan, 376
U.S. 254 (1964), '" ...But the people of this nation have ordained, in the light of history, that, in spite of the
probability of excesses and abuses, these liberties are, in the long view, essential to enligh~ened opinion and right
conduct on the part of the citizens of a democracy.'... 'For a representative democracy ceases to exist the
moment that the public functionaries are by any means absolved from their respons,iJ)ility to their constituents ... "';
U.S. Term limits Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al. 514 U.S. 779 (1995), ".,::''fundamental principle of !!!!!:
representative democracy... that the people should choose whom they please 'to govern them,' ... In sum, -the
available historical and textual evidence, read in light of the basic principles of democracy underlying the
Constitution... States to evade the Qualifications Clauses by 'dress[ing] eligibility to stand for Congress in ballot
access clothing' trivializes the basic principles of our democracy ...··~; ' and Citizens United v. Federal Election
Commission (2010), "Because speech is an essential mechanism ofdemocracy, it is the means to hold officials
accountable to the people, political speech must prevail against laws that would suppress it by design or
inadvertence... Political speech is 'indispensable to decision m3king in a democracy, and this is no less true
because the speech comes from a corporation.' ... And th¢ :-appearance of influence or access will not cause the
electorate to lose faith in this democracy.", reference~ 'a's exhibits M); and
xiv. Whereas, the State of Arkansas is now wider a democracy, as admitted by the former Governor for
the State of Arkansas, Mike Beebe and the Sup~me Court of the United States, and whereas, the President of the
United States, Barack H. Obama, has recepdy 'concurred in his post-election speech regarding United States
President-elect Donald Trump; that the cuirent United States and the current 50 states are still under a
democracy (see realclearpolitics.cornlarticles/2009/01/arkansas governor mike beebes.html Real Clear
Politics 'Arkansas Governor Mike Beebe's State of the State Address' J~uary 13.!!!, 4009, by Mike Beebe, "I
have spoken repeatedly about re~tonng our people's faith in their government and the individuals they elect to
lead it. Last year showed us ~ presidential campaign with strong words and accusations on all sides. It showed us
scandal and corruption in respected seats of power. It reinforced the cynicism of those who already doubted their
leaders. Restoring confidence is a commitment we owe to our citizens and our democracy ... And most
importantly, we can re~tore in their minds and in their hearts the understanding and the idea that the institutions
which have held this: country together for over 200 years - the republic form of government which elects people
to look out for their interests and to exercise their will; the democratic process that says we never lose faith with
the people thafwe represent, and that we do what we tell them we're going to do- can restore the faith in our
leaders and,in our government, and reduce that cynicism that is such a cancer and which must be combated.", and
www.justia.com Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), ''The antecedents of today's decision are many,
and .u4roistakable. They are rooted in the foundation soil of our Nation. They are fundamental to freedom.
Goveimn.ent in our democracy, state and national, must be neutral in matters of religious theory, doctrine, and
practice.", and time.com/4570480/read-obama-press-conference-transcript/ TIME Magazine 'Read
President Obama's Remarks From His First Post-Election Press Conference' by Mahita Gajanan, November
14!!!, 2016; President Barack H. Obama admits, "It's not something that the constitution explicitly requires but it
is one of those norms that are vital to a functioning democracy, similar to norms of civility and tolerance and a
commitment to reason and facts and analysis ... Gwen was a friend of ours, she was an extraordinary journalist,
she always kept faith with the fundamental responsibilities of her profession, asking tough questions, holding
'_ , .. ,.
people in power accountable, and defending a strong and free press that makes our democracy work... Things
change pretty rapidly. But they don't change inevitably. They change because you work for it. Nobody said
Democracy's supposed to be easy ... But the people have spoken. Donald Trump will be the next president, the
45th President of the United States... And those who didn't vote for him have to recognize that that's bow
democracy works. That's how this system operates ... But you know, the federal government and our
democracy is not a speedboat... And I actually was pretty proud of how our democracy processed that...",
referenced as .exhibits N); and ·~ ·y
xv. Whereas, the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies are alf'based
upon a 148 year old fraud and deception known as the 14th Amendment, an 83 year old fraud and deception
known as democracy. and an 83 year old fraud and deception of hiding their bankruptcy_a:gilinst lawful
money solvency as pursuant to Article l, Section 10 of the Constitution for the united StateS"of America of
1787-1791, and the Coinage Act of 1792, United States Statutes at Large 1 Stat. 246-251( aiid whereas, these
frauds and deceptions have been and are continuing to work against the truth and the founding principles of
how the united States of North America Republic was established, and whereas, all·truth belongs to the Most
High Creatress/ Creator of the heavens and earth, and whereas, these frauds alief deceptions have created
illegal conditions of existence for the current United States' and the current 50 state·s; corporate democracies, and
whereas, it is an impossibility for all public officials, officers, agents anQ..-~mployees of the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies to legislate, execute 'or adjudicate any de jure laws in
their current civiliter mortuus statuses (see gpo.gov//fdsys/pkg!STATIJTE-96/pdf/STATUTE-96-Pg121l.pdf
'Joint Resolution Authorizing and requesting the President to proei3im 1983 as the ''Year of the Bible"',
United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211, Public Law 97,.280; 97ih Congress, approved October 4'h,
1982, ''Whereas the Bible, the Word of God, has made a uniq~fc.ontribution - in shaping the United States as a
distinctive and blessed nation and people; Whereas deeply .h~ld religious convictions springing from the Holy
ScriptUres led to the early settlement of our Nation; WQer"eas Biblical teachings inspired concepts of civil
government th_at are contained in our Declaration of lnd~pendence and the Constitution of the United States;
Whereas many of our great national leaders- among t,gem ·Presidents Washington, Jackson, Lincoln, and Wilson-
paid tribute to the surpassing influence of the Bible;iil our country's development, as in the words of President
Jackson that the Bible is "the rock on which O'ur Republic rests"; Whereas the history of our Nation clearly
illustrates the value of voluntarily applying the,'teachings of the Scriptures in the lives of individuals, families, and
societies; Whereas this Nation now faces,gr~at challenges that will test this Nation as it has never been tested
before; and Whereas that renewing O':lf''iaiowledge of and faith in God through Holy Scripture can strengthen us
. as a nation and .a people: Now, th~~fote, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Con2ress assembled, That the President is authorized and requested to designate
1983 as a national "Year of the~',Bible" in recognition of both the formative influence the Bible has been for our
Nation, and our national need to study and apply the teachings of the Holy Scriptures.", and Proverbs 6:2,
''Thou art snared with .tiie words of thy mouth, thou art taken with the words of thy mouth."; Proverbs
12:22, "Lying.lips are,abomination to the LORD: but they that deal truly are his delight."; Proverbs 13:5,
"A righteous man liateth lying: but a wicked man is loathsome, and cometh to ·shame.";-Proverbs 22:20-21,
"Have not I written to thee excellent things in counsels and knowledge, That I might make thee know the
certainty of the-'Words of truth; that thou mightest answer- the words of truth to them that send unto thee?"
(emphasis :·a dded: this Biblical verse is an affidavit), and from the Prophecies and Hadiths of Noble Drew
Ali, "Sister A. Brown El of Temple 4 and 25 said that the Holy Prophet (Noble Drew Ali) said, 'Don't throw
away 'your Bibles, because I am going to use them to condemn the government."', and Black's Law
Dicti6narv. 4th Ed., 1968- ••Nihil possumus contra veritatem. We can do nothing against truth." "Veritas, a
quocunque dicitur. a Deo est. Truth. by whomsoever pronounced. is from God." ••Qui non libere veritatem
pronunciat, proditor est veritatis. He who does not freely sneak the truth is a betrayer of the truth."
ILLEGAL CONDmONS. All those that are impossible, or contrary to law, immoral, or repugnant to the
nature of the transaction. IMPOSSmiLITY. That which, in the constitution and course of nature or the
law, no man can do or perform. "Nemo tenetur ad impossibile. No one is bound to an impossibility." "Lex
non cogit ad impossibilia. The law does not compel the doing of impossibilities." "Law disfavoreth
impossibilities.", referenced as exhibits 0)
xvi. Whereas, State officials must still adhere to the Constitution in its purest form as a republic
compact (see www.justia.com the stare decisis of Luther v. Borden. 48 U.S. 1 (1849) "The fourth section of
the fourth article of the Constitution of the United States provides that the -U nited States shall guarantee to
every State in the Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invas~(Jn,
and on the application of the legislature or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) agaiiist
domestic violence. Under this article of the Constitution, it rests with Congress to decide what governm~nih the
established one in a State. For as the United States guarantee to each State a republican goV~imnent,
Congress mustnecessarily_decide what government is established in the State before it can detefllli_n€,whether it is
republican or not. And when the senators and representatives of a State are admitted into tl,1~:councils of the
Union, the authority of the government under which they are appointed, as well as its republican character,
is recognized by the proper constitutional authority... Unquestionably a military government, established
as the permanent government of the State, would not be a republican government, · ~d it would be the duty
of Congress to overthrow it..."; United States v. Cruikshank, 92- U.S. 542 (1875), ''The very idea of!
government republican in form implies a right on the part of its citizens to m~fi)eaceably for consultation in
respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances ... The egualii'y of the rights of citizens is a
principle of republicanism. Every republican government is in duty bouiid to protect all its citizens in the
enjoyment of this principle, if within its power. That duty was origimilly assumed by tbe States, and it still -
remains there. The only obligation resting upon the United States is tQ see
' {!,_ /
that the States do not deny the right.",
and Cooper v. Aaron. 358 U.S. 1 (1958), " ...constitutional rightS.:: are not to be sacrificed or yielded to ...
violence ... and disorder... Article VI of the Constitution m~es" the Constitution the 'supreme Law of the
Land.' In 1803, Chief Justice Marshall, speaking for a un~nlliious Court, referring to the Constitution as 'the
fundamental and paramount law of the nation,' ... Art. Ni'of the Constitution makes it of binding etfect on
the States 'any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of<'a ny State to the Contrary notwithstanding.' Every
state legislator and executive and judicial officer is solemnly committed by oath taken pursuant to Art. VL £!.
~ 'to support this Constitution.' Chief Justice Taniy, speaking for a unanimous Court in 1859, said that this
requirement reflected the framers' 'anxiety to preserve it [the Constitution) in full fore~ in all its powers, and
to guard against resistance to or evasion,of_;its authority, on the part of a State.. .' No state legislator or
executive or judicial officer can war agaiDst the Constitution without violating his undertaking to support
u... 'If the legislatures of the several states may at will, annul the judgments of the courts of the United States,
and destroy the rights acquired under those judgments, the constitution itself becomes a solemn mockery ... "'
We are now asked to hold that th~,ifiegal, forcible interference ... with the continuance of what the Constitution
commands, and the conseq);l~nces in disorder that it entrained, should be recognized as justification... N!!
explanation that may be offered in support of such a request can obscure the inescapable meaning that law
should bow to force. Tq,yield to such a claim would be to enthrone official lawlessness, and lawlessness, if not
checked, is the precursor of anarchy ... Violent resistance to law cannot be made a legal reason for its
snspension withoufl~osening the fabric of our society. What could this mean but to acknowledge that disorder
under the aegis of a State has moral superiority over the law of the Constitution? ·. .. The State 'must... yield
to an authoritv' tliat is paramount to the State."', referenced as exhibits P); and
·'"· ."'
xvii. --;1 Y\Vhereas, the united States of North America Republic was firmly established as a Republic, and
wherea~/ in the establishment of the Republic, President James Madison had warned of the dangers of
democracy (see thomas.loc.govlbomelhistdox/fedpapers.html The Federalist Papers and search title 'No. 10
The-Same Subject Continued The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection', "If a
faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican principle, which enables the
majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote. It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society;
but it will be unable to execute and mask its violence under the forms of the Constitution... From this view of
the subject it may be conclude<\ that a pure democracy, l:ly which I 111~ a society consisting of a small number
of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs
of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; !
coinmunication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the
inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies
have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal
security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent
in their deaths. Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of government, have erroneously
supposed that by reducing mankind to a perfect eauality in their ·-political .rights, they would, at the same
time, be oerfectiy equalized and assimilated in their possessions, their opinions, and their oassioiis: A
. republic, by which I mean a government in which the scheme of representation takes place, opens a,.llifferent
prospect, and promises the cure for which we are seeking. Let us examine the points in which it v'aries from
pure democracy, and we shall comprehend both the nature of the cure and the efficacv which i~must derive
from the Union. The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic' are: first, the
delegation of the government in the latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the~rest; secondly, the
greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may. b'e extended ... On the
other hand, the effect may be inverted. Men of factious tempers, of local prejudices; or of sinister designs,
may, by intrigue, by corruption, or by other means, first obtain the suffrages, ~n1:1· then betray the interests,
of the people. The question resulting is, whether small or extensive republicS -are more favorable to the
election of proper guardians of the public weal; and it is clearly decided in.favor of the latter by two obvious
considerations: In the first place, it is to be remarked that, howeyer~ small the republic may be, the
representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to I!Wlrd li!!'iunst the cabals of a few; and that,
however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, ,in''order to guard against the confusion of a
multitude. Hence, the number of representatives in the two casev'hot being in proportion to that of the two
constituents, and being proportionally greater in the small ~epliblic, it follows that, if the proportion of fit
characters be not less in the large than in the small repuq1}c; the former will present a greater option, and
consequently a greater probability of a fit choice. In th~ ;,Q'ext place, as each representative will be chosen by a
greater number of citizens in the large than in the siil'all republic, it will be more difficult for unworthy
candidates to practice with success the vicious ~lis by which elections are too often carried; and the
suffrages of the people being more free, will be ~o~eiikely to centre in men who possess the most attractive merit
and the most diffusive and established characteh ... The other point of difference is, the mater number of
,/
citizens and extent of territory which mayi:be brought within the compass of republican than of democratic
· government; and it is this circumstance <piincipally which renders factious combinations less to be dreaded
in the former than in the latter... H~J1Ce, it clearly appears, that the same advantage which a republic has over
a democracy, in controlling the etfeets of faction, is enjoyed by a large over a small republic, - is enjoyed by
the Union over the States comOOsing it... In the extent and proper structure of the Union, therefore, we behold a
republican remedy for the diSeases most incident to republican government. And according to the degree of
pleasure aridpride we fe~l.,tn· 6eing republicans, ought to be our-zeal in chensliing the spirit aiid supportfug the
character of Federalists.'?·; ~referenced as exhibit Q); and
a., ~
xviii. Wherea81,> the current United States' and the ct.irrent 50 states' corporate democracies know the truth
that the lawful f«irln of government is a Republic, and they are currently operating outside of the law in the
text of 4 USC -~4 ·(see the uscode.house.gov Title 4, Section 4 'Pledge of allegiance to the flag; manner of
delivery', ·~e Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag: 'I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America,
and to tlie' Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.'',
referericoo as exhibit R); and j
?'
0 ~ Whereas, according to the 3~ President of the United States Jimmy Carter, the current United States'
and the current 50 states' corporate democracies have morohed into puppets for the wealthy, and have now
become oligarchies, and whereas, according to House of Representatives' Republican Congressman Allen
Bernard West, the United States of America is not a nation, but a corporation, and whereas, natural persons
labeled as Latino, White, Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian,
West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other adjectives and ens legis legal fictions have no nationality and
are subjects/ property of a corporation pursuant to Section 1 of the 14th Amendment, and whereas, these
natural persons labeled as Latino, White, Negro, Black, Colored, Mro-American, Asian, African-American,
American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other adjectives and ens legis legal fictions; which are
operating as public officials, are in actuality a dulocracy (see www.rollingstone.com/politics/videos/jimmy-
carter-u-s-is-an-oligarchy-with-unlimited-political-bribery-20150731 Rolling Stone '.Jimmy Carter: U.S. Is
an 'Oligarchy With Unlimited Political Bribery' by Daqiel Kreps, ~'Former President Jimmy Carter had some
harsh words to say about the current state of America's electoral process, calling the country 'an oligarchy with
unlimited political bribery' resulting in 'nominations for president or to elect the president.' When as~ed this
week by The Thorn Hartmann Program (via The Intercept) about the Supreme Court's April 2014 ,~ision to
eliminate limits on campaign donations, Carter said the ruling 'violates the essence. of what made::America a
great countrv in its political system.' The 3~ president also voiced concerns that the limitless flgw/of campaign
cash severely favors those already in office. 'The same thing applies to governors and U.s:· senators and
congress members,' Carter said. 'So now we've just seen a complete subversion of our Jfolitical system as a
payoff to major contributors, who want and expect and sometimes get favors for:themselves after the
election's over.' Carter's comments come as the 2016 presidential race tops 20,,cartdidates, most of them
Republicans. 'The inciunbents: · Democrats and RepubliCans, look upon this ufilfunted money as a great
benefit to themselves,' Carter said. 'Somebody's who's already in Congress ha's alot more to sell to an avid
contributor than somebody who's just a challenger.":;;:.. · July 31_g, 2015, and
postonpolitics.blog.palmbeachpost.com/2011/03/10/allen-wests-answer-toi'fox-on-government-shutdown-
draws-democratic-heat; Palm Beach Post, a subsidiary of Cox Me9J~JGroup and Cox Enterprises, Inc.; the
article 'Allen West's answer to Fox on government shutdown draws Democratic heat'; by George Bennett.
Andrew Peter Napolitano, who is also the Senior Judicial Analys! {or Fox News Channel; was told by the House
of Representatives' Republican Congressman Allen Bemar~LfWest for the State of Florida, ''Well you're
absolutely right, Judge. What we have to look at is the"Ptesident is the chief executive officer of this
corporation called the United States of America."; Match 10"', 2011, and Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Ed.,
.122!!- "Duloeracy. A government where servants ana<siaves have so much license and privilege that they
domineer.", referenced as exhibits S); and 0'
1
xx. Whereas, according to a 1932 <;;prigtessional Record as given by Mr. McFadden, the Federal
Reserve Bank system went bankrupt in ,i932 and practically bankrupted the de jure government, and
whereas, a system of peonage was created-.3tter this bankruptcy under the credit/ debt system of the Federal
Reserve Bank system and its banking tlf:Tiliates; which is debt slavery, and whereas, according to United States
Congressman Mr. McFadden, the ~e9eral Reserve Bank system and its banking afftliates had the intentions of
shackling all natural persons witli::'debt from the cradle to the grave who are labeled as Latino, White, Negro,
Black, Colored, Afro-American~;Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American
and other adjectives and.ens '[~gis legal fictions that exist today within the current United States' and the current
50 states' corporate dell,l!fcracies, and whereas, this system of peonage has been in effect since the era of the
United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's incumbency of the New Deal "emergency wartime
necessity" governnient of democracy, and whereas, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared
war upon the uriite'd States of North America Republic and the its states' citizens, and the Moors/ Moors of
the Mahgreb .~f Agsa; Morocco farthest West of the AI Moroccan Empire, and whereas, all of the people of
the land were captured in commerce and made prisoners of war in the democracy; which remains the
current/state of affairs even to this day, and whereas, during a time of war, such as the silent war between
the ullited States of North America Republic and the current United States' and the current 50 states'
corporate democracies; the Muurs/ Moors were swept into this war that was not supposed to involve us in it;
for. we are in peace and friendship via treaty with the united States of North America Republic, and are the
united States of North America Republic's oldest allies, and therefore we were not supposed to be made
slaves of peonage; i.e. debt slavery, or of any other type of slavery as pursuant to Article 16 of the Treaty of
Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire
of 1836 (see the Congressional Record of the 72Dd Congress, .Tune toiL. 1932, "Mr. Chairman, we have in this
Country one of the most cormpt institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board
and the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve Board, a Government board, has cheated the
Government of these United States and the people of the United States out of enough money to pay the.
national debt. The depredations and iniquities of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve
Banks acting together have cost this country enough money to pay the national debt several times over...
This evil institution has impoverished and ruined the people of the United States; has bankrupted itself, and
has practically bankrupted our Government. It has done this through the defects of the law under which it
operates, through the maladministration of that law by the Federal Reserve Board, and through the COJ.V!pt
practices of the moneyed vultures who control it. Some people think the Federal Reserve Banks are United States
Government institutions. They are not Government institutions. They are private monopolies which prey
upon the people of the United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign customers;.foreign and
domestic speculators and swindlers; and rich and predatory money lenders... In 1912 the Na#phaJ Monetary
Association, under the chairmanship of the late Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, made a report,,and presented a
vicious bill called the National Reserve Association bill. This bill is usually spoken of9rs· the Aldrich bill.
Senator Aldrich did not write the Aldrich bill. He was the tool, but not the accomplice, 1••pPthe European born
bankers who for nearly 20 years had been scheming to set up a central bank indlils countrv and who in
1912 had spent and were continuing to spend vast sums of money to accomplish":'their purpose. The Aldrich
bill was condemned in the platform upon which Theodore Roosevelt was nominat~in the year 1912, and in that
same
'
year, when Woodrow Wilson was nominated, the Democratic platfo'ini. as adopted at the Baltimore
-~-':>
convention, expressly stated: "We are opposed to the Aldrich plan .or·· a central bank." This was plain
Language. The men who ruled the Democratic Party then promised tliepeople that if they were returned to
power there would be no central bank established here while they 'held the reins of government. Thirteen
months later that promise was broken, and the Wilson admiqi~tration, under the tutelage of those sinister
Wall Street figureS who stood behind Colonel House, establiShed here in our free countrv the worm eaten
monarchical institution of the "king's bank" to control us·trom the top downward, and to shackle us from
the cradle to the grave. The Federal Reserve act destroyed our old and characteristic way of doing business;
it discriminated against our 1-name commercial paper. the finest in the world; it set up the antiquated 2-
name paper, which is the present curse of this country, and which has wrecked every country which has
ever given it scope; it fastened down upon this~oountry the very tyranny from which the framers of the
Constitution sought to save us. One of the greatest battles for the preservation of this Republic was fought
out here In .Jackson's day, when the Second-Bank of the United States, which was founded upon the same
false principles as those which.are ·exentplitied in the Federal Reserve act, was.hurled out of existence. After
the downfall of the Second Bank of.tlie United States in 1837, the country was warned against the dangers
that might ensue if the predatory, futerests, after being cast out, should come back in disguise and unite
themselves to the Executive,_ 3i:ld through him acquire control of the Government. That is what the
predatory interests did whtf.i 'they came back in the livery and hypocrisy and under false pretenses
obtabied the passage of .the Federal Reserve act. The danger that the country was warned against came
upon us and is shown in..lb.e long train of horrors attendant upon the affairs of the traitorous and dishonest
Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve banks. Look around you when you leave.this chamber and
you will see evid~n~es of it on all sides. This is an era of economic misery and for the conditions that caused
that misery, tit~?- •Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve banks are fully liable. This is an era of
financed criine and in the financing of crime, the Federal Reserve Board does not play the part of a
disinterested' spectator... Recently In one of our States 60.000 dwelling houses and farms were brought under
the hamiiler in a single day. According to the Rev. Father Charles E. Coughlin, who has lately testified before a
co~ttee of this House, 71,000 houses and farms in Oakland County, Mich., have been sold and their
erstwhile owners dispossessed. Similar occurrences have probably taken place in every county in the
United States. The people who have thus been driven out are the wastage of the Federal Reserve act. They
are the victims of the dishonest and unscrupulous Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve banks.
Their children are the new slaves of the auction blocks; in. the revival here of the institution of human
slavery."; PD. H12595-12603, and memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllink.html for Article 16 of the Treaty
of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan
Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, "In
case of a war between the parties (emphasis added: such as the 83 year old and current silent war between
the united States of North America Republic and the current United States' and the current 50 states'
corporate democracies), the prisoners are not to be made slaves (emphasis added: also peons or subjected to
a system of peonage, i.e. the Federal Reserve banking system or any other system of peonage and the 14ih
Amendment), but to be exchanged one for another, captain for captain officer for officer and one private
man for another; and if there shall prove a deficiency on either side, it shall be made up by the payment of
one hundred Mexican dollars for each person wanting (emphasis added: the current United States'
democracy and the currentEstados UnidosMexiCalios :are now based on~ public OOiic{tiat national currency .
system as it relates to both:corporate·governments, and.silver and goldis.i:low a private monetary system, so the
current treatY exchange rate is now .based·on the private exchange of bonds seeured with .999 fine silver iri
the exchange ·rate of 1 troy ounce of .999 fine silver to' the fiat US Dollar, and the exchange rate of the twi US
Dollar to the liat Mexican·Peso for.the·release·of ens legis .legal fiction, 'former prisoner of war and former
14tb Amendlitent United States citizen person corporation ·known as TORIANO .JAMES HERVEY/
TORIANO .I. HERVEY;'how a private bWtk and tn:lsf. See silver and copper bonds at PULASKI COUNTY
CIRCUIT/ COUNTY CLERK, REAL ESTATE ROOM 102 and viewable at w.~.Pulaskiclerk.com real
estate records; instrument Nos. 2010004359 and 2012083870, and www.x-rates.com~;x:Rates' for Mexican Peso
and US Dollar exchange value, and www.apmex.com 'APMEX' for current .spot prices of silver). And it is
agreed, that all prisoners shall be exchanged in twelve inonths from the tinle of their being taken-(emphasis
added: the creation and capturing of the ens legis leg3I fiction, United States citizen person corporation
predicated upon the nativity of the natural, living flesh and blood mrui:C)J:- woman through the creation of the
CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRm, Social Security Account; et afdocuments by the current United States'
and the current 50 states' corporate democracies), and that thisrexchange may be effected by a merchant
(emphasis added: the lex mercatoria or merchant law of the -Uniform Commercial Code as it pertains to
treaties; i.e. UCC 7-103 and 9-311), or any other person, authc-irized by either of the parties (emphasis added:
A Consular General for Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan .Olmec Muurs©'™, and other Aboriginal Muurs and
Pre-Columbian Moors pursuant to Public,:'<'·.. record instrument No. 2015080734).", and
www.state.gov/documents/organizationl218912.pdr::~tJnited States Department of State Treaties in Force- A
List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on .January 1, 2013';
'Peace Treaties' page 202, and uscode.house,goV' Title 42, Section 1994 'Peonage abolished', ''The holding of
any person to service or labor under the system known as peonage i~ abolished and forever prohibited in
any Territory or State of the United Stiites; and all acts, !!m:§, resolutions, !!!:!Jm, regulations, or usages of
any Territory or State, which have 11~n!tofore established, maintained, or enforced, or by virtue of which any
attempt shall hereafter be made to:establish, maintain, or enforce, directly or indirectly, the voluntary or
involuntary service or labor of any persons as peons, in liquidation of any debt or obligation, or otherwise,
are declared null and void/:~)aod memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllink.html 'An Act to abolish and
forever prohibit the System of Peoii:aie iii the TerritorY of New 'Mexico mid other Parts of the United
States.'; United Stat~ ~tatutes at Large 14 Stat. 546, Revised Statutes Section 1990; referenced as exhibits
I); and ·--· ·
c~~~ ,
xxi. Wbe.~a~. according to a 1992 Congressional Record as given by Mr. Gonzalez, the current United
States' and tgy ~'durrent 50 states' corporate democracies are all insolvent, as well as their ens legis corporate,
democratic~ United States citizenrv known as Latino, White, Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian,
Afric~-~erican, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American or any other adjectives and ens [egis
legal fiCtions, are all bankrupt, as well as all commercial banks, credit unions, and corporations too, and
wp.~reas, the commercial banks cannot be trusted to operate in clean hands and good faith due to massive
financial corruption (see the Congressional Record of the 102nd Congress, May 4tb, 1992 'National and
International Thieverv in High Places', ''The average citizen, and I would almost hazard to say the average
Member of Congress, and not members of these committees in either the House or the Senate, would conclude
that the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs has jurisdiction on matters that would seem obvious
and common sense to have jurisdiction, but we do not. As a matter of fact, there are areas of activity that I think
the average citizen who reads his Constitution would absolutely conclude that the Committee on Banking,
Finance and Urban Affairs of the House had jurisdiction, but it does not. Such things, for instance, as the
constitutional mandate- not a privllege, it is a mandate- that the Congress control the purse, Treasury; that
it also set and determine the value of its coinage or currency, as we say nowadays. However, that is not
really so... for example, in the matter of affixing the value of the money and coins thereof, that was long
abdicated by the Congress after the passage of the Federal Reserve Board Act of 1913 and the creation
within the activities of that board of such a thing as the Open Market Committee. That was structured not
unlike the set-up ofour mother country, England, but today the operations of the Fed are actually of an epoch
and an era that no longer reflects the activities in England or Great Britain. For example, it used to be that
the Chancellor of the Exchequer could, until actually not too long ago, determine the fall or rise of any~cttbinet
or government in England by just the power to set the value of the bills, of notes, bills~t'.-so forth.
Unfortunately, today the Federal Reserve, through its Open Market Committee, has, .that power...
Unfortunately, the last three years of Mr. Volcker's regime he lost that power as far as controlling it, in view of
external forces, international forces, over which he was able to preside over the loss,:of .that control,!!!!
matter what we do domestically, as is being proven today by the so-called control... Tlie truth of the matter
is that the Federal Reserve Board is totally independent of anything that Congres8·wants to do, or for that
matter the executive branch ... They have all kinds of jargon to try to explain tHis,-but the simple language
that anybody can understand, these are not matters of esoteric or secret or-magical things left to the high
priests of finance, but they just happened to hide their thieveu in this kind'ofsecrecy where it is the secrecy
to keep from the American people what is going on that has enabl@ it, not all of their jargon and
gobbledygook·and eveuthing else that they enshroud whenever- theY> went to their- activities. I wanted to
make sure Members understand that the Federal Reserve Board is 'not a Federal agency. It is a creature of
and responds to the commercial banking system, private, and, tlie' way it has worked its independence, it is
totally independent even though it was not created from on:::high. It was the Congress that created the
Federal Reserve. So the Congress though, for whatever good· reason or bad, !§, and has been very unwilling
and probably will be. The tragedy is that all of this seer6s to be waiting just for this whole house of cards to
fall around our heads, and this time even beyond our shores. and ricocheting back and forth. There are
connections. I have been developing one aspect because of our responsibility in the Banking Committee where we
at least can say that we attempted to provide~-~·1 framework or a system whereby these men that the same
Congresses have placed in charge of regulating,!hf banking and financial industry will at least have no excuse to
condone what bas been going on, an.d continues to go on and is going on even now as I speak this morning,
And that is international banking... Today it is the Federal Reserve Board that cranks the printing presses,
it is not the politicians, it is not the. Congress. It is the Federal Reserve Board, even though the Federal
Reserve Board is dermed in the Federal Reserve Board Act of 1913 as being the fiscal agent of the U.S.
Treasury. But it has turned ouHo be the other way around ... So, generally, contrary to the commonly held
belief that the committee woUld have jurisdiction over such things as the beayy, you could say symbiotic or
indissoluble-liriK Oeiween)~·<J.iiking and securities investment, or Wall Street specUlation and gambling, ~
do not... I have discuss~(l' the BNL, the Italian bank and its agency facility in Atlanta at great length. I have
brought out some oOf~: actual alliances and some of its henchmen involved in criminal exploitation and being
conveniently used by' our national leaders to do such things as provide letters of credit in the hundreds of
millions and billions of dollars for Iraq, right up to the very point of the invasion of Kuwait. That was possible
only because~~as it is still pretty much the case even though there was that scandal, but more the BCCI scandal
which w~~}llie one that seemed to gain the national attention and daily headlines, but we do not hear anything
about i~ now. But BNL, we had been talking on BNL for almost a year before BCCI broke, and the BNL, from a
certain 'standpoint as far as our national interests are concerned is far more insidious than the BCCI. But that is
also'tied in with another aspect that I have spoken out about with no seeming impact on anybody, including my
fellows on the Banking Committee or those off the Banking Committee, and that has to do with the debauching
or the fast approaching little value of our money and our currency. I have been speaking out on this since
1979, specifically in August 1979. Nobody seems to much care even now, even though it has everything to do
with my colleagues constituents' jobs, and what their money is worth, which would be important even in the case
of defense. What good does it do to have a highly touted defense system, No. 1 in the world today, if the value of
the money is not worth much? The dollar has lost about 60-plus percent of its value just since 1986, and
against gold it is over 1.000 percent loss of value. I wanted to develop today two things that are linked and are
interchangeable, and the BNL and the BCCI are just symptoms of the malaise and how the local corrupt setup
domestically happens at a critical moment in the world's development to svnc with the international
corrupt system, criminally oriented, and which will be very difficult to have policed worldwide unless there
is some new leadership, and I think it is a little too late for that, emanating to try to safeguard not now just this
national interest but mostly the industrial nations' interest... Since the Department of Treasury has been doing
everything it can to hide its insolvency, it has to depend on such entities as the quote-unquote Salomon ~ros.
and others... I am asked, 'Well, Henry, if you had your way, what would be the biggest single thing youjvould
want?' Well, it is very simple, Solvency, solvency, solvency. We are bankrupt. We are insolvent<ill' every
level of our national life, whether it is corporate, whether it is just plain you and I out here wit:J:dhe level of
debt that we have piled up, private debt, credit cards and what not, or whether it is the Governfhent. We are
insolvent. How long will it take before that nasty mega-truth is conveyed?"; pp. 810067-10069, and
Youtube.com broadcast called 'Know Your Constitution; Part 3 of 3' by Carl Miller ofD.eiroit, Michigan, at
approximately the 16 minute mark of the video, Carl Miller proves that the Federal Re8~rve Bank system is
bankrupt by going to a Federal Reserve bank window for redemption of $500.00 g~la certificates. Instead of
paying the man his gold certificates that he was there to lawfully redeem, the Eedei-al Reserve clerk at the
window called the SWAT team on him to have him removed from the premises: The SWAT lieutenant walks
up to Carl to see what the problem was. Carl shows proof of claim that he is ~olding $500.00 of gold certificates
in $20 denominations which renders the physical gold to be payable to thebearer upon demand. The SWAT
lieutenant told the Federal Reserve clerk to pay Carl his gold, and tol&tliem both they are leaving. The clerk
finally admitted that the Federal Reserve did not have the gold toJio'nor the obligation. Carl MilJer proves
that the Federal Reserve has neither gold or silver to settle )aWfUl obligations according to gold and silver
certificates., and Mr. Henry Gonzalez's comment in the congr~s~ional record stating that Congress is solely over
the money of the United States as pursuant to Article !";'!Section 8; Clause 5, 'The Congress shall have
power... To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and'of foreign coin, and iiX the standard of weights and
measures..." and Congress' abdication of this responsibility to the unconstitutional establishment of the
private, for profit Federal Reserve bank system ~nider the unconstitutional Federal Reserve Act of 1913, and
Deuteronomy 25:13-16, 'Thou shalt not have·in 'thy bag divers weights, a great and a small. Thou shalt not
have in thine house divers measures, a great,and a small. But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, !
perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy
God giveth thee. For all that do such tHings, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the
LORD thy God."; Proverbs 11:1, "A.f3Ise balance is abomination to the LORD: but a jnst weight is his
delight."; Proverbs 16:11, "A just,.weight and balance are the LORD'S: all the weights of the bag are his
work."; Proverbs 20:10, "Divers·, weights, aud divers measures, both of them are alike abomination to the
LORD."; and Proverbs 20:23~)'Divers weights are an abomination unto the LORD; and a false balance is
not· good.", United . States·.. Sta:tutes at Laiie-·96 Stat. 1211, Public Law 97-280, and 16 Amencan
.Jurisprudence 2d., ~o~titutional Law; Sec. 256 (1962)- 'Generally': ''The general rule is that !!!
unconstitutional statute, whether Federal or State, though having the form and name of law is in reality no
law, but is wholly void and ineffective for any purpose since unconstitutionality dates from the time of the
enactment, anq..lnot merely from the date of the decision so branding it. An unconstitutional law in legal
contemplation; is as inoperative as if it never had been passed. Such a statute leaves a guestion that it
purports tch;ettJe just as it would be had the statute not ever been enacted. No repeal of an enactment is
necessarY:, since an unconstitutional law is void. The general principles follows that it imposes no duties,
conferS no rights, creates no office, bestows no power of authority on anyone, affords no protection and
justifies no acts performed under it. A contract which rests on an unconstitutional statute creates no
obligation to be impaired by subseguent legislation. No one is bound to obey an unconstitutional Jaw. Ng
courts are bound to enforce it. Persons convicted and fined under a statute subsequently held
unconstitutional may recover the fines paid. A void act cannot be legally inconsistent with a valid one and an
unconstitutional law cannot operate to supersede an existing valid law. Indeed, in so far as a statute runs
counter to the fundamental law of the land, it is superseded thereby. Since an unconstitutional statute
cannot repeal, or- in any way affect an existing one, if a repealing statute is unconstitutional, the statute which
, . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -· - - -- - -- ..
I Instrument# 2017026407 Page 69 of 235
it attempts to repeal remains in full force and effect. And where a statute in which it attempts to repeal
remains in full force and effect and where a clause repealing a prior law is inserted in the act, which act is
unconstitutional and void, the provision of the repeal of the prior law will usually fall with it and will not be
permitted to operate as repealing such prior law. The general principles stated above apply to the
constitutions as well as the laws of the several states insofar as they aren't repugnant to the Constitution
and Laws of the United States. Moreover, a construction of a statute which brings it in conflict with a
constitution will nullify it as effectively as if it had in its .express terms, been .enacted in conflict therewith."
(The fundamental Law always stands superior), and Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) and Norton v.
Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425 (1886), referenced as exhibits U); and /.~'<
,""~···
xxii. Whereas, according to a J 993 Congressional Record as given by Mr. Traficant Jr., th~ current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies are all insolvent (see the Conrressionai:Record of the
103nl Congress, May 17th. 1993 'Providing for Consideration of House Concurrenf-Resolution 64,
Concurrent Resolution on the Budget, Fisc3J. Year 1994', "Mr. Speaker, we are here:~·now in chapter 11.
Members of Congress are official trustees presiding over the greatest reorganization-~f any bankrupt entity
in world history, the U.S. Government. We are setting forth hopefully a bluepririt 'for our future. There are
some who say it is a coroner's report that will lead to our demise."; page H13'-~~·;attached as exhibit Y>; and
' J
XXUI. Whereas, the corporate democratic citizenry within the currenLJ.Jnited States' and the current 50
states' corporate democracies; which are those natural persons labeled a~.:Oil:ino, White, Negro, Black. Colored,
Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other
·~f
adjectives and ens legis JegaJ fictions; are all civilly dead due to bankruptcy. and whereas, according to
.Section 4 of the 14th Amendment, these ens legis legal fictions carlnot question the bankruptcy of the current
United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democra~tes, and neither can they question the public
obligations owed to Muurs/ Moors in treaty and the,. Muurs' I Moors' most favored nation status in
commerce and my unalienable absolute right througttJlank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder
Financial Services©'i'M (an Autochthonous Trust) .to'· use any FDIC commercial banks and NCUA credit
unions as depositories and pavment windows for 'nionetization of private paper for credit on demand, to
open an account with Treasury Direct as a,· pa)rment window and holding facility for monetization of
private paper for credit on demand, to do 'btisiness with the Arkansas State Treasury or any other state
as
treasury by opening an account with theD:l' a payment window and holding facility for monetization of
private paper for credit on demand in.order to conduct commerce and create industry, to do business with
any municipality, or ~ or anyone elSe I may choose, and to be a philanthropist, and give gifts of a better
life via my assets to the less fortilnate and underprivileged as pursuant to Article 14 and Article 20 of the
Treaty ofPeace and FriendshiJ!:between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan
Empire of 1836; due to rech!focity, i.e. comity, and restitution in postliminium (see the www.justia.com
stare decisis of Bank v. Sherman. 101 U.S. 403 (1879), "The bankrupt became, as it were, for many purposes,
civiliter mortuus.", and:Perrv v. United States. 294 U.S. 330 (1935), "The Fourteenth Amendment, in its
fourth section, exp!j~itly declares: 'The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law,
...shall not be questioned.' While this provision was undoubtedly inspired by the desire to put beyond question
the obligations1of the government issued during the Civil War, its language indicates a broader connotation.
We regard 1,j.( a's confirmatory of a fundamental principle which applies as well to the government bonds in
question;·.~d to others duly authorized by the Congress, as to those issued before the Amendment was adopted.
Nor caJ;l-we perceive any reason -for not considering-the expression 'the validity of·the public debt' as embracing
w!,l!;l~ever concerns the integrity of the public obligations.", and Article 14, ''The commerce with the United
States (emphasis added: and the United States' commerce with the Al Moroccan Empire in reciprocity, i.e.
comity), shall be on the same footing as is the commerce with Spain, or as that with the most favored nation
for the time being (emphasis added: China, et al nations holding United States' debt and other obligations);
and their citizens (emphasis added: nationals) shall be respected and esteemed, and have full liberty .to pass
and repass our country and sea-ports (emphasis added: .pass and repass the admiralty/ maritime commercial
portals/ ports i.e. bank windows via TT&L, ACH, FEDWIRE, SWIFT as well as all other United States
Department of the Treasury's viable pavment systems, and with the use of acconnt numbers and routing
numbers, and the physical portals/ ports of the Transportation Security Administration, United States
Customs and Border Protection, United States Department of Transportation and all Department of Motor
Vehicles databases of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies and the
corporations within them, as the land called North America is a part of the AI Moroccan Empire; upon
which the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies, and all corporations within
them, are doing commerce) whenever they please, without interruption." (emphasis added: Article.-14,
according to the treaty, would function as a "safe harbor" for all FDIC commercial banks, NCUA,.cremt
unions, Treasury Direct, State treasuries, municipalities, corporations and anyone else I may choose to do
business with in the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies; ~lfig that all
commerce is currently nnder the Uniform Commercial Code (see Arkansas Code 4-9-311 anfiJCC 9-311)
and admiralty/ maritime law. Article 14, according to the treaty, would also function ~::a'''safe harbor"
which includes the right to travel upon, in and out of our North American lands withi,rf the AI Moroccan
Empire by walking, horse and buggy, riding two-wheeled human powered conveyance, two-wheeled
motorized conveyance, traveling in private automobile conveyance, all conmlercial conveyance, and
traveling through airports bypassing Transportation Security Administration,;.l:JDited States Customs and
Border Protection, and using our own Muurish/ Moorish identification credenti'als without the need of a birth
certificate, social security card, driver's license, state ID, passport or ..pther forms of state and federal
classification! identification documents; which are nothing more than artiCles of commerce; see also Black's
Law Dictionary, 6th Ed., 1990- "Safe Harboi". (1960) 1. An area OI" meahS of protection. 2. A provision (as in
a statute or regulation) that affords protection from liability or-.pe'nalty."), and Article 20, ''If any of the
citizens of the United States, or any persons under their protectipt,i;;''shall have any dispute with each other, the
Consul shall decide between the parties; and whenever the Consm shall require any aid, or assistance from
our government, to enforce his decisions, it shall be imn:iemately granted to him." (emphasis added: As
pursuant to public record instrument No. 2015080734, lj,llin a Consular General for Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan
Olmec Muurs©TM, and other Aboriginal Muurs and Pre~Columbian Moors, and in reciprocity, i.e. comity, the
current United States' and the current 50 states' corPbrate democracies must grant me aid and assistance to
enforce my private administrative decisions in their corporate jurisdictions should -I ever require it); of the
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the uriited States of North America Republic and the A1 Moroccan
Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at •Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, a.!td
www.state.gov/documents/organization!2f8912.pdf 'United States Department of State Treaties in Force- A
List of Treaties and Other lnternationru Agreements of the United States in Force on .January 1. 2013';
'Peace Treaties' page 202, and Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968- RESTITUTION. Act of restoring;
restoration; restoration of anything to its rightful owner; the act of making good or giving equivalent for
any loss, damage or injury;:.:~d indemnification. .JUS POSTLIMINII. In the Civil law. The right of
postliminy; the'iiiilifor'Ciami of apersoiiwlio'hadbeeii restored-to the possession of a tliing; or to a former
condition, to be considered as though he had never been deprived of it. POSTLIMINIUM. Lat. In the civil
law. A doctrine or fiction of the law by which the restoration of.a person to any status or right formerly
possessed by bim-:was considered as relating back to the time of his original loss or deprivation; particularly
in the case of one' who, having been taken prisoner in war, and having escaped and returned to Rome, ~
regarded, by;the aid of this fiction, as having never been abroad, and was thereby reinstated in all his
rights ... Jlj,e term is also applied, in international law, to the recapture of property taken by an enemy, and
its consequent restoration to its original owner. FICTION OF LAW. Something known to be false is
assumed to be true. "Res quie intra priesidia perductie nondum sunt, quanquam ab hostibus occupatze, ideo
postliminii non egent, quia dominum nondum muturunt ex gentium jure. Things which have not yet been
introduced within the enemy's lines, although held by the enemy, do not need the fiction of postliminy on
this acconnt, because their ownership by, the Jaw of nations bas not yet changed.", referenced as exhibits
.!!);and
xxiv. Whereas, the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies have admitted
that they are not sovereign, due to the fact that there would be no need to restore sovereignty if it were
- - -- -- -- - - - - -- -- - - - - -- --
already an established matter, and whereas, the United Nations is cnrrently the holder of this sovereignty
that the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies are attempting to restore, and
whereas, the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies have been snbsumed nnder
the United Nations (see the www.congress.gov/biii/114th-congress/house-biiJ/1205/text 'American
Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2015' in the House of Representatives March zru!, 2015; by Mr. Rogers of
Alabama (for himself, Mr. Massie, Mr. Duncan of Tennessee, Mr. Westmoreland, and Mr. Huelskamp)
introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, referenced as exhi~~t-_ X);
and ,-,..'
~. ...~
xxv. Whereas, even in bankruptcy, the current United States' and the current 50 states{:,.:t~rporate
democracies still owes international treaty obligations in the text of 11 usc 1503 (see the uscoae.house.gov
Title 11, Section 1503 'International obligations of the United States', "To the extent that thi!rCil.apter conflicts
with an obligation of the United States arising out of any treaty or other form of agreemen(to which it is a
party with one or more other conntries, the requirements of the treaty or agreement prevail.", referenced as
exhibit Y); and . '~. :::··.
xxvi. Whereas, the current United States' and the current 50 states' CO!POf~~~ democracies and those
labeled as Latino, White, Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, Af9c~n-American, American Indian,
West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other adjectives and ens legis legal fictions have a habit of speaking and
enforcing corporate policy and codes as if it is de jure law but they lack stilfus and standing in relation to any
claim whatsoever as corporate oolicy is not law, and whereas, there··Ca'n be no working of loss or injury to
nnalienable rights protected by the Constitution and treaties (~e¢-Black's Law Dictionary, 4tb Ed., 1968-
"Fictio legis inigue operatur alicui damnum vel injuriam. A l{g'al fiction does not properly work loss or
i!W!!:v- Fiction of law is wrongful if it works loss or injun to 'anyone._" "Fictio cedit veritati. Fictio juris non
est ubi veritas. Fiction yields to truth. Where there is trutll2 fiction of law exists not.", referenced as exhibit
Z); and . ;<::>
-<:··
xxvii. Whereas, the current United States' and tlie
current 50 states' corporate democracies and those natural
persons labeled as Latino, White, Negro, Blacis 1 ¢oiored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American
Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American an_q other adjectives and ens legis legal fictions are categorized not
as Homo Sapiens Saoiens, but as animals; j.e: agricuJturaJ chattel in the text of 7 USC 136 (d), and whereas,
this classification deludes. to movable property, i.e. chattel under the current United States' and the current 50
states' corporate democracies (see:.Jlie' uscode.house.gov Title 7, Section 136 (d) 'Insecticides and
Environmental Pesticide Control\ i'Animal- The term 'animal' means all vertebrate and invertebrate species,
including bnt not limited to man'and other mammals, birds, fish, and shellfish.", referenced as exhibit AA);
and r:• '
xxviii. Whereas, those 'natural persons labeled as Latino, White, Negro, -Black, Colored, Afro-American,
Asian, African-Ameri~~ American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other adjectives and~
legis legal fictions;:;::as property of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies,
have no form of real or personal property rights whatsoever; not even to their biological bodies or their
biological offspring, and whereas, according to the public policy of the current United States' and the c~
50 states' <f,Orporate democracies, the ultimate ownership of all -property is in the State (see www.gpo.gov
Government Printing Office 1933 record of 73ni Congress, 1st Session Senate Document No. 43; Resolntion
No. 62~- ··contracts Payable in Gold- An Article Entitled 'Contracts Payable in Gold': by George Cyrus
Thome. Showing the Legal Effect of Agreements to Pay in Gold', "The ultimate ownership of all property
is In the State; individual so-called 'ownership' is only by virtue of Government, i.e. Jaw, amonnting to
mere user; and use must be in accordance with law, and subordinate to the necessities of the State.";
submitted by Mr. Shipstead in the Senate of the United States, April 17!!i (calendar day, April 24.!!!), 1933.
"Resolved, that the manuscript entitled 'Contracts Payable in Gold', by George Cyrus Thorpe, showing the
legal effect of agreements to pay in gold, be printed as a Senate document.'' Attest. Edwin A. Halsey, Secretary,
referenced as exhibit BB); and
xxix. Whereas, the STATE OF CALIFORNIA CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRm No. 7097-118611
forced upon me as Toriano James Hervey©TM had my Mother classified as Negro, and my Father classified as
Black; which are adjectives and ens legis legal fictions, and whereas, these classifications of Latino, White,
Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen,
American and other adiectives and ens legis JegaJ fictions are states of being civiliter mortuus (civilly dead) in
the eyes of the law on any document; so thus my parents had no status and standing within the contract
known as the STATE OF CALIFORNIA CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRm No. 7097-118611 due to signing
in a status that is dead in the eyes of the law (see the STATE OF CALIFORNIA CERTIFICATE OF-LIVE
BIRm No. 7097-118611 ofToriano James Hervey@TM, referenced as exhibit CC); and · ;·
(~;-~-
xxx. Whereas, in law a child follows the status or condition of his/ her mother or father whether married or
illegitimate (see Bouvier's Dictionarv of Law. 1856. Maxims of Law- "Partus sequitur ventrem:·Tbe offspring
follow the condition of the mother. This is the Jaw in the case of slaves and animals; but with regard to
freemen. children follow the condition of the father." "Cum legitimae nuptiae (actde.!"'sunt, patrem liberi
sequuntur. Children born under a legitimate marriage follow the condition of the father.", referenced as
exhibits DD); and ,...f</
~ ·~;
xxxi. Whereas, my Mother being classified as Negro, and my Father befu~ classified as Black were cast
into being civiliter mortuus and stateless, which was at that time as it is toqay ·a status of non-descendibilitv of
their child unbeknownst to them; thus depriving them of their human rights to possession of property in the
form of their biological child, and whereas, the current United St!tes; and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies were engaged in the act of denationalization of me as,.a,living natural person immediately after
my nativity, an.<! depriving me of a nationality an.ci title of jus sanguinis and jus soli Noble Bloodline lineage
of the Americas, and also forcing me to become a ward of the State and State property as an adjective and
ens legis legal fiction of!!! immediately after my nativity~and whereas, it is a fact in law that adjectives and
ens legis legal fictions have a status of non-descendibility:&f any real or personal property at all, and whereas,
these statuses created the fraudulent conveyance o.f~me from being my Mother's and Father's biological
property under natural law; to being the chattel biological property of the corporate STATE OF
CALIFORNIA ancfilie coiporate United States;Widei-Stafe ailifFederar statutory ·law, and whereas~ upon
this fraudulent conveyance, I was cast into beiiig civiliter mortuus; i.e. dead in the eyes of the law or legally
dead; .which is a stateless status of non-descendibility of any real or personal property whatsoever
unbeknownst to me until 2008, and wh,ereas, this is evidence of human trafficking, denationalizatio!!, paper
genocide and slavery; which are alt human rights violations, and whereas, nationality is an ordinance of
nature (see www.justia.com United States v. Throckmorton. 98 U.S. 61 (1878), "There is no question of the
general doctrine that fraud .vidates the most solemn contracts, documents, and even judgments.", The
African Repository, Volume,:XL; 'The Call of Providence' by Edward Wilmot Blyden, "Nationality is an
ordinance of Nature. The·h~rt of every true Negro yearns after a distinct and separate nationality."; 1864,
page 355, and www.IO"c:gov/lawlhelp/statutes-at-large/79th-congress/c79s1.pdf 'United Nations Charter
Treaty of 1945'; ArtiCies 55a-c and 56, United States Statutes at Large 59 Stat. 1031-1218; treaty series TS
993; 3 Bevans 1153~ and www.state.gov/documents/organizationl2189l2.pdf 'United States Department of
State Treaties"iri Force- A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in
Force on .Jantiarv 1. 2013'; 'United Nations' page 493, ·and www1.umn.edu/humanrtslinstreelk1drc.htm
'United .- .Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child'; Principle 3; et al Principles, and
www1;urim.edu/humanrts/instree/declaration.html 'United Nations Declarntion on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples'; Articles 6, z, 1! and 13; et al Articles, and
wWw1.umn.edu/humanrts/instreelb1udhr.htm 'United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights';
Articles 4, 15 and 17; et a1 Articles, and www.papergenocide.org "Paper Genocide: with the stroke of a pen,
or the click of a mouse Native American Indian ancestry can be suppressed on government records. Paper
Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction of Native American Indian culture, language, and
identity as a unique racial group by way of the illegal and oppressive race reclassification imposed on Native
American Indians or ''Blood Indians" to the Non-Indian races of Black/African American, White, or
Latino!Hispanic." (NOTE: This is what happened to those of us who are of Paleo-American, Autochthonous
Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish ancestry, and my Certificate of
Live Birth is proof!), referenced as exhibits EE); and
xxxii. Whereas, the Internal Revenue Service has already recognized the title of the ens legis legal fiction
entity of Toriano .James Hervey<MM created upon my nativity by the STATE OF CALIFORNIA
CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRTH No. 7097-118611; as TORIANO .JAMES HERVEy«'TM and as a foreign
trust via a 98:.EIN number (see 98-_EIN records from the Internal Revenue Service showing 'TORIANO
.JAMES HERVEY TRUST', referenced as exhibit FF); and ~<·i' .
/_,· :;:~
XXXlll. Whereas, Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. knew that the misnomer Negro was aboriginal
to North America, and wrote this truth in his letter from a cell in a Birmingham, Alabama jail on April 16!1!,
1963, and whereas, the State of Arkansas-has known that it was North Mrican.Libyan Moors, a portion of my
ancestry, who brought the Bible to our lands, and the gospel of the death and resurrection of Yashua ha
Masbiakh as evidenced by way of the Narrows Shelters on White Rock Road in what is now known today as
Crawford County, Arkansas, and whereas, these North African libyan Moors were in this territory long before
European invasion, and whereas, Webster's Dictionary of 1828 has the noun definition of the original
Amer'ican, and whereas, every Summer solstice at Toltec Mounds Archaeological State Park in what is now
known today as Scott, Arkansas. the sun sets on top of the western mound in an archaeoastronomical display
of the Great Seal pyramid and eye on the back of the one dollar Federal Reserve note; which is cultural
plagiarism of my ancestral estate, theft and unjust enrichment Qeing committed by the Federal Reserve
System, and whereas, they owe monetarv penalties for the cultural misappropriation of the sacred science of
the Muurs/ Moors (see okra.stanford.edultranscriptionldo'cument images/undecided/630416-019.pdf
Stanford University Martin Luther King. Jr. Researcb:'· and Education Institute 'Letter From a
Birmingham .Jail', "Abused and scorned though we may".~~;) our destiny is tied up with America's destiny.
Before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we were here:·:Hefore the pen of Jefferson etched the majestic words
of the Declaration of Independence across the page~.,6f history, we were here."; April16!!!, 1963, page 18, and
'Pre-Columbian Resources Potentials: A Comp~rison of Old World and New World Petroglyphs' by
Margaretta S. Handke for the Bureau of Land Management, ''The State of Arkansas has set an example fol'
other states in the area of rock art preseriaiion. The Narrows Shelters on White Rock Road in Crawford
County have been set aside as a historical site by the state. The inscriptions contain both Christian and Libyan
influences... Fell states that the upper le.ft illeroglyph is the word 'soul' because of the light rays surrounding
the figure's head. In addition, the figt!re'bolds an Egyptian 'tyet' amulet (emphasis added: Similar to an ankh,
but with the arms folded down,. aiso known as the 'knot of Aset') which is a symbol of everlasting life. Just
below this is his lifeless body"apdjust inside the grotto is the Libyan word T-W or*** which means 'raised
from the dead.' The same word·is written on the right side of the entrance of the cave. Fell notes that the script is
correct Tifinagh and could,:be a forgery only if it was written after 1973 when the Libyo-Egyptian language was
first deciphered. He suggests that the writing style appears to be fourth century or later. It may be related to the
flight of Christian,moriks from North Mrica when Vandals crossed the Straits of Gibraltar,"; ~~ptttmb.~r
1978, page 6, and ·:webstersdictionary1828.com!Dictionary/American 'Webster's Dictionary 1828- Online
Edition American Dictionary of the English Language'; "AMER'ICAN, noun- A native of America;
originally applied to the aboriginals, or copper-colored races, found here by the Europeans; but now applied
to the de\)~endants of Europeans born in America.", and obashangoel.comluploads/3/4/9/2/34923655/10383895-
335456263293641-4421099995520487752-n orig.jpg for the Summer solstice archaeoastronomical display of
fhe . Great seaC ovramid and eye at 'i'oltec :MoiiluiS- Aichaoolomcai - State Park, . nand
w\Vw.arkansasstateparks.com/toltecmounds/ for information concerning these mounds, referenced as exhibits
GG);and
xxxiv. Whereas, my national domicile and lex domicilii as a Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal,
Indigenous Native American Muur and Pre-Columbian Moor are referenced as the Dominions and Inhabitation
of the Moabites, Hamathites, Canaanites, ffittites, and Amorites according to Noble Drew Ali, Divine Preparer
of the 'Circle 7 Moorish Holy Koran' (see Chapter 47:6-7 of 'Circle 7 Moorish Holy Koran', ''The Moabites
from the land of Moab who received permission from the Pharaohs of Egyot to settle and inhabit North-West
Mrica; they were the founders and are the trne possessors of the present Moroccan Empire. With their
Canaanite, ffittite, and Amorite bretheren who sojourned from the land of Canaan seeking new homes. Their
dominion and inhabitation extended from North-East and South-West Mrica, across great Atlantis even
unto the present North, South, and Central America and also Mexico and the Atlantis Islands; before the
great earthquake, which caused the great Atlantic Ocean.", referenced as exhibit HH); and
xxxv. Whereas, under the title of Toriano .James Hervey on the STATE OF CALIFORNIA
CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRm No. 7097-118611, I entered into the United States Navy in July of 1992, and
received military knowledge that the banner (often mistaken by people as a flag) with the 50 white·::s~s. blue
canton and 13 alternating red and white stripes with the go]d fringes is called the "flag of war";Z~d invokes
military jurisdiction wherever it is flown; and whereas, this knowledge makes .me an exoen witness with
expert evidence to recognize this fact wherever I see this banner being displayed due·· to my military
experience, and whereas, all public offices and all courts (in which the courts are actu.~}ly· militarv tribunals
holding Captain's masts and Court martials) of the 50 united States of North Americ,a,~'epublics and the United
States Federal Republic have now been usurped and converted to public offices and courts of the
democracies via a coup d'etat, and whereas, they are now under the military juriSdiction of the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies, and whereas, this ..deittocratic coup d'etat has been
since the era of the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's incl!mbency and administration of the
"emergency wartime necessity" government of democracy between 193,3--:::1945 (see the document 'Honorable
Military Discharge DD 214 of TORIANO .JAMES HERVEY' as_proof of evidence, referenced as exhibit
!!); and ,__ ,
(/ .
xxxvi. Whereas, since my nativity, I have never been~"laWfully paid for my goods or labor/ services
rendered to any United States citizen, the United States Nan'.or from any corporations chartered with the current
United States' and the current 50 states' corporate demqchicies as pursuant to positive law 31 USC S118, and
whereas, Article 1; Section 10 and Article 6 of the Co~titution for the united States of America of 1787-1791
and the Coinage Act of 1792 strictly stipulated tl)aj~i was supposed to have been paid for my goods or labor/
services, and whereas, according to the Congress~onal records as given by Mr. Louis T. McFadden, Mr. Henry
Gonzalez and Mr. James A. Traficant Jr., all or.tlie Federal Reserve Banks, all FDIC Banks, all NCUA Credit
Unions, all corporations within the current United States' and the current SO states' corporate
democracies, and the current United States' and the current SO states' corporate democracies are insolvent,
and are unable to meet their obligatimis in gold or silver payment for any debt obligation whatsoever, and
. whereas, since my nativity, the onlfmethod available to settle any debt for goods or labor/ services rendered is
the discharging of debt using tiatcurrency or credit, but discharge is not payment according to de jure law, and
whereas, I still have equity foi ~iny goods or labor/ services rendered due to non-payment and the unlawful free
labor that was received, ,~d whereas, since the Liberty Coin Act of July 9'h, 1985; codified at positive law 31
USC S112 (£)(1-S)(!!), 'Denominations. specifications. and design of coins', the dollars per hour ratio for
labor was suppose<f._t(fbe measured in 1 dollar American Silver Eagle coins per hour ratio, or, the monthly
amount per pay ·grade for military service rendered (see memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllink.html for
the 'Constituti6ri for the united States of America of 1787-1791'; Article 1.' Section 10, "No State shall...
make anvthing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ... ", United States Statutes at Large 1
Stat. 10.,.20; ·and 'An Act establishing a Mint. and regulating the Coins of the United States'; "Sec. 11. And
be it further enacted, That the proportional value of gold to silver in all coins which shall by law be current
as money within the United States... Sec. 20. And be it further enacted, That the money of account of the
Ullited States shall be expressed in dollars or units, dismes or tenths, cents or hundredths, and milles or
thousandths ... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United
States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation.", United States Statutes at Large 1 Stat. 246-
2S1, and uscode.house.gov Title 31, Section S112 'Denominations. specifications. and design of coins', "(£)
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall mint and issue, in qualities and quantities
that the Secretarv determines are sufficient to meet public demand, coins which- (!) are 40.6 millimeters in
i
!Instrument# 2017026407 Page 75 of 235
diameter and weigh 31.103 grams; @ contain .999 fine silver; (J) have a design- @ symbolic of Liberty on
the obverse side; and <ID of an eagle on the reverse side; ® have inscriptions of the year of minting or
· issuance, and the words "Libertv'', "In God We Trust", "United States of America", "1 Oz. Fine Silver", ''E
Pluribus Unum", and "One Dollar"; and~ have reeded edges... (h) The coins issued under this title shall
be legal tender as provided in section 5103 of this title.", and uscode.house.gov Title 31, Section 5118 'Gold
clauses and consent to sue', "(h) The United States Government may not pay out any gold coin. A person
lawfully holding United States coins and currency may present the coins and currency to the Secretary-of
the Treasury for exchange (dollar for dollar) for other United States coins and currency (other thaii~gold
and silver coins) that may be lawfully held... @@ An obligation issued containing a gold ciahse or
governed by a gold clause is discharged on payment (dollar for dollar) in United States coin .or--currency
that is legal tender at the time of payment. This paragraph does not apply to an obligation'·issued after
October 27. 1977.", referenced as exhibits .LD; and .,'.)·
.,_.:..
/ ' "
xxxvii. Whereas, the United States Department of the Treasury has published in th<( Resource Center that
United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes do not have to be accepted as settiJihent</ .
for debts owed to
creditors, and whereas, the United States Department of the Treasury has published :i t{ the Resource Center that
United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes are not redeemable in gold, sil~e;r or any other commodity,
and receive no backing by anything, and whereas, the Federal Reserve Uarik of Chicago echoed the same
sentiments in 'Modern Money Mechanics' in regards to Federal Reserve .Noies, and wbereas, Federal Resel,'Ve
Notes are basically worthless and backed by the people's confidence,.;in them, and whereas, the Federal
Reserve Bank of Boston admitted that the Federal Reserve banks write;'checks on empty accounts when they
purchase bonds to sell on the global open market from the United''States Department of the Treasurv. (See
www.treasury.gov/Pages/default.aspx United States Departmeiit of the Treasury, Resource Center and
search title 'Legal Tender Status' ''There is, however, no Federal statute mandating that a private business, a .
person or an organization must accept currency or ~. as for payment for goods and/or services. Private
businesses are free to develop their own policies on whether or not to accept cash unless there is a State law
which says otherwise.", and, "Federal Reserve notes are not redeemable -in gold, silver or any other
commodity, and receive no backing by anvthing.'Tiiis has been the case since 1933. The notes have no value
for themselves, but for what they will buy. In wi3ther sense, because they are legal tender, Federal Reserve notes
are 'backed' by all the goods and services in:the economy... Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve
Notes are parts of our national currency~ru\d both are legal tender. They circulate as money in the same way.
However, the issuing authority for thep{cbmes from different statutes. United States Notes were redeemable in
gold until 1933, when the United .Stiites abandoned the gold standard. Since then, both currencies have
served essentially the same purpose, and have had the same value. Because United States Notes serve no
function that is not already adequately served by Federal Reserve Notes, their issuance was discontinued,
and none have been placed 'iii to circulation since Januarv 21. 1971.", and 'Modem Money Mechanics' by
the Federal Reserve BanJCi of Chicago, "In the United States neither paper currency nor deposits have value
as commodities. Intrinsically, a dollar bill is just a piece of paper, deposits merely book entries. Coins do
have some intrinsic· value as metal, but generally far less than their face value. What, then, makes these
instruments - cheeks, paper money, and coins - acceptable at face value in payment of all debts and for other
monetary us~~?:':Mainly, it is the confidence people have that they will be able to exchange such money for
other financial assets and for real goods and services whenever they choose to do so.", and
www.nashuatelegraph.com/opinionlperspectives/446328-263/how-our-currency-became-an-instrument-
of.htnil'The Telegraph 'How our currency became an instrument of debt'; November 22m\, 2009, by Jim
Swruhers, "The effects of our financial house-of-cards collapsing are everywhere: home foreclosures,
w:lemployment, stock values cut in half, retirement savings lost... With no gold reserves, all of our money is
created out of debt. This is why every bill in your wallet says 'Federal Reserve Note,' not 'silver certificate' or
'gold certificate.' Modem dollar bills are instruments of debt, not of capital... Now, the government is
trying to re-inflate those values using more debt. How does it do this with a bankrupt Treasury? The Fed
simply creates more debt, either by selling bonds, or simply printing more money. Without the Federal
Reserve and its ability [to] print money at will, there would be no $800 billion Wall Street bailout... Beyond
the questions of Fed policy there is the issue of who controls this private entity we call the 'Federal Reserve.'
The Fed's specific ownership is confidential but we know that member banks are always shareholders in
their respective Fed districts. This makes our largest banks, the Wall Street banks, shareholders in the
most powerful Fed branch... One might expect that a private company with the power to print the reserve
currency of the Free World might be subjected to· close congressional scrutiny. But in the bizarre world of
finance, the Fed is above the law. Congress bas had no authority to audit the Federal Reserve since the
1950s... The Federal Reserve has become our fourth, and most powerful, branch of government, yet-is
~ntable to no one... Congress has unconstitutionally delegated its power to coin money to a cartel of
private bankers. This has created a government of the bankers, by the bankers and for the bankers.;The Fed
has created a no-lose casino where bankers can gamble with impunity; their winnings to keep':and their
losses to be absorbed by the taxpayer.", and 'Unfair Advantage, The Power of Financial Education, What
Schools will Never Teach You About Money', by Robert T. Kiyosaki, "Z. The rules of moneY'were changed
in 1971. In 1971, President Nixon took the U.S. dollar off the gold standard, and.. th'e rules of money
changed. In 1971, the U.S. dollar stopped being money and became an instrumenfof debt. After 1971,
savers became losers. Since 1971, the U.S. dollar has lost 95 percent of its purchasiD!fpower. It will not take
another fortv years to lose the remaining 5 percent. 3. Mter 1971, bank bailouts:increased in size. By 2010,
most people were aware of the subprime mess and the trillions in bank bailouts alf'over the world. Today, many
are angry that the governments bailed out the rich bank owners and paSSed the bill on to the taxpayers.
Unfortunately, few people are aware that these bailouts have been going ·on for years and have increased in
size since 1971. In the 1980s, the bank bailouts were only in the millions.
By the 1990s, the bank bailouts
were in the billions. After 2007, the bailouts became international·-~bid are now measured in the trillions.";
2012, pp. 3-4, and www.ecfr.gov 'Electronic Code of Federal Re@J.ations' Title 27, Subpart B- Definitions;
subsection 72.11 for "confidence games", referenced as exhibitS'IO{); and
xxxviii. Whereas, the.l!!!l coins and currency of the curre.nt United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies is now debased so badly, that a bag of 100/pl~tic coins of United States penny replicas cost~
in the.l!!!l coins and currency of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies, and
whereas, this is an outward.sign displaying the terriple and disastrous shape that the economic system is truly in
(see www.uischoolsupply.com UI School Sumlly and search title 'Plastic Coins 100 Pennies', referenced as
exhibit LL); and ,.,...? ·
v·
xxxix. Whereas, the.l!!!l economic·s~~tem of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies has caused needless !gr~ed among officials, and suffering and economic hardships for
impoverished people within Ar~sas, Mississippi, Michigan and other States operating upon the soil of the AI
Moroccan Empire, and wherea~Jiovertv is a direct link to criminal activity; which can cause any Muur/ Moor
to be a victim at any given tbii~ regardless of status; if we are dwelling among the people who are subjected to
impoverished living condiJ~oiis, and whereas, the bridges, roads and travel infrastructure are in serious decay, and
are creating dangerous fisks for us Muurs/ Moors traveling upon our own land; as well as other people who must
use these same roa~ ahd bridges for their day to day sustenance and travel, and whereas, this is unacceptable (see
www.usatoday.conifstory/money/personalfinance/2015/09/26/24-7-wall-st-richest-poorest-states/72685684
USA Today/by.JThomas C. Frohlich and Alexander Kent, 'Video: America's richest (and poorest) states';
September 1,, f&h, 2015, and www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/health/flint-michigan-water-investigation CNN
Breaking News by Greg Botelho, SarahJorgensen and Joseph Netto, 'Water crisis in Flint. Michigan, draws
·federal iiivestigation'; January g!h, 2016, and www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/02/18/fewer-bridges-need-
reprur's-but-task-still-monumental/80512038 USA Today by Bart Jansen, 'Study: 58,000 U.S. bridges found
to'be 'structurally deficient"; February 18.!!!, 2016, referenced as exhibits MM); and
xl. Whereas, the lawlessness of all Federal Reserve Banks and all commercial banks and credit unions of
the Federal Reserve System, FDIC and NCUA operating upon the lands of the AI Moroccan Empire, has brought
about a necessity for the creation and function of Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial
Services©'i'M (an Autochthonous Trust) to operate in the manner pursuant to its charter, security agreement,
the public records and Article 14 in reciprocity of the deed of trust and usufruct known as the Treaty of
Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire
of 1836, and whereas, this necessity mu8t remain in place until payment/lawful compensation in toto is made
to the Autochthonous Freeholders by Primogeniture Blood Birthright Inheritance to the entire Americas, Land
Owners, Landlords, Land Creditors and Creditors known as the Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal,
Indigenous Native American Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors; with all land rights, all mineral rights, all
water rights and aU air, ~ and aU space rights, corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments, and aU third
party beneficiary rights in Natural Equity to every .contract, arrangement or .agreement made; whether
public or private, that takes place upon our lands, due to non-compensation for the use of our landS;'iaw
materials, natural resources, flora and fauna (see public record instrument No. 2015080734, and Article 14
of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic ilnd the AI
Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244::2; 9 Bevans
1286, referenced as exhibits NN); and <· :>'
.• .."
~
xli. Whereas, the Muurs/ Moors are, the lawful third party beneficiaries of any;~~ all certificates of
live birth/ birth certificates/ documents of title as pursuant to commerce and trade ,c<;>'nducted upon our lands,
and whereas, as pursuant to the certificates of live birth/ birth certificates( . dh'cuments of title of the
properties/ wards of the state known as those natural persons labeled as Latinq, .Wrute, Negro, Black, Colored,
Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, {:J:s: citizen, American and other
adjectives and ens legis legal fictions of the current United States' ap~i' the current 50 states' corporate
democracies, the properties/ wards of the state are and shall remain in' their current status of!!!§.. (unless
status is proven otherwise to the contrary with documented evid~nce; natural persons are !!!!!:!!!§ with i!!!
identity, i.e. a nationality; not adjectives, and adjectives and ens legiS legal fictions are not natural persons in
the eyes of the -law; as adjectives are held as descriptions and· things) and shall remain under the laws
pertaining to property when they are conducting any anq.~an trade and commerce, or settling any and all
disputes related to Muurs/ Moors, and whereas pursuant to Article 21 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship
between the united States of North America Republic"~d the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836, should these
properties/ wards of the state cause any injuries or,damages whatsoever to Muurs/ Moors, the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies are held obligated to place Muurs/ Moors who are in
bonus status quo ante in bonus status quo ex p6st any and all injuries or damages caused by their properties/
wards of the state (see public record instruiD~nt No. 2015080734, and Article 21 of the Treaty of Peace and
Friendship between the united States of, North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836;
United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat~ 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, referenced as
exhibits 00); and 'f ·
xlii. Whereas I, ToJiai'd-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-El©TM; a Paleo-American,
Autochthonous Aboriginal; Ii:J.digenous Native American Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish Freeholder by
Primogeniture Blood BiJ::thrigbt Inheritance to the entire Americas, Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor,
Creditor and Consular,.9i!n~ral; as the beneficiary am the holder in due course of the deed of trust and usufruct
known as the Treaty. of Peace and Friendship between the united .States of North America Republic and the
AI Moroccan Empire of 1836, and whereas pursuant to Article 20 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship
between the uliited States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836, the public
servants ~~;:Citizenry of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies owes an
obligation -' o f my right to use their properties/ wards of the state known as those natural persons labeled as
Latino;"JWhite, Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian,
u~s.:;citizen, American and other adjectives and ens legis legal fictions to enforce my decisions, or it would be a
breach of the peace and a breach of trust bound by this international peace and friendship agreement, and
which also happens to be the Supreme Law of the Land (see public record instrument No. 2015080734, and
Article 20 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and
the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, .treaty series TS 244-2; 2
Bevans 1286, referenced as exhibits PP); and
2017026407 Page 78 of 235
xliii. Whereas, there is no substantial public interest of the current United States' and the current 50 states'
corporate democracies that will be contravened by the issuance of this International Cease and Desist and lien
favoring Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-El©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish
Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) (see Black's Law Dictionarv. 4th Ed., 1968-
"Constructio legis non facit injurimn. The construction of the law (a construction made by the law) works no
i!li!!a." "Actus legis nemini facit injurimn. The act of the law does injurv to no one." "Executio juris non
habet injuriam. The execution of law does no injury." "Lex nemini facit injurimn. The law.does injury toono
~." "Lex nemini operatur iniguum. nemini facit injuriam. The law never works an injurv. or d6e8 a
wrong." "Qui jure suo utitur. nemini facit injuriam. He who uses his legal rights banns no one.", referenced
as exhibit QQ); and ~-c, ·
>\(j''
xliv. Whereas, there is a substantial likelihood that I, Toriano-James Hervey Ho~ Akwisi: ObaShango-
El©TM and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services (an.: ·A.utochthonous
Trust) will prevail in this matter, because the facts obtained on the record by due diligen_~¢Jor public knowledge
will reveal the truth of all matters stated herein this 'Affidavit of Default Judgment-With Absolute Rights to .
Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist, Lien and'•Exhibits' (see Bouvier's
Dictionarv of Law. 1856. Maxims of Law- "Nemo potest contra recordum veritifare per patriam. No one can
verify by the countrv against a record. The issue uoon a record cannot-·ti'e' tried by a jury;" "Quod per
recordum probatum. non debet esse negatum. Wbat is proved by tbe ,.record, ought not to be denied."
"Recorda sunt vestigia vetustatis et veritatis. Records are vestiges of~antiguity and truth.", referenced as
exhibit RR); and ( 7-
"'
xlv. Whereas, the Muurs/ Moors are in perpetual peace arid~rlendship with the united States of North
America Republic via the Treaty of Peace and Friendship· iietween the united States of North America
Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836, and w)lereas, the current United States' and the current 50
states' corporate democracies agreed to uphold and bonor.'tms treaty, and whereas, the maintenance of Peace is
of the highest order as pursuant to this ancient doi!Uinent, and whereas, the Muurs/ Moors ean never be
classified as enemy combatants, or enemies of the stiate; for it would be a breach of the peace and a breach of
.trust boimd by this internatioDal peace and friendship agreement, and which.itlsq happens to be the Supreme
Law o(the Land (see memory.loc.gov/ammefu/3mlaw/lwsllink.html for Article 6 of the 'Constitution for the
united States of America of 1787-1791'; United States Statutes at Large 1 Stat. 10-20, and
memorv.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllini{:html for the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united
States of North America Republic and' the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8
Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS ~2; 9 Bevans 1286, and 'United States Department of State Treaties in
Force- A List of Treaties and.Otlier International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1,
2013'; 'Peace Treaties' page:20'2, referenced as exhibits SS); and
xlvi. Whereas, th~~~~ent United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies agreed to
uphold and honor !!J.?~·Convention on Rights and Duties of States (inter-American) .of 1933 .and the United
Nations Charter<Treaty of 1945 treaties, and whereas, the maintenance of Peace is of the highest order
according to t.hese treaties, and whereas, these treaties are also the Supreme Law of the Land (see
memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlawllwsllink.html for Article 6 of the Constitution for the united States of
· America of'1787-1791; United States Statutes at Large 1 Stat. 10-20, and www.loc.govllawlhelp/statutes-at-
large/74tii~congress/c74.pdf Convention on Rights and Duties of States (inter-American) of 1933; United
States. 'Statutes at Large 49 Stat. 3097-3110, treaty series TS 881; 3 Bevans 145; 165 LNTS 19, and
w:WW.Ioc.govllawlhelp/statutes-at-large179th-congress/c79s1.pdf United Nations Charter Treaty of 1945;
United States Statutes at Large 59 Stat. 1031-1218, treaty series TS 993; 3 Bevans 1153, and
www.state.gov/documents/organizationl218912.pdf 'United States Department of State Treaties in Force- A
List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on .January 1. 2013';
'States. Rights and Duties' page 477 and 'United Nations' page 493, referenced as exhibits rn; and
. xlvii. Whereas, the united States of North America Republic is still currently under the 'Lieber Code of
1
1863- GENERAL ORDERS No. 100' which was extended to the current United States' and the current 50
states' corporate democracies; for the 'Lieber Code of 1863- GENERAL ORDERS No. 100' was never
abrogated according to its precepts (see also CRS Report-National Emergency Powers/ Code 98-505), and
whereas, the 'Lieber Code of 1863- GENERAL ORDERS No. 100', the 'Hague Convention (IV) respecting
the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of
War on Land' of October 18m, 1907, and the '.US Army Doctrine and Belligerent Occupation' cannot apply to
Muurs/ Moors due to the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies agreeQ!imt to
maintain peace and to uphold the trust and honor of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between th'e' 'united
States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 as pursuant to the Jlfflted States
Department of State's records of treaties in force and effect (see 'United States Department of Statt? Treaties in
~- A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force 'on January 1,
2013'; 'Peace Treaties' page 202 for the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic and the AI Moroccan ·Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at.-b'ci!ge 8 Stat. 484-487,
treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, referenced as exhibit UU); and .<.(>-'
...,\
xlviii. Whereas, the United States Senator from Kentucky and United States Secretary of State Henry Clay
bad stated the layout of the United States Federal Republic government, its trustees and its beneficiaries (see
McGraw-Hill Education 'Public Finance (Seventh Edition', by Harvey S. Rosen, "ln this view, government is
not an organic part of society. Rather, it is a contrivance created by individuals to better achieve their
individual-goals. As the American statesman Henry Clay suggested in 1829, 'Government is a trust and the
officers of the government are trustees; and both the trust and the trustees are created for the benefit of the
~.' The individual rather than the gronp is at center stage."; 2005, page 5, referenced as exhibit VV>;
and .;.. )
/ .· -~,:/
xlix. Whereas, the current United States' and the ~~ent 50 states' corporate democracies have committed
a breach of peace and a breach of trust by failing w:'keep commerce fair and on equal footing as the most
favored nation status with each other in regards to Article 14 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between
the united States of North America Republic ancf the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; with the circulation of
Federal Reserve riotes, and removing the";true wealth in the form of gold and silver from general
circulation; which in tum has robbed the P3leo-American Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors of the ability
to accrue wealth, and whereas, the Pal,e():.American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American
Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish:;Freeholders by Primogeniture Blood Birthright Inheritance to the entire
Americas, Land Owners, Landl~rds;' Land Creditors and Creditors are rescuing the united States of North
America Republic again by depositing silver bonds and silver and copper bonds, and bonds backed by the
asset credit of the Paleo-American Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors with the current United States' and the
current 50 states' corpor~~··democracies, with the bonds placed with the United States Department of the
Treasurv and with the various states' attorney generals; which is the same action as a bailout to help the de
jure form of government known as the united States of North America Republic; such as when the AI Moroccan
Empire was the first to acknowledge the independence of the fledgling united States of America on December
2dh, 1777, and also allowed the united States of North America Republic to operate on our lands and to form
a republican form of government within the dominions of the AI Moroccan Empire, and whereas, these
bonds are contract activity and commerce under Article 14 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between
the unitid States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 (see PULASKI
COUNTY CIRCUITI COUNTY CLERK, REAL ESTATEROOM 102, real estate records instrument No.
2010004359 and instrument No. 2012083870; viewable at www.Pulaskiclerk.com, and Article 14 of the Treaty
of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan
Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286,
referenced as exhibits WW); and
1. Whereas, nationality, status and standing are evervthing in law, and whereas, we the Muurs/
Moors are not the same, and neither are we equal or beneath in status and standing to those natural persons
labeled as the statutory persons of Latino, White, Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-
American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other adjectives and ens legis legal fictions
who never refuted their color of law status to obtain the de jure status of Citizens of the AI Moroccan
Empire, and Citizens within the united States of America Republic; which was established within the AI
Moroccan Emoire, and whereas, by blood inheritance and genetic lineage, we are today what onr
foremotbers and forefathers were yesterday, as naturally ordained by the Most ffigh Creatressf Creator of
the heavens and earth without doubt or contradiction; notwithstanding the opinions and beliefs of other
men and wome!!, and whereas, in law as pursuant to jus sanguinis, the Ancestors of the Muursf Moors are both
Paleo-American and Pre-Columbian to the entire northern and southern hemispheric landmass known as America
today, and jus soli to the AI Moroccan Empire, and whereas, the. descendants of European colonists and
immigrants cannot be anvmore than colonists and immigrants as it relates to the entire northern and
southern hemispheric landmass known as America today, and whereas, America is a continent and not a
nation; for the American continent is comprised of many nations from North to South, and American is
therefore an adjective, and whereas, the law does not deal in general terms, for general terms delude to
fraud of the law, and whereas, governments cannot be corporations, and neither can corporations be nations
who deal in the realm of nationality or naturalization, and whereas, coroorations as ens legis legal fictions
cannot make law; for they can only make coroorate oolicy, and can only deal in commerce and have
dealings with propertv (see Black's Law Dictionary, 4tL Ed.. 1968- "N'ATIONAL:ITY. That qUality or
character which arises from the fact of a person's belonging to a nation tir-state. Nationality determines the
political status of the individual, especially with reference to allegianftk while domicile determines his civil
status. Nationality arises either by birth or by naturalization.",:\'Jl(S SANGUINIS. The right of blood."
".TUS SOLI. The law of the place of one's birth as contrasted with.zus sanguinis, the law of the place of one's
descent or parentage. It is of feudal origin." "STATUS. Standing, state or condition.:. The legal relation of
individual to rest of the community... The rights, duties;)capacities and incapacities which determine a
person to a given class... A legal personal relationship.~not temoorary in its nature nor terminable at the
mere will of the parties. with which third persons and,tbe state are concerned ... While term implies relation
it is not a mere relation... It also means estate, became it sjgnifies the condition or circumstances in which
one stands with regard to 'his property..;" "STANDING. One's place in the community in the estimation of
others; his relative position and social, commercial, or moral relations; his repute, grade, or rank..."
(Black's Law Dictionary. 6'h Ed .• 1990- '!./:iicus Standi-... [Latin "place of standing"] (1835) The right to
bring ·an action or to be beard in a i!iven forum; STANDING.") ''STATE,-n.--:..Tbe circumstances or
condition of a being or thing at a ·diven time." "CONDITION.... The rank, situation, or degree of a
particular oerson in some one of the....ditl'erent orders of society ..." "MINORITY. The state or condition of a
minor; infancy." "MINOR. ·:·of, less consideration; lower; a person of inferior condition." "CWIUTER
· MORTUUS. Civilly dead; de~d ·in the view of the law. The condition of one who has lost his civil rights and
capacities;-~uia- is accountecl- deaa fu law.'' "IN PiENAVtTA.lDfiilllife.'' "IN FULLtiFE. Contbiriing in
both physical and civilreXistence; that is, neither actually dead nor civiliter mortuus.'' "ENS LEGIS. ,b. Lat.
A creature of the laW~;' an artificial being, as contrasted with a natural person. Applied to corporations,
considered as deriVing their existence entirely from the law." "IN FRAUDEM LEGIS. In fraud of the law.
...With the intent hr view of evading the law.", referenced as exhibits XX>; and
t>. ~
li. \)Whereas, I, Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EJe™; a Paleo-American,
Autochtlibiious Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muurish and Pre-Columbian Moorish Freeholder by
Primpghrnture Blood Birthright Inheritance to the entire Americas, Land Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor and
CJ;e,dllor bad my national identity/ nationality and birthright stolen from me upon my nativity and
continued existence with the issuance of the certificate of live birth! birth certificate and social security card
by the corporate STATE OF CALIFORNIA, the corporate STATE OF ARKANSAS and the corporate
UNITED STATES democracies (see Exodus 20:15, "Thou shall not steal.''), and whereas, the United Nations
Declaration of the Rights of the Child; Principle 3 clearly states, "The child shall be entitled from his birth
to a name and a nationalitv.", and whereas, nationality is Divine ptonertv, and given only by the Most IDgh
Creatressf Creator of the heavens and earth as written in Divine Law within the Holy Bible (Genesis 17:5-6,
"Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations
have I made thee. And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come
out of thee."; Acts 17:26, "From one man he made all the nations, that they should inhabit the whole earth; and
he marked out their appointed times in history and the boundaries of their lands."), and the Holy Our'an
(Surah 49, Ayah 13, "0 mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female, and made you into
nations and tribes, that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise (each other). Verily the most honoured
of you in the .sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And Allah has full knowledge and is_ \Veil
acquainted (with all things.), and whereas, the precepts of the Holy Bible and Holy Our' an originate fr9m'the
Laws of Ma' at; which are the Ancient Laws of Hekuptah/ Kemet/ Egypt; as they were interpreted froril-Divine
Law/ Natural Law (see the 'Pert Em Hru- The Book of Coming Forth by Day, The Papyfiis of Ani/
Egytptian Book of the Dead'; by B. A. Wallis Budge, the 42 Laws of Ma'at, "3m Principle: I have not stolen.
7!l! Principle: I have not stolen the property of the goddess/ gods... Maat, goddess of the un3Iterable laws of
heaven..."; 1895, the Divine Law of Truth; United States Statutes at Large 96> Stat. 1211, and
www1.umn.edulhumanrts/instreelk1drc.htm 'United Nations Declaration of the Riglits of the Child', and
law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/630/876/238132/ Filartiga v. Pena'-Irala, 630 F.2d 876
(1980), "These U.N. declarations are significant because they specify with great.:precision the obligations of
member nations under the Charter. Since their adoption, '(m)embers can nt{longer contend that they do
not know what human rights they promised in the Charter to promote.'_ .;.:Moreover, a U.N. Declaration is,
according to one authoritative definition, 'a formal and solemn instrWilent, suitable for rare occasions
when principles of great and lasting importance are being enunciated)- :..Accordingly, it has been obsened
that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 'no longer fits. irito the dichotomy of 'binding treaty'
against 'non-binding pronouncement,' but is rather an autli6ritative statement of the international
community.' ...Thus, a Declaration creates an expectation oNtdherence, and 'insofar as the expectation is
gradually justified by State practice, a declaration may by' cilstom become recognized as laying down rules
binding upon the States.' ... Indeed, several commentaWrs have concluded that the Universal Declaration
has become, in toto, a part of binding, customarv international law.", referenced as exhibits YY); and
' . (~";'·
Iii. Whereas, under the color of law 14th Amendment,_ the .certificate of live birth/ birth certificate,
driver's license, state identification cards, passports and social security cards were created, and whereas, the
colorable statuses of the statutory persons, adjectives and ens legis legal fictions of Latino, White, Negro,
·Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen,
American, etc.; were created by the 14tb Amendment, and whereas, all banking conducted by ens legis legal
fictions within the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies is pursuant to the 14th
Amendment, and whereas, for Muurs/ Moors to continue banking in the same manner is leading to our
economic genocide (economic genocide is the intentional and malicious destabilization and destruction of a
people and their communities through the monopolization of-financial avenues, and by the use of monetary
measures implemented for the evil manipulation of various markets, iobs, businesses, resources and other
·sections of commerce within the economy for greed, ill-gotten gain and unjust enrichment); and whereas, it
has been long ovetatie for the Muurs/ Moors to take their own economic future and allodial freehold staU:
into their own.liands, and hold the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies
accountable to the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787, the Bill of Rights of 1791 and the
various United Nations Declarations and the various treaties as they pertain to us Muurs/ Moors; and
:;j) \
Iiii_/ Whereas, the false illusion of White supremacy has hidden behind the color-- of law since its
inception, and whereas, the label white has absolutely no standing in law, and is civiliter mortuus as well (see
Youtube.com broadcast called 'The Invention of the White Race" by Theodore W. Allen Part 1'. Theodore
W. Allen, author of the books 'The Invention of the White Race, Volume 1: Racial Oppression and Social
Control' and 'The Invention of the White Race, Volume 2: The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-
America', in a television interview explains how the term "White", used as a classification for a part of the
human race, was designed as a socio-political construct for division, human oppression and serves no other
basis. It was invented shortly after Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, and does not appear in a Virginia colonial
record until 1691. Prior to that, those who became labeled as white bore nationalities such as Scottish, kim.
English, etc. He further explains that white is not a race, nor does it have any scientific basis. He defines
himself as a European-American, with finer definition given as an Anglo-American. This is proof beyond a
shadow of a doubt that ''White" is not a nationality, and is merely a status in a social class system. Thus, the
term itself leads to being denationalized, stateless and civiliter mortuus. When "White" as a race is place against
genetic science, the "White,. race is found to be non-existent, and when •-wm:te Supremacy,. is measured
against the de jure law, "White Supremacy" is civiliter mortuus. There are only ,various -populations of people
of the human race with either dominant or recessive genes spread over the earth in what is defined as
nationalities, and with various morphological affinities within their populations. These are irrefutable facts
proven by science.) Now, be it resolved and decreed in finality: _ ):./
~(.:
. ~.:.-)
3. 1Latuful1.Determination for QCuratibe ~esolution: '
. '.
.
,;
"When an honest man discovers he is mistaken, he will either cease being mistaken, or cease being
honest."- attributed to Oscar Wilde. "Good fences make good neighbors."- attributed to Robert Frost. With an
over preponderance of factual evidence that I have presented in the body of this document, I have shown that it
was necessary for me to draw a fine, distinguishable line between the Muurs/ Moors and the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies. If the current administrators of the current United States'
and the current 50 states' corporate democracies have practiced deception about the validity of the 14m
Amendment as if it is de jure law, have practiced deception about the monetary solvency of the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies as if they are not insolvent, have practiced deception
about the democratic form of government that they are currently under, and as if it was the original form of
government according to the Constitution for the united States of America Republic of 1787, then, what else
have they done in regards to deception and fraud? With all of the evidence compiled within the 52 points in
part 2 above to show cause why this international cease and desist with lien should be issued, these are the
main pieces of evidence that I would like to draw a keener focus on, and to show cause why there is a need
to cease and desist all overt or clandestine activities not conducive to de jure laws, customarv international
laws and contracts pertaining to Muurs/ Moors IMMEDIATELY. The evidence against the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies is IRREFUTABLE. Please see Proverbs 6:2, "Thou art
snared with the words of thy mouth, thou.att taken with the words of thy mouth."; Proverbs 12:22, "Lying
lips are abomination to the LORD: but" they that deal truly are his delight."; and Proverbs 13:5, "A
righteous man hateth Jying: but a wideci man is Joathsome, and cometh to shame.".
1. In the evidence of subverting the united States .of America Republic to the current United States' and
the current 50 states' corporate democracies, and upholding the democracy over the republic in an openly
treasonous manner, I have the inaugural addresses of 1933, 1937 and 1941 of United States President
Franklin D. Roosevelt. I have the Supreme Court of the United States' cases of American Communications
Assn. v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382 (1950), Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawver, 343 U.S. 579 (1952), New
York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), U.S. Term
limits Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al. 514 U.S. 779 (1995) .and Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
(2010). I have the speeches Politics 'Arkansas Governor Mike Beebe's State of the State Address' January
13!1!, 2009,r"!?Y~Mike Beebe, and TIME Magazine 'Read President Obama's Remarks From His First Post-
Election·,.l~ress Coriference' by Mahita Gajanan, November 14!1!, 2016. And, I also have 16 American
Jurisprudence 2d., Constitutional Law; Sec. 98 (1962)- 'Effect of public emergency', and 16 American
.JuriSprudence 2d.. Constitutional Law; Sec. 256 (1962)- 'Generally'. (Please see gutenberg.org and read
'The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels', ·1888; in which it stites, ·"The Communist
revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional propertv relations; no wonder that its development
involves the most radical rupture with traditional ideas. But let us have done with the bourgeois objections
to Communism. We have seen abov~ that the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the
proletariat to the position of rnling as to win the battle of democracy... Of course, in the beginning, this
cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of p~pertv, and on the conditions of
bourgeois production; by means of measures, therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable,
but which, in the course of the movement, outstrip themselves, necessitate further inroads upon the old social
order, and are unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionising the mode of production. These measures will of
course be different in different countries. Nevertheless in the most advanced countries, the following will be
prettv generally applicable. !- Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public
purposes." [Emphasis added: Abolishment of allodial lands and enforcement of eminent domain} --~. ~
heayy progressive -Or graduated income tax." [Emphasis added: The Internal Revenue Service],_?'~.
Abolition of all right of inheritance." !Emphasis added: 73n1 Congress, 1st Session Senate Document No': 43;
Resolution No. 62, 'Contracts Payable in Gold'- "The ultimate ownership of all property is in the s'titte..."]
"~. Conf"ISCation of the property of all emigrants and rebels." [Emphasis added: 73ro Congress)lst Session
Senate Document No. 43; Resolution No. 62, 'Contracts Payable in Gold'- ''The ultimate ownership of all
property is in the state..."] "~. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national
bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly." [Emphasis added: The Federal Reserve System] "6.
Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State." JElnphasis added: The
forced registration of private automobiles and forced licensing via the driver's liceq~~:to impede one's right to
free travel in his or her private automobiles, and the invasion of privacy:;'via electronic and analog
communication methods. 73n1 Congress, 1st Session Senate Document No. 43{'Resolution No. 62, 'Contracts
Payable in Gold'- "The ultimate ownership of all propertv is in the state::/']; et al...) HOW LONG WILL
YOU ALL REMAIN SILENT BEFORE YOU TELL THE PEOPLE THAT THEY ARE ACTUALLY NO
LONGER A REPUBLIC, BUT ARE A SOCIALIST CORPORATE-STATE UNDER DEMOCRACY?
TIDS HAS BEEN THE STATE OF AFFAIRS SINCE 1933. v
2. In the evidence of-the unconstitutionality of the 14th Amendment and 15th Amendment, as well as
other unconstitutional Reconstruction Acts, I have the Joil{t>Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly
'Memorial to Congress- Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendiiients to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void, No.
45 (Senate Resolution No. 39)'; March 8th, 1957, and the Congressional Record of the 90th Congress, First
Session; June 13th, 1967 'The 14th Amendment- Egu81 Protection Law or Tool of Usurpation'; pp. 15641='
15646. I have the Supreme Court of the _United States' cases of Marbury v. Madison, S U.S. 137 (1803),
Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425 (1886) and Hawke v. Smith, 253 U.S. 221 (1920), and the Utah State
Supreme Court case of Dvett v. Turner, 20 Utah 2d 403 (1968) 439 P.2d 266. And, I also have 16 American
.Jurisprudence 2d.. Constitutional Law:;- Sec. 98 (1962)- 'Effect of public emergency', and 16 American
Jurisprudence 2d., Constitutional Law; Sec. 256 (1962)- 'Generally'.
;~_) '!
3. In the evidence of the bankruptcy of the current United States' and the current SO states' corporate
democracies and the Federal Reserve Bank system, the criminality and unconstitutionality of the Federal
Reserve Bank system, as well as the forced peonage under the liability of the Federal Reserve note, I have
the Congressional Record,ofthe 72nd Congress, .June lOth, 1932; pp.1259S-12603, the Congressional Record
of the 102nd Congress,_ May 4th, 1992 'National and International Thieverv in High Places; pp. 10067-10069, ·
and the CongressiomllRecord of the 103m Congress, May 17th, 1993 'Providing for Consideration of House
Concurrent Resolution 64, Concurrent Resolution on the Budget, Fiscal Year 1994'; page 1303. I have the
Supreme Court of the United States' case of Marbury v. Madison, S U.S. 137 (1803). I have Article 1,
Section 8; Clause S of the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787. And, I also have 16
American ,'.Jurisprudence 2d.. Constitutional Law; Sec. 98 (1962)- 'Effect of public emergency', and 16
American .Jurisprudence 2d.. Constitutional Law; Sec. 256 (1962)- 'Generally'.
f '..t ·,
:) 4. In the evidence of human rights violations of human trafficking, forced denationalization and f!!!:£!:!!
assimilation, I have the STATE OF CALIFORNIA CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRTH No. 7097-118611 of
Toriano James Hervey©TM.
S. In the evidence of the knowledge as an expert witness with expert evidence against the current
United States flag (banner) that is currently being flown in all state and federal courts and offices; as a
military flag currently representing a military democracy, and the conversion of the name Toriano James
Hervey@™ into a military commercial vessel prior to recapture under international treaty law of the Muurs/
Moors, I have the 'Honorable Military Discharge DD 214 of TORIANO .JAMES HERVEY'. And, I also have
16 American .Jurisprudence 2d., ConstitUtional Law; Sec. 98 (1962)- 'Effect of public emergency'.
6. In the evidence that the republic was and still is the lawful form of government for the united States of
America, I have the 'Joint Resolution Authorizing and requesting the President to proclaim 1983 as the
"Year of the Bible"'.• United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211, Public Law 97-280; 971h Congress,
approved October 4th, 1982, ''Whereas the Bible, the Word of God ... as in the words of President .Jackson
that the Bible is 'the rock on which our Republic rests"'. I have The Federalist Papers 'No. 10 The 'Same
Subject Continued The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection'. I have ilie text of
United States Code positive Jaw 4 USC 4 'Pledge of allegiance to the flag; manner of deliverY;'.{ I also have
the Supreme Court of the United States' cases of Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. 1 (1849), United States v.
Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1875) (notwithstanding the colorable mention of the 14th Amendment) and Cooper
v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958) (notwithstanding the colorable mention of the 14th Amendment). And, I also
have 16 American .Jurisprudence 2d.. Constitutional Law; Sec. 98 (1962)- 'Effect of.public emergency'.
,··.v
These six points alone are the DEATH CERTIFICATES of the current United States' and the current
50 states' corporate democracies, and of everv Latino, White, Negro, Black, .Colored, Afro-American,
Asian, African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S. citizen, American and other adjectives and
ens legis legal fictions. FROM NOW ON, WHEN SOMEONE OF TilE 14m AMENDMENT STATUS,
BANKRUPTY AND DEMOCRACY SPEAKS AS IF HE OR SHE·'HAS ANY AUTHORITY IN LAW
WHATSOEVER, I SHALL MERELY PRESENT THE DEATH. CERTIFICATES PERTAINING TO
THE 14TH AMENDMENT, THE BANKRUPTCY, THE DE FACTO DEMOCRACY AND THE DE .lURE
REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT, AND, IT WOULD BE IN IDS OR HER BEST INTEREST
FOR HIM OR HER TO STOP THE DECEPTION IMMEDIATELY, OR, BECOME MY DEBTOR/
PROPERTY FOR TRYING TO DECEIVE ME. There'is absolutely no d;Ture constitutional protections
for the current United States' and the current 50 stat~' corporate democracies, or for any Latino, White,
Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American, Asian,. African-American, American Indian, West Indian, U.S.
citizen, American and other adjectives ind'.ens.lelris legal fictionS in theSe matters. Now, you have to be held
accountable to these things, and to give answer for them, and to show cause as to why treason, extortion,
fraud and other applicable crimes, and the''prescribed punishments should not be attached to every elected
public official, officer, agent and employee of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies. IGNORANCE OF THE LAW IS NO EXCUSE!!! YOU HAVE TO GIVE AN ANSWER IN
TRUTH!!! Proverbs 22:20-21, '~Have not I written to thee excellent things in counsels and knowledge, That
I might make thee know the certainty of the words of truth; that thou migbtest answer the words of truth
to them that send unto thee?;;·•'silence can only be eguated with fraud where there is a legal or moral duty to
speak or where an inguiry' left unanswered would be intentionally misleading."; see United States of
America v. Prudden, 424 F.2d 1021 (5th Cir. 1970), and United States of America v. Tweel, 550 F.2d 297
(5th Cir. 1977). S.t;~·,: Www.justia.com United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U.S. 61 (1878), "There is no
guestion of the /general doctrine that fraud vitiates the most solemn contracts, documents, and even
judgments." \(> ·,
"-··-1
-./
Plea~~ :answer these questions if possible. Is it not true that the Louisiana General Assemblv spoke the
truth po#cerning the 14th Amendment? Is it not true that ,Judge Leander H. Perez of Louisiana spoke the
truth .doncerning the 14th Amendment? Is it not true that Congressman Rarick of Louisiana spoke the truth
concerning the 14th Amendment? Is it not true that the Georgia General Assembly spoke the truth concerning
the 14th Amendment? Is it not true that .Judge A. H. Ellett of the Utah State Supreme Court case of Dyett v.
Turner spoke the truth concerning the 14th Amendment? Is it not true that Congressmen McFadden,
Gonzalez and Traficant .Jr., spoke the truth concerning the criminality and bankruptcy of the Federal
Reserve, and the bankruptcy of the current United States' and current 50 states' corporate democracies? Is
it not true that the three inaugural addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt were malicious intents to commit fraud
and treason against the ueople and their de jure Republican form of government? Is it not true that the
Constitutional Republican form of government is the de jure form of government? Is it not true that the
current United States' and the current SO states' corporate democracies are in fact socialist communist
constructs? Is it not true that the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies are
currently operating a militarv form of government as it pertains to the coup d'etat of the de jure Constitutional
Republic? Is it not true that the current United States' and the current SO states' corporate democracies are
currently implementing the laws of land warfare for the regulation of all commerce and the 14iiJ Amendment
United States citizens "in toto"? I BELIEVE THAT ALL OF THE SIX POINTS ABOVE IN PART~ 3
WITH THOSE PIECES--oF"EVIDENCE, AND THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS ARE"ALL
TRUE. Deuteronomy 19:15, "One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or forariy ·si!!. in
any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall :the matter
be established." Simply put, I'LL PUT VALUE BEHJND THE SIX POINTS, THE EVIDENCJfA.BOVE IN
PART 3 AND THE QUESTIONS. Observe my hand of cards as: The pieces of documented: evidence of the
six points above in part 3 and the truth contained herein this 'Affidavit of Default .JudgiO~nt with Absolute
Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits'. MY
chips of consideration are: My Sovereign Notice of International Act in Assurance &"'Gold Surety Bond No.
RA 4S7 140 195 US, and, S34 troy ounces of .999 unbound silver bullion and 130-avoirduoois ounces of .999
unbound copper bullion; to be seized if proven wrong via rebuttal of the<Sii points, and answering the
related questions in toto. My call of truth is: This 'Affidavit of DefaUlt .Juds!inerit wfth Absolute Rights to
Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist~ ..Lien and Exhibits' in toto; given
against you under affirmation and penalties of per-joey. Now, to be Clear once again, I stand on this entire
document as the truth, but all you are reguired to do is rebut the six'points mentioned in part three above,
and answer the related guestions in toto under affirmation and)!'enalties of perjurv. If you feel that there
are any other rebuttable points within this document, then you should challenge them as well. Now, United
States President, Barack H. Obama; United States Secretary.gfihe Treasury, Jacob Lew; United States Attorney
General, Loretta E. Lynch; United States Secretary of State, John Kerry and Arkansas State Attorney General,
Leslie Rutledge; do you caUl counter-claim via rebuttlil ' of the six points mentioned in part three above, and
answering the related questions !!!:.l!!1!l. under atrunu1tion and penalties of perjury? Or, do you fold?
·;.-· ·
Please show me any state or federal constitution for the democracy. If you cannot urove that there is a
constitution for the democracy, or show where there was a quorum vote by Congress and the states to
change the lawful form of government from a republic to a democracy, then you are operating in fraud, and
merely as a corporate construct; not as a government as it relates to and ordained by the Constitution for
the united States of America Republic of 1787. There is a severe issue in law here. If the general public at
large knew that the 14tb Amendment was never ratified, and the united States of America Republic could
never be a democracy according to its founding charter, i.e. the Constitution for the united States of America
Republic of 1787, then every case involving the assumed jurisdiction of the 14tb Amendment and the subject
matter it pertains to would have to be overturned due to the invalidity of the 14tb Amendment, and even
case involving assumed jurisdiction as pursuant to the democracy would have to be overturned due to lack
of jurisdiction of an invalid government. We are talking trillions of dollars in restitution fees, and also
possibly the death penalty or imprisonment for treason, extortion, fraud, and a host of other crimes due to
the 148 year old 14tb Amendment and the 83 year old United States Democracy. Remember, fraud car-ries
no statute of limitations, and begins at the moment of discoverv. Fraud vitiates all forms of contract and
makes them void ab initio. And, there is no equity in any claim with unclean hands and bad faith, as there is
no equity in wrongdoing, i.e. workers of iniquity cannot receive equity. See www.justia.com United States
v.,~Tilrockmorton. 98 U.S. 61 (1878), "There is no guestion of the general doctrine that fraud vitiates the
most solemn contracts, documents, and even judgments."
The current United States' and the current SO states' corporate democracies have been operating in
deception since 1868 via the 14tb Amendment, and again .in 1933 via the New Deal .Democracy of United
States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the bankruptcy. De jure law is the only efficacy for remedy; i.e.
~ for this situation. There is no benefit that can be gained from fraud. Since 1868, all of the states have
required all public officials to be 14th Amendment United States citizens to hold any public office; which
means that by law, they do not exist in such capacity, and, they are all dead at law due to the fraud of the
14th Amendment. This means that all state and federal elected and non-elected public officials are outlaws.
To be declared an outlaw does not necessarily mean that one must engage in violent, law breaking activities. It
can also simply mean that one is outside of the laws as they pertain to nationality, status and standing, and issues
of a substantive fashion. Under the common law, and the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787,
any individual or entity that is bankrupt becomes civiliter -mortuus; i.e. civilly dead (see www.iustia.com
Herndon v. Howard. 76 U.S. 664 (1869), "The section of the Bankrupt Law relied on, we think, governs the
present case. It seems to require that Masterson, the assignee, be substituted as appellant for Herndo!!, the
bankrupt, who may be said to be civiliter mortuus, precisely as an executor or administrator would be made
party instead of an appellant actually deceased ...", International Bank v. Sherman. 101 U.S. 403. 406
(1879), ''The bankrupt became, as it were, for many purposes, civiliter mortuus ..." and Carr v. Hamilton,
129 U.S. 252 (1889), "It is difficult to see why this principle of justice should not apply to persons holding
policies of life insurance in a company which becomes bankrupt and goes into liquidation. By that act, the
company becomes civiliter mortuus, its bUsiness is brought to an absolute end ..." Under the Constitution for
the united States of America of 1787, it is impossible to have a democracy or a central bank because both are
elements of communism; which are anti-republic in nature (see 'The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels', 1888). Thus, according to de jure law, the current statuses of all united states citizens
existing under the 14th and 15th Amendments, and under the current united states' and SO states' bankruptcies
and corporate democracies; are dead in law, but, ignorance of the law is no excuse. Every elected public
official, officer, agent and employee of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies should keep silent when trying to tell me anything about what I can, or, cannot do as it pertains
to law. You cannot be outside of the law while trying to enforce the law at the same time. I will instruct you
all from here onwards as it pertains to matters that I need taken care of. Dead men and women cannot speak.
Have you ever seen a dead man or woman speak? This has the same meaning in law as civiliter mortuus . .Just
as the dead cannot harm the living, those bankrupt, 14th Amendment ens legis legal fictions and natural
persons who are civiliter mortuus; i.e. civilly dead, caDnot harm those natural persons in plena vita; i.e. in
full life within the law (see Ecclesiastes 9:5-6, "For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not
anything, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten. Also their love, and
their hatred, and their envy, is now perished; neither have they any more a portion forever in anvthing that is
done under the sun.") Now being reasonable and using logic, it is impossible for anyone of a dead status to try
to tell anyone else what the law is or is not, when they themselves are civilly dead and are outside of the law.
This is not acceptable and will not be tolerated at all.
(_/\ ·~
Some of the constitutions that I have reviewed are the constitutions of Texas, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri
and Arkansas. All of them require the public officials to be citizens of the United States, i.e. 14th
Amendment citizens. As I mentioned within the last paragraph, according to de jure law, everyone is civilly
dead with this status. This is the equivalent of the proverbial living dead cinematic theatre, where there are a few
survivors trying to stay alive; while trying to avoid getting infected or eaten by the living dead. The living dead
are the masses of civiliter mortuus people and public officials who have positions and offices of power based
on the color of law; while the few survivors are those people who have awakened to the de jure law, and have
corrected their statuses within it, and being infected or eaten is the equivalent of trving to silence us. The
reality in law is that Muurs/ Moors and others with a nationality are the only people in plena vita, i.e. in full
life both civilly and physically, while all 14th Amendment citizens are civiliter mortUus, i.e. civilly dead but
still physically alive. The public officials who wish for the deceit to continue, are doing their best to keep this
situation as quiet as possible; by orally spewing vitriol, promoting demagoguery through various media
avenues and threatening physical violence; to incite vilification against Muurs/ Moors because we do our
due diligence in seeking the truth as it pertains to blood, history and liD!· I will give you the following scenario:
If all civilly dead people were physically dead in a literal sense, and all civilly alive people are the only ones
physically alive, then the people who are physicaHy alive would have to possibly travel for miles before they
saw- another
~~- .. ------..
·---~ ~
living
. --·
-~
man
~ __
or woman. This is the effect of being civiliter
-- ---- ·-·- , _____ ....,- --
____ ,_ ,..---- ·--·
mortuus in relation to the law. The law
-- ----- --
·-'-'·'-~·---· ·•. ---~~ --·--·-. -- -
cannot see you. And, your status is dead; you have no voice and no standing whatsoever. The 14th
Amendment, the bankruptcy and the democracy are to all subject citizens and State and Federal legislative,
executive and judicial public officials what the Dred Scott decision was to so-called Negroes. The de jure law
is the measuring rod to one being dead or alive within it. All corporations are dead in law as well as their
employees due to the 14th Amendment ens legis corporate juristic person status.
The Federal Reserve is civiliter mortuus due to bankruptcy, violation of the Supreme Court of the
United States' cases of Marbury v. Madison. 5 U.S. 137 (1803) and Norton v. Shelby County. 118 U.S. 425
(1886), and violation of Article 1, Section 8; Clause 5 of the Constitution for the united States of America of
1787. All BAR attorneys operating at the state and federal levels are civiliter mortuus as wep.. So, it is
impossible for anyone to deny my rights, and the rights of Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish;Freeholder
Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust); as they are recorded in public record iri'strument No.
2015080734 and this instrument as well. I do not need any worthless so-called credit from any dead bank and
dead Federal Reserve. I have my own credit backed by land, gold, silver, copper, all land rights, all mineral
rights, all water rights and all air, !!l!..m and all space rights, corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments
owed to me by all non-Muurish/ Moorish corporations operating on my land, a~d"also backed by all third
pal'ty beneficiary rights in natul'al equity to every contract arrangement or;:agreement made; whether
public or privat~ that takes place upon my lands, due to non-compensati01rfor the use of my lands, raw
materials, natural resources, flora and fauna. How can any of these entities possibly loan anvthing to me
when they owe me rent their rent is long overdue and they are bankrupt? This is impossible. ALL THEY
ARE DOING IS CIRCULATING DEBT AND NOTHING MORE. As a Paleo-American, Autochthonous
Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muur and Pre-Columbian~Moor, and a Primogeniture Freehold
Heir by Blood Birthright Inheritance to the Americas "in toto:;:t,and Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor and
Creditor; I AM THE PARAMOUNT CREDITOR and THE ULTIMATE LENDER OF LAST RESORT.
MY CREDIT IS SUPERIOR TO THEIRS. THE LAW WILL NOT ALLOW YOU TO TAKE MY DE
.lURE POWER TO ISSUE ASSET CREDIT AND BESTOW IT TO CIVIUTER MORTUUS BANKING
ENTITIES. (See Bouvier's Dictionarv of Law. 1856. Maxims of Law- "Haeres est eadem persona cum
antecessore. The heir is the same person with the ancestor." "In restitutionem, non in paenam haeres
succedit. The heir succeeds to the restitution not the penalty." "Haeredem Deus facit. non homo. God and
not man. make the heir." "Solus Deus haeredem facit. God alone makes the heir.") As a curative remedy in
eguity, be it so decreed that all rights, interests and title to rights of real and personal property; as recorded
in public record instrument No. 2015080734 in toto, and this instrument in toto, be released from the current
United States' arid the current 50 states;-- corpoiatedemocracies, and retuniecHo me -and--Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Einahcial ServicesmM (an Autochthonous Trust) in replevin and reversion; as
pursuant to Article 3 et al articles of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487,
treatv series TS 244-2; 9'~evans 1286, and as pursuant to default of public record instrument No. 2015080734
in toto, and as written;~within www.state.gov/documents/organizationl218912.pdf 'United States Department
of State Treaties bfForce- A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in
Force on JanuafV 1. 2013'; 'Peace Treaties' page 202. According to Black's Law Dictionary. 4th Ed., 1968,
''Equity sufferS 'not a right without a remedy." "Equitas sequitur legem. Equity follows the law." ".Em!i!v
looks upon,,tJiat as done which ought to have been done." And, "CURATIVE. Intended to cure (that is, to
obviate the ordinarv legal effects or consequences of) defects, errors, omissions, or irregularities. Applied
particUlarly to statutes, a "curative act" being a retrospective law passed in order to validate legal
proceedings, the acts of public officers, or private deeds or contracts, which would otherwise be void for
defects or irregularities or for want of conformity to existing legal. requirements." It is so ordered.
4. IPi!ttorp among otiJer tiJing!t to be abbeb:

According to Black's Law Dictionarv. 4th Ed., 1968, "Cujusque rei potissima pars est principium. The
chiefest part of evervtbing is the beginning." It is quite obvious that true historv, and not revisionist lies, has
been forgotten by nearly all today. And, it is history that paves the way for the interactions and rules given
as law between people and nations as they deal with each other. See also Bouvier's Dictionary of Law, 1856,
Maxims of Law- "Ex facto jus oritur. Law arises out of fact; that is, its application must be to facts." Here
are some points of history and law that will be addressed in addendum so as to refresh your memories.
i. ~IJ.strad of Q;ttlt to tbe ~merica.s "in IIJIII' IJJ? Jjloobline lle.stettt anb Q;ttlt of
.fioiJilitJ? for tbe :@luur.s/ mauri/ :@loor.s; ll&nlJ? i\iabt 'l.atufuiiJ? :@lake.s :i!llilliJt: ' ':
. ~)--
A. The following is the Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginals' droit-droit jus stini:uinis,
paramount natural law title to the Americas in toto for the Muurs; as drawn in stone at the Serra d~; Capivara
site in Brazil and the Toea da Esperansa site in Brazil at approximately 100,000 years ago anc!_295,000 years
ago respectively; as well as other more ancient and Pre-Columbian archaeological site8;' artifacts and
monuments in America; as given herein and originated by eumelanin dominant people p(Negroid, Africoid,
Oceanian, proto-Southeast Asiatic/ Austronesian, proto-Asiatic Mongoloid and. ~~;;~much later proto-
Europoid and phenotypes lawfully known as Muurs/ Moors. (See the morphologicfi[phenotypical evidence of
Leanne woman of Texas at approximately 9,000-9,500 years ago, Luzia woman.)·of south-central Brazil at
approximately 11,500 years ago, Penon woman of Central Mexico at approxi¢ately 12,000-13,000 years ago
and Naia woman of Hoyo Negro of Yucatan Peninsula at approximately 12,000~13,000 years ago.) The Treaty
of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America ·Republic and the AI Moroccan
Empire of 1787 and 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 100-'f05, and 484-487, treaty series TS 244-
! and TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286 respectively; is the true jus soli imJ>¢rlal, lawful Moorish paramount title to
the Americas in toto; which are the dominions of the AI MoroccaiLEmpire, but it is included and subjected to
the Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginals' droit-droit jusi sanguinis, paramount natural law title to the
Americas in toto. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968~ "Prior tempore potior jure. He who is first in
time is preferred in right." "Quod prius est verius est; et quod prius est tempore potius est jure. What is first is
true; and what is first in time is better in law." '~Where two rights concur, the more ancient shall be
preferred." "Quando duo jura concurrunt in unaCpersona. jeguum est ac si essent in diversis. When two
rights concur in one person, it is the same as if tlitW were in two separate persons." "Monumenta quze nos
recordti vocamus sunt veritatis et vetustatis vestiiiia. Monuments, which we call "records," are the vestiges of
truth and antiquity." "Law favoreth common right.", and the Ancient Law of Dominion as found in Genesis
1:26-28, and the Ancient Law of Landni3rks as found in Deuteronomy 19:14 and 27:17, Proverbs 22:28 and
23:10-11, Isaiah 40:8, Hosea 5:10, United States Statutes at Large 96 Stat. 1211 and Public Law 97-280.) The
Holy Our'an confirms these Ancient Laws of Dominion and Landmarks with Sura 22, Ayah 65, and by
confirming all of the prophets of-the Holy Bible sent by the Most High Creatress/ Creator of the heavens and the
earth prior to the Holy Qur~~~ 'The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836 confirms the supremacy of the Most High Creatress/
Creator of the heavens an~hhe earth with the opening statement of "Bismi Allah AI Rahman AI Rahim", i.e. ''In
the name of God, theimerciful and clement!" One's blood .inheritance or ancestors' accomplishments does not
change because pf':a change in one's religion or their national name. According to Yashua Ha Mashiakh, as
recorded in MattHew 5:17-18, "Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I have not
come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall
in no wise ~pitss from the Jaw, till all be fulfil]ed." And Matthew 24:35, "Heaven and earth shall pass away,
but my words shall not pass away." These Ancient Laws of Dominion and Landmarks are still applicable
today.·we cannot forget all of the archaeological finds of the evidence of my people, the Paleo-American,
Autochthonous Aborigines; as chronicled in public record instrument No. 2015080734, and others written
herein, from the Folsom site in New Mexico, to the Pygmy Skulls of Eastern Tennessee, to the Topper site of
South Carolina, to the Calico site in California, to the Serra da Capivara site in Brazil, to the Hueyatlaco site
in Mexico, to the Toea da Esperansa site in Brazil, all the way back in time to millions of years ago at the
Miramar archaeological f'mds in Miramar, Argentina. We shall not be surprised to firid otir presence~
older upon these American lands as archaeological digs continue, science progresses and the truth comes
forward. There is no need to repeat verbatim the maxims of law regarding land and its first occupants. It belongs
~------- -- - - ·-- · -
to the first occupants under natural law, and he that owns the soil, owns up to the sky, and down to the
depths of the earth. The colonial descendants now living under the current United States' and the current 50
states' corporate democracies must honor and acknowledged these facts pertaining to the true heirs of the
land that they are currently occupying. I am of 0+ blood and mostly Paleo-American. Autochthonous
Aborigine ancestry of 85%, with Mongoloid Native American and Austronesian Southeast Asian genetic
introgression, as well as other genetic introgressions from various other global populations; which well
occurred over a millennia ago, and as discovered according to the research of .independent geneticist Tyr.one
Cannon of Perth, Western Australia. My ancestors were already in situ when the Austronesians, MongoloidS imd
other global populations carne to our lands. See link 1drv.mslb/s!AI4BnCOKcGaEgUbObNRCKte\¥SJZ4,
beginning at page 23 for 'Scientific Dissenting Opinion in Support of Toriano ObaShango-:El's Status
Correction' update. The link has been added for paperwork reduction in regards to this 43 page g~qetic
., ....
report.
B. The following is according to the Age of Empires. According to Prince Angel).~~ ifriel Elymas Bei,
author of 'Libretto No. 2- Magnus Geographicus Permetiri Atgue Familiae Annales Iriu:Jerium Maurusium
Ac Gentilis Ius Sanguinus (The Great Geodetic Survey and Family Chronicle of th~' Moorish Empire and
it's Bloodright Heirs)- The Book of Blood and Deeds', "He that owns the land:'tiy Birthright (Emphasis
added: Blood Birthright) Inherited Noble Title makes the Laws, and is Vassaf to no one." The Treaty of
Peace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic-and the AI Moroccan Empire
of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487, treaty series. TS ·244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, with the
Moorish Libyan early Christian Bible inscriptions of the gospel of the death and resurrection of Yashua ha
Mashiakh at the Narrows Shelters in Crawford County, Arkansas, and the Moroccan 5th century Church
erected in Cockaponset Forest, Connecticut; with the title/ name 'of the land, i.e. Asqu-Shamal; written in
stone at Figuig, Morocco is a jus soli imperial, lawful MooriSh paramount title conjoined to the claim of
prior consanguine empires of the Canaanite/ Phoenician/, Carthamnianl Punic Iberian Empire and the
Bourne Stone, the Kemetian Empire, the Nubian Empire arid the Kushite Empire. .According to Black's Law
Dictionaa. 4th Ed., 1968, "PARAMOUNT TITLE,<Ib ythe law of real propertv, properly one which is
superior to the title with which it is compared, in~the sense that the former is the source or origin of the
latter.!!.!§, however, frequently used to denote :a.title which is simply better or stronger than another,!!!:
will prevail over it..." I am holding United States National Archives authenticated records of the Treaty of
Peace and Friendship between the united ,Sfutes of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire
of 1787 and 1836. All who see that I am a-holder in due course of these treaties, should know that as a blood
right heir under ius sanguinis, I AM~HOLDING PARAMOUNT TITLE TO THE AMERICAS IN TOTO
UNDER JUS SOU. The represent?tibn of my Muurish jus sanguinis and Moorish jus soli title to the Americas
in toto is my Bloodline descent,c;uid the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic and the Al·Moroccan Empire of 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 484-487,
treaty series TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286. The opening statement of "Bismi Allah AI Rahman AI Rahim", i.e. ''In
the name of God, the .merciful and clement!"; is an automatic and direct invocation of The Most High
Creatress/ Creator of~~ Heavens and earth's jurisdiction into this treaty, i.e. contract, and the Ancient Laws of
Dominion and Landmarks are eternal according to the Holy Bible and the Holy Our'an. There is no
can
legislation that. supersede the laws of nature, and regardless of how this may cause some people to feel;
we are all held·bound to them. Thus, the de jure natural autochthonous people of the land are the de jure
owners of· the land. (See Bouvier's Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia by .John Bouvier: 3ra
Revisiorii;8th Ed., 1914- "Leges naturae perfectissimae sunt et immutabiles; humani vero juris conditio semper
in intiiiitum decurrit, et nihil est in eo auod perpetuo stare possit. Leges humanae nascuntur, vivunt,
moriuntur. The laws of nature are most perfect and immutable; but the condition of human law is an
miending succession, and there is nothing in it which can continue perpetually. Human laws are born. live,
and die.") Thus, this concludes the abstract of jus sanguinis and jus soli title to the Americas "in toto".
C. According to Noble Drew Ali, Divine Preparer of the 'Circle 7 Moorish Holy Koran', the prologue
'Know Thyself And Thy Father God Allah' states, ''The industrious acts of the Moslems of the northwest and
southwest Africa. These are the Moabites, Hamathites, Canaanites, who were driven out of the land of Canaan, by
-------- -----------
Joshua. and received permission from the Pharaohs of Egypt to settle in that portion of Egypt. In later years
they formed themselves kingdoms. These kingdoms are called this day Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, etc."
Chapter 47:6-7 states, "The Moabites from the land of Moab who received permission from the Pharaohs of
Egypt to settle and inhabit North-West Africa; they were the founders and are the true possessors of the
present Moroccan Empire. With their Canaanite, Hittite, and Amorite bretheren who sojourned from the land
of Canaan seeking new homes. Their dominion and inhabitation extended from North-East and South-West
Africa, across great Atlantis even unto the present North, South, and .Central America and also Mexico and
the Atlantis Islands; before the great earthquake, which caused the great Atlantic Ocean." Chapter 47:io'-11
further states, "What your ancient forefathers were, you are today without doubt or contradiction..:~There is
no one who is able to change man from the descendant nature of his forefathers; unless his power extends
beyond the great universal Creator Allah Himself." The Supreme Creatress'/ Creator's nafural Jaws of
Blood descent supersede man's law. The •arcle 7 Moorish Holy Koran' is held within the Proclamation and
Sovereign Trust for Moorish Americans, as found within the archives of the Cook CouQt}(Recorder of Deeds
Office in Chicago, lllinois; recorded in Book 521 and Page 579, and under document:'No. 10105905 in the
Torrens Land Title Registry System on August 1B, 1928, and with the power b~i§g' derived from the great
Koran (spelling at the time) of Mohammed. Noble Drew Ali had told the Moors, "I brought you your
Nationality, Religion and Title to your Vast Esta~e." ,.~-\. ··
/ ' ...
D. The following is hereby given not as to injure anyone's fam\ly•·legacy, but to covey the truth in
accordance with law, and to show the importance of correcting one's statllidh
. _..
~-
accordance with obtaining a lawful
nationality. According to www .arkansashouse.orglpublic/userr.Ieslbhtck history.pdf, ''The first African-
Americans to serve in the Arkansas House of Representative~f.·were William H. Grey, James T. White,
Anderson Louis Rush, Richard R. Samuels, James W. Mason, &:·Monroe E. Hawkins. A recent article from the
'Arkansas Historical Quarterly' describes the dynamic at bQtti'the federal and state level when the men were
sworn into office. 'The Republican-controlled Congress!.. fumappy with southern state governments that
refused to guarantee civil rights of former slaves an"d · tolerated widespread violence against them, had
passed the first Reconstruction Act on March 2, J-~67, which deemed existing state governments in the
former Confederacy provisional and called for ·new state constitutions that enfranchised black men. The
first elected black members of the Arlcinsas HQuse
:~) ~
:
of Representatives appeared in Little Rock the following year,
when the Seventeenth General Assembly co11vened on April 2, 1868. On that spring afternoon, Grey, White,
Rush, and Richard Samuels all took their s~ts in the House. Hawkins would join them soon thereafter. Grey and
White had been free men. Rush was a fotlner slave, and Samuels and Hawkins are both presumed to have been
born into slavery.' In the Senate, Ja,tp.~s W. Mason took his seat a week later on April 9; exactly three years after
Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appprilattox." Now, at the time this occurred, Scott v. Sandford. 60 U.S. 19 How.
393 (1856) was still the Supreme Law of the land, and the Reconstruction Acts were unconstitutional
according to Marbury v. Madison. 5 U.S. 137 (1803), so any state legislative act proceeding from this
historical fraud was a mere nullity according to Marburv v. Madison. 5 U.S. 137 {1803).
E. Accordi9g~t~ 'Fruit from a -Poisonous Tree'; 2008 by Mel Stamper, JD (Juris Doctorate), he writes
and I quote, ''The 'p.ext shameful event in our history which still plagues us to this day was the 'War Powers Act
of 1933.' Thj.s(Act permitted President Roosevelt to make law in the form of Executive Order, bypass
Congress and) ~reate his socialist state. We (citizens of this country) were ever after to be considered enemies of
the United'States who must be licensed to engage in any commercial activity. With the aid of the Federal
Reserve (the same people who created-the Depression), the President confiscated.our gold and silver coin and
replaced it with worthless pieces of paper and a debt system that will eventually destroy this great country.
Outland and our labor [Emphasis added: and all personal property; see Government Printing Office 1933
record of 73ro Congress, 1st Session Senate Document No. 43; Resolution No. 62, 'Contracts Payable in
Gold- An Article Entitled "Contracts Payable in Gold'; by George Cyrus Thorne. Showing the Legal Effect
of Agreements to Pay in Gold', "The ultimate ownership of all property is in the State; individual so-called
'ownership' is only by virtue of Government, i.e. law, amounting to mere user; and use must be in
accordance with law, and subordinate to the necessities of the State."] were pledged to the Federal Reserve
'Instrument# 2017026407 Page 91 of 235
~. Inc., as collateral for a debt system that could never be paid. How can this most important event in
our history not be taught in school?"; page 18. And, "Following are four (4) facsimile section reproductions
taken from a 156-page book officially compiled and issued by the U.S. War Department, November 30, 1928,
setting forth exact and truthful definitions of a Democracy and of a Republic, explaining the difference
between both. These definitions were published by the authority of the United States Government and must
be accepted as authentic in any court of proper jurisdiction. The Chief of Staff of the United States Army
carefully considered these precise and scholarly definitions of a Democracy and a .Republic as a proper
guide for U.S. soldiers and U.S. citizens. Such definitions take precedence over any "definition" that may be
found in the present commercial dictionaries, which have suffered periodical ''modification" to ple'aSe "the
powers in office." Shortly after the "bank holiday" in 1933, hush-hush orders from the Winfe House
suddenly demanded that all copies of this book be withdrawn from the Government Printing-Office and the
Army posts, to be suppressed and destroyed without explanation. This was the beginning. of the complete
Communist control of the Government from within, not from without... [Emphasis' add¢'icPrepared under the
direction] By order of the Secretary of War: C.P. Summerall, Major General, Chief of St~? Official: Lutz Wahl,
Major General, The Adjutant General."; PP. 261-262. '~"'
(·~~·
F. As referenced in 'Fruit from a Poisonous Tree'; 2008 by Mel S~per, JD (Juris Doctorate), and
according to 'TRAINING MANUAL} WAR DEPARTMENT, No.- '2000-25 } WASHINGTON,
'CmZENSHIP', November 30, 1928; prepared under direction of the Qrief of Staff, "The didactic method
concerning facts of history, social changes, economic development, anq·tiasic principles of our Government
will be used without discussion and without argument, special emphasis being given to the fact that the
United States is a Republic, not a democracy... (7) The Government of the United States is not a democracy
but a Republic... Democracy: A government of the masses .. ~uthority derived through mass meeting or any
other form of "direct'' expression. Results in mobocracy. Attiiu'de toward property is communistic - negating
property rights. Attitude toward law is that the will of the'majority shall regulate, whether it be based upon
deliberation or governed by passion, prejudice, and _impulse, without restraint or regard to consequences.
Results in demagogism, license, agitation, discontent/anarchy... Democracy is the "direct" rule of the people
and has been repeatedly tried without success ..·:·;,dur Constitutional fathers, familiar with the strength and
weakness of both autocracy and democracy, with fixed principles definitely in mind, defmed a
representative republican form of govei'nnient. They 'made a verv marked distinction between a republic
and a democracy * * * and said repeatedly1md emphatically that they had founded a republic."'
/~) ,-
G. It is quite obvious that th_e,public officials of the current United States' and the current 50 states'
corporate democracies had no intentions of telling the citizens of the United States that they were and are
considered as agricultural chattel, or, a beast of the field under the United States code of Agriculture at 7
USC 136 (d), United States'Smtutes at Large 86 Stat. 975; Public Law 92-516. And, the public officials had
no intentions of even tellfJ!gtbe citizens of the United States that when they were and are born or naturalized
in the current United ~~tes' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies, that they were and are actually
born within the domimons of the A1 Moroccan Empire. There would·be no united States of North America
Republic if it had -not been for the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic and the A1 Moroccan Empire of 1787; which granted the usufruct for the united States of
North Am~rj~a Republic to operate on our the land. All of this was kept secreted in order to maintain control of
the Unit~d;·states citizens as propertv. As agricultural chattel, which is the status of every United States
citizen·,>oroperty cannot own property and neither can they have standing in any claim as it pertains to
p~~~ettv.
'-..-•
H. On March 27!h., 1861, seven Southern states walked out of Congress assembled, and Congress
adjourned sine die "without day"; which was in violation of the Constitution for the united States of America
of 1787. This was due to the alleged issue of slavery, but in truth, it was due to the commercial power that was
the competition measure between the North and the South. On April 15!1J., 1861, United States President
Abraham Lincoln issued his first proclamation to call forth the militias of the states of the union in a preparation
·... _!." . . . --· - ..L ·:

for war, and on July 41!!, 1861, United States President Abraham Lincoln also summoned the Congress into an
emergency session on how these issues could be resolved for the safety and peace of all of the United States
Citizens both in the North and the South. Pursuant to the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787,
Congress had abandoned their posts, and the responsibility to make sure that the United States government
continued to run fell upon the Executive branch of the government. All Federal legislative, executive and
judicial functions of the United States were suspended in the Southern states declared to be in insurrection
against the· United States except for the-functions of--the -post office. .When Congress- was summoned undtfr\the
emergency session of President Lincoln, they no longer were sitting in the power of de iure elected offi~ials,
they were sitting at the discretion of the President of the United States in an emergency war power~ j)Osition.
Abraham Lincoln no longer was sitting as the President of the United States, he was now the Commander-
In-Chief, and was now sitting over the United States in such fashion. Through the War Dep3rtment and
under emergency war power, Commander-hi-Chief Abraham Lincoln began issuing the martihl law known as
the 'Lieber Code', or 'Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in<tlie Field, General
Orders No. 100'. Under the Conf"IScation Acts of 1861 and 1862, United States Statutes;at Large 12 Stat. 319
· and 12 Stat. 589-592, the misnomer Negroes in bondage were considered as contraba'ii"d, and were confiscated
as property of the United States. This status still remains to this very day and ttiiS action was considered as
not being unconstitutional; due to it being performed under the war powers oqhe Conlinander-In-Chief of the
United States. According to the Lieber Code, the only way that martiallaw;c3n be terminated is through a
special proclamation from the United .States President, or through .a\ ireaty of peace with the warring
faction. President Abraham Lincoln was the last President of the unit~-States of North America Republic,
and was assassinated before the proclamation could be issued to ternunate martial Jaw. According to Texas
v. White, 74 U.S. 700 (1869), the Perpetual Union of States waS'' declared to be indestructible due to the
Articles of Confederation by the power of Article 6 of the CoiiStitution for tlie ·united ·states -of America of
1787, and no peace treaty was reguired to bring the Soutllern states in rebellion back into the Union of
States, or was there any reinstatement needed from the<President of the United States. The Liebe~ Code is
still in force to this very day. The President of the United' States still sits with the same power as the American
Civil War Cmiunander-In-Chief, and Congress still sits at the discretion of the holder of this power. As
written in the CRS Reoort for Congress 'NatioDal Emergency Powers', 'The development, exercise, and
regulation of emergency powers, from the days Of the Continental Congress to the present, reflect at least one
highly discernible trend: those authorities rav3ilable to the executive in time of national crisis or exigency
have, since the time of the Lincoln AdliiiOistration, come to be increasingly rooted in statutory law. The
discretion available to a Civil War .President in his exercise of emergency power has been harnessed, to a
considerable extent, in the contemporary period. Furthermore, due to greater reliance upon statutory
expressio!!, the range of this authority has come to be more circumscribed, and the options for its use have
come to be regulated~-.) ' procedurally through the National Emergencies Act." (See
memory.loc.gov/ammemlamiaw/lwsllink.html for historical reference of 'An Act to confiscate Property used
for Insurrectionary Pun)Oses', August (ih, 1861; United States Statutes at Large 12 Stat. 319, and 'An Act to
suppress Insurrection';' to punish Treason and Rebellion, to seize and confiscate the Property of Rebels, and
for other PurposeS~:; July 171!!, 1862, United States Statutes at Large 12 Stat. 589-592, and The Conf"~Saltion
Cases. 87 U.S:,..92 (1873), and Order Code 98-505 GOV-CRS Report for Congress 'National Emergency
Power8' ;) ·-.,:.J;--- ..... ---- . ...... · · .. · ....... ---·· ·- .. .... . . ............. ·· --- · ... ....... ......... . ......... .. ·
-~.,---.--.. . ... .._·· ··
!)· ~
-~ ~~;! According to Muurish/ Moorish history in troth, the Freedman's Bureau was established after
the ~ivil War, and the former misnomer Negroes in bondage were supposed to be repatriated to their status in
relation to their land; which is America in toto in the Dominions of the AI Moroccan Empire, with
establishment and repatriation in the land that is west of the Allegheny and Appalachian Mountains, and
east of the Rocky Mountains; known by President Abraham Lincoln as 'Egypt of the West'. (See Abraham
Lincoln's Second Annual Message, December Pl, 1862; as it was called 'Egypt of the West' due to the Nile
River and pyramids' counter-part of the Mississippi River and all of the mounds which are landmarks of the
mound builders, the ancient Uaxashaktun/ "Washitaw" Empire of the Muurs; which later became the
Louisiana Purchase by usurpation and theft. See 'Ancient Mystic Oriental Masonry'; 1907 by the author Dr.
R. Swinburne Oymer, and see also the Davenport Calendar stele found in Iowa, the Pontotoc stele found in
Oklahoma and Toltec mounds on the Summer solstice in Arkansas; as referenced in public record
instrument No. 2015080734 and this instrument herein.), The former misnomer Negroes in bondage, along
with their nationality and titles of Moorish AI Moroccan Empire Nobility were to be restored in toto; with
restitution for their involuntary servitude. A group in Congress called the 'Radical Republicans' did not wish
to see this restitution in postliminium. They~ the Freeman's Bureau and stole the funds, then under the
unconstitutional 'Reconstruction Acts', they abolished state governments, set up military provisional
governments, forced the de jure elected officials of the several southern states to be ousted from: tbeir
elected positions under gunpoint/ bayonet, and replaced these de jure officials with puppet de (acto~offi.cers
for the pretended ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments to prevent this restitution in pok'illminium.
The Muurs/ Moors are still owed their just due in paramount equity pursuant to treaty law- .Since the post
Civil War and Reconstruction era. Ac<:ording to Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968, "EQUity suffers not
a right without a remedy." "Equitas sequitur legem. Equity follows the law." And, "Equifi looks upon that
as done which ought to have been done". You must refer to treaty laws nunc pro tunc''1787-1836 and other
international agreements as they refer to Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aborigfual,~ ....
Indigenous Native
American Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors. The equity of the Muurs/ Moors are~·corporeal and incorporeal
hereditaments; i.e. all land rights, all mineral rights, all water rights and all.~air:' ~and all space rights
to
and all third partv beneficiary rights io-Natur3I Equity eve& contract, arrangementor agreement made;
whether public or private, that takes place upon our lands, due to non-conipensation for the use of our lands,
raw materials, natural resources, flora and fauna. This means I haveXndividual equity .in these corporeal
and incorporeal hereditaments; i.e. in every building, house, apartnlent building, condominium, etc.; on my ·
land, all minerals, oil, coal and natural gas on my land, all waterways, ground water and other sources of
water on my land, all air, skyways and space above my land,,(every corporation and other business entities
on my land, every contract, arrangement or agreement<made; whether public or private, and all of the
profits these corporations or other business entities have made while conducting business on my land, the
electricity that is used on my land, the water that is used on my land, the agriculture produced on my land,
and other sources of equity that is owed to me thaf::fmight have failed to mention. I have not been paid. My
Paleo American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indig~nbus Native American Muurish Ancestors and Pre-Columbian
Moorish Ancestors were never paid. Since 1492, the .various nations consisting of Spain, Portugal, France,
England, a~d the other European nations who participated in the colonization of the Americas; owed
corporeal and incorporeal hereditamenU'to my Paleo American, Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native ·
American Muurish Ancestors and Pr~0Coiumbian Moorish Ancestors, and they were never paid, and since the
inception of the united States ofa\merica on July 4th, 1776, and the Constitution for the united States of
America of 1787; THIS DEB'f.~/HAs BEEN OUTSTANDING, AND IT IS CONTINUING TO GROW;
EVEN TO THIS DAY. The:Fclferal Reserve system owes me as well, their debt is outstanding with me, and
I have not been paid. I know'you do not have the foreign gold and silver with which to render payment, and
YOU CANNOT PAY ME WITH GOLD AND SILVER, OR ANY OTHER ASSET BROUGHT FORTH
FROM MY LAND, mAT WOULD BE INEQUITABLE. But, equity can be rendered in other measures
until you are abltdo pay in lawful measure; i.e. gold and silver. I am retrieving all of my equity, and
violation of m _.ri' t to do so will allow me to retrieve m e ui in accordance with the collateral articles
of the security ·agreements of the private bank and trust of TORIANO JAMES HERVE /TORIANO .I.
HERVEYrM, the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY/IRS UCC CONTRACT
TRUST:ACCOUNT No. RE 381 635 818 US, and Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish Freeholder
FinanCial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust). One of the reasons that Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) was established, was for the
retrieval of this equity in the form of the circulation of my own private asset credit, and to circumvent the
use of the debt slavery system of peonage created by the Federal Reserve Bank system; which I have every
right in the world to disavow it. According to treaty law, public record instrument No. 2015080734 and the
affidavit section contained herein, the private paper issued by Bank Shi-Urkantzu Muurish/Moorish
Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) must be monetized on demand within Three
Q) days Truth In Lending (TILA), and only credit can nullify debt, so it must be accepted as discharge of
all debts by the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies, the Federal Reserve
system, Internal Revenue System, all FDIC and NCUA banks and credit unions, municipalities, state treasuries,
all state agencies, all other corporations and all non-Muurish/ Moorish entities; which are all doing business on
my land, and they must accept it whether they want to or not. Unrebutted affidavits stand as the judgement
in the matter of all things, treaty law is the Supreme Law of the Land and Bloodline under Natural Law
trumps all civil law. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4ib Ed., 1968- "',[ura sanguinis nullo jure civili dirimi
possunt. The right of blood and kindred.cannot be destroyed by any civiUaw.") ,_;.
J. The issues that the Muurs/ Moors are dealing with today are theft of the Muurs'.fS:Moors'
birthrights under the guise of racism, prejudice and bigotry in the fashion of color of law prac~ised · by ~
public officials of pale skinned European descent of the British, Dutch and French colonies,.~(f'Ellis Island
immigrants; which are now operating under the fonn of the current United States' and the .ciuTent 50 states'
corporate democracies, corporate bank officers and other corporate officers who''"·StiJ.I wish to be
heterotrophic on the Muurs'/ Moors' birthrights and virtues. They are not alone. Ther~ are also some who
bear the Muurish/ Moorish bloodline and phenotype who work clandestinely.· .to; keep these Muurish/
Moorish birthrights and virtues a secret from the masses that are ignorant as to\ vho are truly the rightful
heirs of this land and what is rightfully theirs. THESE WORKERS OF INIQUITY ARE ALL LIARS AND
THIEVES. I will not acknowledge a liar and a thief just to make him or her feel comfortable about living a
lie and being a thief, and, if they are not proponents for the truth, the1Hhey are agents for the lying and
thievery. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4tb Ed .. 1968- "Nihil possumui.·contra veritatem. We can do nothing
against truth." "Veritas. a quocunque dicitur. a Deo est. Truth. bwwhomsoever pronounced, is from God."
"Qui non libere veritatem pronunciat, proditor est veritatis. Htrwho does not freely speak the truth is a
betrayer of the truth.") I,_;-
!. ·:
·::;; -
K. The fonner United States Supreme Court-:ilustice Thurgood Marshall, as well as the current
United States Supreme Court .Justices Clarence Thomas and Sonya Sotomayor, and United States President
Barack H. Obama, United States Attorney Generaf:Loretta E. Lvnch, the Congressional Black Caucus, and
countless of other misnomer African-American 'Jninorities who hold some form of public office within the
legislative, executive or judicial branches withih the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies; are only able to do so througltthe color of law created by the 141h Amendment, and the post
1933 New Deal democracy instituted .b}(.}tJnited States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Administration.
This is a fact, and is also the best evidence to show that the united States of America is no longer a Republic
as it was founded to be. The Unit¢.. States Supreme Court case of Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 19 How. 393
(1856) stated that anyone of Afriean descent, i.e. misnomer Negro, Black, Colored, Afro-American and African-
American, and their descenda.nts; could not be United States Citizens, or a Citizen of any of the 50 state
subsidiaries. This has not been overruled. They were and are Muurs/ Moors, and under de jure law, would have
been or would be memb~ts of the AI Moroccan Empire under jus soli, and some would have been or would be
members of their ~r~pective Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal clans, tribes and nations under ,iH!
sanguinis. It is a,fac'i 'that the current United States and the current 50 States are democracy corporations that
are overlaid on ...top of the United States Federal Republic and the 50 State Republics. And, the United States
Federal Repti\)lic and the 50 State Republics, i.e. the united States of North America Republic, are overlaid on
!!m and ~thin the d01ninions of the Muurish/ Moorish AI Moroccan Empire in a usufruct status.
'':/ '' L. I personally have problems with the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies when they try to or do infringe upon my inherent rights by enforcing their corporate policies
upon me and by forcing me to participate at gun point. This would be the same manner as if I had gone into a
grocerv store or a department store, and due to me declining to do business with them, they would then
commence to holding me at gun point and forcing me to do business with them. How ridiculous does that
sound? Well, these are the ridiculous actions of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies. They are filled with uneducated people who do not even know the history, or the difference
between color of law and de jure .bn!· Unless this is checked by someone who has the knowledge of these affairs,
and is willing to stand for the truth, then it shall only increase to become an even more dangerous environment. !
am a holder in due course of the ultimate contract for the united States of North America Republic and the
United States Federal Republic known as the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787, and a
holder in due course of the Supreme Law of the Land and true jus soli imperial, lawful Moorish paramount -
title to the Americas in toto; which are the dominions of the AI Moroccan Empire, and this true jus soli
imperial, lawful Moorish paramount title is known as the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the
united States of North America Republic and .the AI Moroccan Empire of 1787 and 1836; United States
Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 100-105, and 484-487, treaty series TS 244-1 and TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286. _:~·'·
\"'·
. <-;,:"-.,!
M. I am not, nor have I ever been, lost at sea under admiralty jurisdiction, but I am physically on
the land, and I am using the 'United States Department of State Treaties in Force- A List ofTreaties and
Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2013'; 'Peace ·treaties'~
202, to pass through the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democra9ies, and the Treaty
-;;rPeace and Friendship between the united States of North America Republic .aild the AI Moroccan
Empire of 1787 and 1836; United States Statutes at Large 8 Stat. 100-105, and 484,.,487, treaty series TS 244-
! and TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286, and other treaties to pass through the Moorish dominions of the AI
Moroccan Empire; to return back to the Paleo-American, Autochthonous Aboriginal dominions with droit-
droit fus stlniuinis par31llouD.t natural law iitie and. stains for tlie Muurii that iS naturally inherent in me
due to my bloodline under rights of Blood; i.e. a "Kan Maccu B'alam':. 9r''King Ancient Jaguar" upon the
land of my Ancestors known as Amuruka, Amerrigues, Turtle Island7 Aztlan, Societas Republicae Ea Al
Maurikanos, Ta Merri-Ka, Amenti, Amexem and various other nanies of North America; i.e. Asgu-Shamal,
the Mahereb AI Agsa; Morocco farthest West of the AI Moroccan Empire. Only the Most High Creatress/
Creator of the heavens and earth, the Maker of Bloodlines/can ordain and decree droit-droit jus sanguinis
paramount natural law title me being a Paleo-American;;Autochthonous Aboriginal Muur by bloodline
descent, and no man or woman upon this earth has the power to forbid this restitution in postliminium .
. '';:
.,
.
N. Now, let us analyze the state and feder3I·.court system of the current United States' and the current
50 states' corporate democracies. They are all under the democracy, they are bankrupt and they are courts
for the 14th Amendment, corporate democratic'citizenry of the current United States' and the current 50 states'
corporate democracies. All entities and persons under these three issues in law, including the current United
States' and the current 50 states' corpofi:i~fctemocracies are civiliter mortuus (civilly dead), and lack standing in
any claim whatsoever against Muurst Moors. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968- PERSONA
STANDI IN ,[UDICIO. Capacity o(standing in court or in judgment; capacity to be a party to an action;
capacity or ability to sue.) S2/how are they able to gain any form of jurisdiction over matters that are
lawfully beyond their scope7>it is through their victims' ignorantia juris (ignorance of the law) and the
ignorantia facti (ignorance of a fact). In truth, this is proof that the courts, attorneys and judges are Racketeer
Influenced and CorrupfOrganizations (RICO) and perpetrators of this ongoing activity. Yes, I am also well
aware that these,racketeering operations do grant monetary rewards to these so-called judges and attorneys as
they relate to private' trust accounts. These funds can be confiscated under RICO, and there can be no
private trusts established under criminal activity and fraud. The bankruptcy of the current United States' and
the current 50Jstates' corporate democracies, the corporate democratic citizenry's acceptance to the liability of
this bankruptcy underneath Article 4, Section 4 of the 14th Amendment, their acceptance of the 14th
Amendnient and their acceptance of democracy prohibits them from setting up any type of trust protected
]!y de1ure law, and therefore they are able to be pierced. Since 1868, it has been impossible for the federal and
state legislative, executive or judicial branches to make or enforce any laws, or adjudicate any matters due to
the public officials being 14th Amendment United States citizens. It has been imoossible for any corporate
charters to be enacted as well. This problem was compounded in 1933 with the United States President
Franklin D. Roosevelt's Administration "New Deal" democracy. All of this is fraud.
0. The following definition is hereby given to show that rights are nouns in the sense of ~. or
"things" within the law, and can be acted upon in the sense as it pertains to personal property. And, since
----------------------·----·--
they can be acted upon as personal property, then this also allows them to be affected by law. Rights may
also be challenged and acquired, as in the sense of the rights asserted and now acquired under public record
instrument No. 2015080734, and as stated within this instrument. (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968-
RIGHT. As a !!!!J!!!, and taken in an abstract sense, justice, ethical correctness, or consonance with the rules
of Jaw or the principles of morals. In this signification it answers to one meaning of the Latin ''.i!!:!," and ~
to indicate law in the abstract, considered as the foundation of all rights, or the complex of underlying
moral principles which impart the character of justice to all positiveJaw, or give it an ethical content. .As a
!!!!J!!!, and taken in a concrete sense, a power, privilege, facultv, or demand, inherent in one persoif·and
incident upon another..." Thus, all rights must be released under treaty law as it pertains to properly. We
Muurs/ Moors are enforcing our remedies under the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the wiitt!d States
of North America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836, while the public officials w~o have taken
their oaths under Article 6 of the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787 .ar'e ··upholding the
comorate policies of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate democr~cies; which are the
enemy according to the Constitution for the united States of America of 1787, and wltich is the equivalent of
taking a commission from the enemy and fighting underneath the enemy's colors in' the form of the banner
(often mistaken by people as a flag) with the 50 white stars, blue canton and 13 al-t~tn~ting red and white stripes
with the gold fringes called the ''flag of war", and the enemy's color of Jaws, statUtes, ordinances, regulations
and customs, etc. (See Article 2 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship betWeen the united States of North
America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire of 1836, "If either of_ the· parties shall be at war with any
nation whatever, the other shall not take a commission-from the eneriiy~ nor-tight under their colors.") The
policies and procedures of the current United States' and the curreqt:_?O'' states' corporate democracies, and their
chartered comorations, does not and cannot apply to Muurs/ lV[()t;)ts.
/ r ~:
P. All treaties are under Article 6 of the Constitution'for the united States of America of 1787. The
public officials, officers, agents and employees of the current'tJnited States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies are actually fearful of the Treaty of Peace~~nd Friendship between the united States of North
America Republic and the AI Moroccan Empire o£1836, and other treaties because it means they are held
accountable to the united States of North America Republic, the Constitution for the united States of
America of 1787 and de jure law. They woul9:actually have to defy their corporate international and domestic
banking masters who own and control tJ:le7 current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies, and also own and control their public officials, officers, agents and employees as well. "When a
government is dependent upon bankers' for money, they and not the leaders of the government control the
situation, since the hand that gives is ··above the hand that takes. Money has no motherland; financiers are
without patriotism and withoutdecency; their sole object is gain."- attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte. Since
all citizens of the current UnJt~ciStates' and the current 50 states' corporate democracies are civiliter mortuus,
then there is no need to wqity about what these corporations and banks chartered under the democracies as
civiliter mortuus entiti~s ~-hive to say. I have the right to place a lien to secure the default of public record
instrument No. 2015080734 as contained herein; as well as the right to secure the default of this instrument. And,
I also have the riglil to proceed forth and confiscate my rights from the current United States' and the current
50 states' corp~~~te democracies as pursuant to treaty Jaw. Any attempts to violate rights protected by treaty are
violations of8 USC -1481 (applicable statute), i.e. Joss of nationality via serving under a democracy; 18 USC
~. i.e. accessory to crime; 18 USC 4, i.e. concealment of a felony; 18 USC 241, i.e. conspiracy against rights;
18 USC'242, i.e. deprivation of rights under color of law; 18 USC 245, i.e. deprivation of federally protected
activiti~; 18 USC 1581, i.e. peonage; 18 USC 1583, i.e. enticement into peonage; 18 USC 1951, i.e.
interference with commerce; 18 USC 2381, i.e. treason; 18 USC 2382, i.e. misprision of treason; 18 USC
2383, i.e. rebellion orinsurrection; 18 USC 2384, i.e. seditious conspiracy and 18 USC 2385, i.e. advocating
overthrow of Government; et al other applicable codes. In comparison to and me, history and the law are not
on your side, but they are on mine. It is time to stop using the false illusion of "White supremacy" and fear of
the Muurs/ Moors; which are hidden behind the color of law as a tool to try and block Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish!Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) and me from achieving our
goals and potential. I assure you all; there is no need to be afraid of anything.
I, Toriano-James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-El@TM as a bringer of the Law, and as one who is a
non-citizen National in the united States of America Republic, jus soli of the AI Moroccan Empire and iH!
sanguinis of the Americas in toto, do hereby charge and challenge you United States Secretary of State, John
Kerry, along with the United States President, Barack H. Obama; United States Attorney General, Loretta E.
Lynch; United States Secretary of the Treasury, Jacob Lew and State of Arkansas Attorney General, Leslie
Rutledge, and all other elected public officials, officers, agents and employees of the current United States' and
the current 50 states' corporate democracies with the duty as public officers; -to rebut "in toto" the irre~t~ble
facts of the six points and answer the related questions in toto in Part 3; i.e. 'Lawful Determination for
Resolution' of this 'Affidavit of Default .Judgment with Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with ,Enclosed
Notice of International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits.' I STAND ON TIDS ENTIRE DOCUMENT
THAT EVERYTIDNG STATED HEREIN IS TRUTH AND FACTS, but I only require you'"to rebut the
six points mentioned in .part three above, and answer the related questions in toto. If yo~ feerthatthere are
any other rebuttable points within this document, then you should challenge them as well. Once again, this
is backed by my Sovereign Notice of International Act in Assurance & Gold Surety,Btind No. RA 457 140
195 US, and, 534 troy ounces of .999 unbound silver bullion and 130 avoirdupois.'oUn.ces of .999 unbound
copper bullion, to be seized if proven wrong via rebuttal of the six points~::.:cind. answering the related
questions in toto. It must be done under oath or affirmation and under penaltieS·of perjury; with a notarized,
signed jurat statement and supporting laws superseding the laws that I h~ve · given you in this notice. Any
rebuttals must bear wet ink, hand written signatures before three witneSSes as a valid response, if any. All
responses must be sent directly to you, United States Secretary of Stat11, •lohn Kerry; for further certified mailing
to the notary public. ~ (J) days except Sundays and "holidays" ..WiiJ be given to respond in rebuttal upon
receipt of this affidavit, and your response(s) must be submitted Jo)he notary public by midnight of the seventh
·CZ5 day. ·should·yoii' feel the need to request more time to respond, then a request must be submitted to the
notary public by midnight of the third ~ day; after whiclp'an extension of three Q) additional days except
Sundays and "holidays" will be given to respond in":rebuttal upon receiot of this affidavit, and your
response(s) must be submitted to the notary public by midnight of the tenth (l0ih) day. Failure to request more
time for rebuttal, or failure to respond will result ifi::toreclosure and liquidation of all debts and obligations,
and this affidavit and notice will serve as such; snowing that all of the elected public officials, officers, agents
and employees of the current United States' and·'ihe current 50 states' corporate democracies had no supporting
laws on their behalf in opposition, and failing' to rebut under oath or affirmation and under penalties of perjury.
This will constitute the Truth of the matt~r 'in all things stated. admission, res judicata, tacit consent, estoppel
via acquiescence; acknowledgement,. \honor, agreement "in toto" (Lawfully binding Contract to this
document "il!....m!!!"), foreclosure and liquidation in accordance with law via "silence." According to United
States Statutes at Large 96 Stat: 1211, Public Law 97-280; 97th Congress, approved October 4th, 1982,
"Whereas the Bible, the Word of God ...", and Proverbs 22:20-21, "Have not I written to thee excellent things
in counsels and knowledge; That I might make thee know the certainty of the words of truth; that thou
mightest answer the wotds of truth to them that send unto thee?" And also, "Silence can only be equated
with fraud where tbere' is a legal or moral duty to speak or where an inquiry left unanswered would be
intentionally misle'ilffiog."; see United States of America v. Prudden, 424 F .2d 1021 (5th Cir. 1970), and
United States of America v. Tweel. 550 F.2d 297 (5th Cir. 1977). (See Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1968-
"Lex semper{dizbit remedium . The law will always give a remedy." Cite: Arkansas Code 16-45-101 through
16-45-105 in 're: Affidavits and United States v. Kis, 658 F.2d 526 (7th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1018
(1982t,You cannot say that you did not have an obligation or opportunity to respond with the truth. These
issues · are never to be re-lltigated again under Common Law, Public Law or Public Policy; in any court
whatsoever. You must come correct, or do not come at all. I truly thank all public officials for their time
concerning these matters. You and all others of the current United States' and the current 50 states' corporate
democracies have been duly noticed.
I stand on this Affidavit to be made "without prejudice," "without recourse," "as good as aval" and executed
"without the United States of America." I affirm and solemnly declare on My lnherent Nobility, My private
unlimited commercial asset credit/liability and under penalty of perjury under the laws of the republic union states
.~ I '
of America, (Al Moroc/ Amexernl Washitaw Territory & Empire), that the foregoing is true, correct, complete
and certain to the best of my informed knowledge and further affiant saith not. I now affix my autograph and
of:ficia1 sea1 to the above 'Affidavit of Default .Judgment witb Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with
Enclosed Notice of International Cease and Desist, Lien and Exhibits.'
Kan Maccu B'alam: Torlano-James Hervey es e 1: ObaShango-EI a.k.a. Toriano-James: Hervey ™; "As Good As Avol",
A Plenipotentiary Sui Juris and Sui Generis Consular General, Justice, 'Bailiff and Muurish/Moorish Mai'stial, Authorized Rep-
resentative, Attorney-in-Fact, Private Attorney General, Private Banker, Secured Party Creditor,)~dgment Creditor & Uen
Holder over the United States, United States Department of the Treasury, and the Sta~e ·of Arkansas, et al; Only in
capacity as a De Jure l.and Owner, Landlord, Land Creditor, freehold by Primogelliture Birthright Inheritance
of the Fee Simple Absolute ''Vast Estate Express Trust a.k.a. the Great Mootlsh Estate Express Trusr• as was/
is Established by Noble Drew Ali, and as a beneficiary of the Original jurisdiction of Sovereign, Aboriginal
Indigenous Native American Muurs/Moors. All Rights and Remedies Reserved-Uniform Commercial
Code 1-103, 1-201 (b) 37, 1-202, 1-207(1-308), 2-201, 2~Z02, 2-606,2-609,3-104,3-305, 3-401(b),
3-402(b) 1, 3-419 (3-420), 3-501-3-505, 3~603, 4-104, 4-105, 4-204, 4-215, 4-501-4-504,
c ~~ >
7-103, 9-311, 9-333 et al; et seq.
Jus Sanguinis. et Jus Sol/ Calafla
t
..I
..... .... ~~!I.e, ...--¥" ~·i:.-l
\ ;., =·_ ... .,_.,...
"""' .....
-llio_...
:..-~!. ~
~
.,.,.of_ .. """ ...-.. ~

....... ..__,_ ........ ·I' ... ·--
_......
. . 1 .....: ...........=:-....-
1•.· " ....
__ , .... ...
"'M:AHE
1
"What your ancient forefathers were, you are today without doubt or There
Is no one who Is able to change man from the descendant nature of his fon!fathers; unless
hls power extends beyond the great universal Creator Allah Himself." -NobleDrew All.
Circle 7 Moorish Holy Koran Chapter 47; verses1().11. In M•moriam: Th'e Moorish Science
Temple of America. Subordinate Temple No.8 in Pine Ark .of ~928. !AM Moorish Science.
Biutt,
-;. ' ..•. ·-·"' ·.:.· '.··J. ··,:- .. ,- ' ,.. " ' .c;- , . ': · • ·. · .·· , . . , ,. I •• 1
~{~·~~~~~~~-----------~~~~~~~~~~~~----
Sovereign Notice oflnt
of :999 unbound copper ullion Witnes · t Name: Natural Person - In Propria Persona - All Rights Reserved. i
Reserved. Deuteronomy 19:15-21; Public Law 97-280, 96 Stat 1211, Senate Joint Resolution 165 and Proclamation 61
~~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~~~~
Sovereign Notice of International Act in Assurance & Gold Surety B No. RA 457 140 195 US, and 534 troy ounces of .99
of .999 unbound copper bullion Witness: Print Name: Natural Pe n - In Propria Persono. - All Rights Reserved. Sign N _ Natural Person - In Propria Persono. - Rights
Reserved Deuteronomy 19:15-21; Public Law 97-280, 96 Stat 1211, Senate Joint Resolution 165 and Proclamation 6100. "Without Prejudice" Cite: UCC 1-103, 1-207/308
··..·,
lrnstrument# 2017026407 Page 99 of 235
!
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Public of tlie State of Arkansas, came a man personally known by me (or who proved to.m:e on the basts of
satisfactory evidence) to be the man whose signature is subscribed hereon. The said man sol~rttilly affirmed under
oath, that he has firsthand knowledge of the facts contained herein this 'Affidavit of Default .Judgment with
Absolute Rights to Enforcement, with Enclosed Notice of International Cease' ·and Desist, Lien and
Exhibits' and that they are true, correct and complete to the best of his knowledge, ,understanding and belief.
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JAMES
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EXPIRES: SejltelriJer 00, 2021
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Via Certified Mail N,o_;;, 7012 1010 0001 0282 3468; with return receipt, the United States Secretary of State,
John Kerry; has a Iamui duty to receive this AFFIDAVIT, and to transmit this KNOWLEDGE, and shall
immediately forwar91fax a copy of this AFFIDAVIT and accompanying documents to the following underlined
debtor parties/corfesi)Ondents, who shall then forward it to their listed Public Officials et al; who have a lawful
duty entruste9-_(o' teceive it as AFFIDAVIT. Under principles of agency law, "Under principles of agency law,
knowledge-ilithe possession of an agent, here a government employee who has a duty to transmit or receive
the inforniation is knowledge in the possession of the principal, here the United States or an appropriate
agencfi.r.'. The liability of a principal is affected by the knowledge of an agent concerning a matter as to
which.,he acts within his power to bind the principal or upon which it is his duty to give the principal
imormation."- See In re: Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation, 597 F. Supp. 740 (E.D.N.Y. 1984),
aff'd, 818 F. 2d 145 (CA2 1987), cert. denied Fraticelli v. Dow Chemical Co .. 484 U.S. 1004 (1988); [see
Black's Law Dictionary, 4tb Ed .. 1968- "Qui non prooulsat injuriam guando potest. inferl. He who does not
repel an injury when he can. induces it." "Veritas. guU! minime de(ensatur opprimitur.· et gui non improbat.
approbat. Truth which is not sufficiently defended is overpowered; and he who does not disapprove,
approves."]:
-Via Certified Mail No.: 7012 1010 0001 0282 3475; with return receipt, the Arkansas Attorney General, Leslie
Rutledge, who shall immediately forward fax a copy of this Affidavit and accompanying documents to the following
debtor parties:
The Arkansas State Governor
The Arkansas State Treasurer
The Arkansas Secretary of State
The Arkansas State Auditor
The Arkansas General Assembly · i ..
The Arkansas State Supreme Court
The Arkansas Department of Motor Vehicles
The Circuit Courts in all 75 Counties in the State of Arkansas
and any other parties he deems necessary
-Via Certified Mail No.: 70121010 0001 0282 3383; with return receipt, the Commander-in-Chie{clieber Code/ CRS
Report-National Emergency Powers/ Code 98-505, Emergency Bank Act of 1933 & Trading. With the Enemy Act; as
Amended) and United States President, Barack H. Obama, who shall immediately forwarq,fax ·a copy of this Affidavit
and accompanying documents to the following debtor parties: c:~t (,/
Via Certified Mail No.: 7012 1010 0001 0282 3390; the United States Attorney Gener~, Loretta E. Lynch
The United States Secretary of Defense, Ashton Carter -.-
The United States Department of Defense, to be distributed to the Military
heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and Coast Guard
The Secretary of Homeland Security, Jeh Charles Johnson '··
The Comptroller of the Currency, Thomas J. Curry ,.,;,;··
Via Certified Mail No.: 7012 1010 0001 0282 3406; the United States-Secretary of Treasury, Jacob Lew
TheDirectorofiNTERPOL, Wayne H. Salzgaber t)'-·
The Federal Reserve Board of Governors/All Banks (/
The President and CEO of the American Bankers Associa~01;f; Rob Nichols
The Chairman and CEO of Fidelity Investments, AbigailJohnson
The Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, Johir'A. Koskinen
The United States Congress
The United States Supreme Court ',, ·
The Pope of Rome, Pope Francis I / ,"·
The Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth IJ-, ::1 ·
The Head of the National Governors Association, Terry McAuliffe - (To be distributed to all 50 member Governors,
and throughout the 50 states, to all ~Je6ted and non-elected Public Officials, and to their perspective Department of
Motor Vehicles in their States) c~' ·
and any other parties he deems 1~~cessary
-Via Certified Mail No.: 70H'l010 0001 0282 3413; with return receipt, the Secretarv General of the United Nations,
Ban Ki-moon, or holder,'pf the seat; who shall immediately fol"Ward fax a copy of this Affidavit and accompanying
documents to the follpWmg debtor parties:
Moorish Gansu], Director of Aboriginal, Indigenous Moorish/Moorish Mfairs
United Nations Seeurity Council
United Nati~~s:'General Assembly
Office of-!p~li Commission for Human Rights
International Criminal Court
International Court of Justice
InMinational Court of Arbitration
-Via Certified Mail No.: 7015 0920 0002 2997 6014; with return receipt, the Secretary General of the Organization of
American States, Luis Almagro, who shall immediately forward fax a copy of this Affidavit and accompanying
documents to the followmg debtor parties:
Organization of American States General Assembly
- ..
-Honorable Notice to International Leaders as a witnesses to the truth that the Paleo-American,
Autochthonous Aboriginal, Indigenous Native American Muurs and Pre-Columbian Moors of North
America known as the Shi-Urkantzu Thunder Clan Olmec Muurs©TM are here and we have a voice. Let it
never be said that we have not proven our true status upon our lands known as the Americas written in our
Blood, let it never- be said that we agree to the improper actions that are taking place upon our lands. or
abroad, and let it never be said that we abandoned our natural and lawful unalienable Blood Birthright to
our American estate lands, and abandoned the laws, customs,_ culture, humanity and truth of our Ancestors.
~·. ·. .
-Via Certified Mail No.: 7015 0920 0002 2997 6021; with return receipt, the Ambassador of the Killgdom of
Morocco, Rachad Bouhlal, who shall immediately forward fax a copy of this Affidavit and ,~~companying
documents to King Mohammed VI of the Kingdom of Morocco, in re: The Moroccan consanWiinity to, and
ancient American land claim of the Carthaginian Empire, and the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1786
and 1836 ./.'-·
-Via Certified Mail No.: 7015 0920 0002 2997 6038; with return receipt, the Ambassadofbf the Kingdom of Spain,
Ramon Gil-Casares, who shall immediately forward fax a copy of this Affidavit apq'accompanying documents to
King Felipe VI of the Kingdom of Spain in re: The Treaty of San Ddefonso of, 1800.
-Via Certified Mail No.: 7015 0920 0002 2997 6045; with return receipt, the.~bassador of the Rtmublic of France,
Ger~d Araud, v:ho s~all illl!llediately fo~ard fax a c~py of this ¥fidavit and accoiTipaJ1yillg docullle11ts to
Prestdent Fran~ms Hollande of the Repubhc of France m re: The Treaty of San Ddefonso of 1800, and the
Louisiana Purchase Treaty of 1803 '·,··
•' .:··
-Via Certified Mail No.: 7015 0920 0002 2997 6052; with retu~'receipt, the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See,
Archbishop Christophe Louis Yves Georges Pierre, who sJ:l~ immediately forward fax a copy of this Affidavit and
accompanying documents to Pope Francis I of the Holy,See in re: The Doctrine of Discovery stemming from the
Papal Bull Inter Caetera of 1493, the Motu Profirio of July 2013 disavowing all criminality within the
territories and jurisdiction of the Holy See, and. 'the Roman Curia's religious, non-profit State of Delaware
corporation; the UNITED STATES OF ~RICA, INC
.flotfce fo~f <!&tber .J)ofnts of 3Jnterest:

Link to view the Bloodline Ancestry, Gold, Silver and Copper Bonds, Bank Records of Bank Shi-Urkantzu
Muurish/Moorish Freeholder Financial Services©TM (an Autochthonous Trust) and the Public Records of
:':'toriano-.James Hervey Hopes Akwesi: ObaShango-EI©TM:
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~ UNITED STJJTES
~ POSTJJL SERVICEn
Date: September 25, 2015
Toriano ObaShango El:
The following is in response to your September 25, 2015 request for delivery information
on your Certified Mail™ item number 70121010000102824236. The delivery record
shows that this item was delivered on September 25, 2015 at 4:25am in
WASHINGTON, DC 20500. The scanned image of the recipient information is provided
below.
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Signature of Recipient : lUre
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Address of Recipient:
Thank you for selecting the Postal Service for your mailing needs.
If you require additional assistance, please contact your local Post Office or postal
representative.
Sincerely,
United States Postal Service
~ UNITED STJJTES
l1iifl POSTJJL SERVICE,
shows that this item was delivered on September 21, 2015 at 11:53 am in NEW YORK,
NY 10017. The scanned image of the recipient information is provided below.
Signature of Recipient : !llpll.n .

X . i,i~ t;~ ·d,h;;._.
Address of Recipient :
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representative.
Sincerely,
iifr!!1!!1 UNITED STJJTES

& POSTIJL SERVICE,
T oriano ObaShango El:
below.
Signature of Recipient :
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representative.
Sincerely,
iiiii':!!§ UNITED STJJ.TES

lfiiil POSTJJ.L SERVICE,
below.
Signature of Recipient : ,.
Address of Recipient: ~~ . .. ·-· --·-···- --,

~ '11Zit5UIJ/ - ~{)» () _·'. ,
representative.
Sincerely,
fF!!!!1fl UNITED STJJTES

~ POSTJJL SERVICE"
The following is in response to your September 23, 2015 request for deHvery information
below.
representative.
Sincerely,
•rnstrument# 2017026407 Page 113 of 235
iii?§ UNITED STIJTES

~ POSTJJL SERVICE,
on your Certified Mail™ item number70121010000102824229. The delivery record
shows that this item was delivered on September 21, 2015 at 7:46am in LITTLE ROCK,
AR, 72202. The scanned image of the recipient information is provided below.
representative.
Sincerely,
~ UNITED STJJTES
~POSTAL SERVICE"
below.
Signature of Recipient : J•: .• . ::1

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Address of Recipient : -
.,. ..
representative.
Sincerely,
~ UNITED STJJTES
lfilll POSTJJL SERVICE
The following is in response to your September 22, 2015 request for deHvery information
shows that this item was delivered on September 21, 2015 at 12:19 pm in
below.
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Signature of Recipient : ,.,...en. -
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Sincerely,
1G'13/2015 USPS.com®- USPS Tracking@
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Tracking Number: 70121010000102823437
Updated Delivery Day: Thursday, OctoberS, 2015
Product & Tracking Information . Available Actions

Postal Product; Features;
Priority Maii2-0ay"' Certified Mail'" Up to $50 insurance included Return Receipt Electronic
Restrictions Apply
. ....._.._,_-__·:: .. :·· _, .. __., ~- ·. . .. ·· ··-.······:· : -.- ::·.: ... . Text Updates
D!-~. T E 8.. ilfviE STATUS OF ITEI\'1 LOC.I\T!ON
October 13,2015 ,1 0:09 Email Updates

Delivered LITILE ROCK, AR 72204
am
Your Jtern was tie.J rve red o! 1Cl G:) 3tn on October t3. 20 1!1 :n LITTLE ROC}( .O.R /'~ ;: 04.
:~
..
October 7, 2015 , 1:45 pm Available for Pickup UTILE ROCK. AR 72204
<
October?, 2015, 1:31pm Arrived at Unit UTILE ROCK, AR 72204
:::_
Departed USPS Origin
October 7, 2015, 7:00am UTilE ROCK, AR 72206
Facility
Arrived at USPS Origin

October?, 2015, 12:51 am UTILE ROCK, AR 72206
Facility
October6, 2015,2:41 am Departed USPS Facility DULLES. VA 20101
OctoberS, 2015, 10:50 pm Arrived at USPS Facility DULLES, VA 20101
September 22. 2015 , 8:34

Moved, Left no Address WASHINGTON, DC 20008
am
September21,2015, 12:09
Refused WASHINGTON, DC20008
pm
::~-
September21,2015, 10:38
Available for Pickup WASHINGTON, DC 20008
am
...,
September 21,2015, 9:41
Arrived at Unit WASHINGTON, DC20008
am
September 21, 2015, 9 :3'<

Outfor Delivery WASHINGTON, DC 20008
am
September21, 2015,9:21
Sorting Complete WASHINGTON, DC20008
am
September20, 2015, 2:11 Arrived at USPS Destination

WASHINGTON, OC 20066
am Facility
September 18,2015,8:34 Arrived at USPS Origin

UTILE ROCK, AR 72206
pm Facility
https://tools .usps.com/go/TrackConfirmAction?qtc_tl.abels 1 70121010000102823437 = 1/2

....------- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - ----- - - - - - - - -------
1G'13/2015 USPS.com®- USPS Tracking!!)
September 18, 2015, 12:08

Acceptance UTILE ROCK AR 72206
pm
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Tracking Number: 70121010000102824526
Your item was returned to the sender on November 5, 2015 at 7:27am in LITTLE ROCK, AR 72204 because it could not be delivered as
addressed.
Product & Tracking Information Available Actions

Postal Product: Features:
Priority Maii2-Day"' Certified Mail"' Up to $50 insurance included Return Receipt Electronic
Restrictions Apply
-- . . .
- ~-- :~: ·: ~ . - ~·- ..: ....
STATUS OF ITEM LOCATION
November5,2015, 7:27
Return to Sender UTTLE ROCK, AR 72204
am
Your item vvas returned to the sender on November 5. 2015 ::tt 7 2!- arn in L JT TLE r~OCK. AR 72204
bec:aus~ 1t could not t1e delivered as addresS€:(!
NovemberS, 2015,7:16 am Sorting Complete UTILE ROCK, AR 72204
NovemberS. 201S. 7:1S am Arrived at Unit UTILE ROCK, AR 72204
NovemberS, 201S ,12:34 Arrived atUSPS Origin

UTILE ROCK, AR 72206
am Facility
October 19. 201S. 4:17pm Refused NEW YORK, NY 10016
October 16,2015 , 12:19 pm Undeliverable as Addressed NEW YORK, NY 10017
October 16, 201S, 10:19 am Sorting Complete NEW YORK, NY 10017
October 16, 201S. 9 :S2 am Arrived at Unit NEW YORK, NY 10017
October 16, 201S. 2:23am Departed U;>PS Facility EASTERN NASSAU, NY
Arrived at USPS Destination

October 1S, 201S ,9:02am EASTERN NASSAU, NY
Facility
Arrived at USPS Origin

October 13, 201S. 9:42pm UTILE ROCK, AR 72206
Facility
October 13, 2015,5:21 pm Departed Post Offlce UTilE ROCK, AR 72205
October 13, 201S. 2:S6 pm Acceptance LITTLE ROCK. AR 7220S

··-.: :•; ; ·

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~ UNITED STJJTES
l!iJf POSTJJL SERVJCEn
below.
Signature of Recipient : '"

--·-a.cuon .
ld
•
representative.
Sincerely,
~ UNITED STJJ.TES
& POSTJJ.L SERVICE"
below.
representative.
Sincerely,
~ UNITED STJJTES
l1iif POSTJJL SERVICE,
WASHINGTON, DC 20007;. The scanned image of the recipient information is provided
below.
representative.
Sincerely,
~ UNITED STJJ.TES
l!iif POSTJJL SERVICE"
Date: January 12, 2017
The following is in response to your January 12, 2017 request for delivery information on
your Certified Mail™ item number 70121010000102823383. The delivery record shows
that this item was delivered on January 9, 2017 at 4:30am in WASHINGTON, DC
20500. The scanned image of the recipient information is provided below.
~6WAWi
Signature of Recipient:
representative. -
Sincerely,
ifiir!!§ UNITED STJJTES

l!iilf POSTJJL SERVICE,
that this item was delivered on January 4, 2017 at 12:37 pm in NEW YORK, NY 10017.
The scanned image of the recipient information is provided below.
Signature of Recipient : '• .-· .

-
I v.J_~~=tn~-:-
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representative.
Sincerely,
~ UNITED STJJTES
~ POSTJJL SERVICE,
that this item was delivered on January 3, 2017 at 4:37am in WASHINGTON, DC
=-·-:y·--=---=-·-=·-·-=·--:.---~-~·-~J~'a~l~~~M!!_.--~~_,:____ _ . ,.,
Signature of Recipient : • l)
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,
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representative.
Sincerely,
~ UNITED STATES
U POSTAL SERVICE..
your Certified MailrM item number 70121010000102823406. The delivery record shows
that this item was delivered on January 3, 2017 at 4:31 am in WASHINGTON, DC
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If you require additional assistance, please contact your locai .Post Office or postal
representative.
Sincerely,
1/8/2017 USPS.com®- USPS Tracking®
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Tracking Number: 70121010000102823475
Expected Delivery Day: Friday, December30, 2016

Priority Mail"' Certified Mail"' Up to S50 insurance included Text Updates
Restrictions Apply
Email Updates
STATUS OF ITEM LOCATI9N
December 30,2016,9:13
Delivery status not updated
pm
The deltvery Etatus for this ftem lras not bsen updated as of Cec:ernber 20. 2016, S"Li 3 pm
December30. 2016,7:13
Out for Delivery LITTLE ROCK, AR 72201
am
December30, 2016.7:03
Sorting Complete LITTLE ROCK, AR 72201
am
December29, 2016, 7:2~

Arrived at Unit LITTLE ROCK, AR 72202
am
iDecember28, 2016.8:33
Departed USPS Facility LITTLE ROCK, AR 72231
pm
December 28,2016. 7:47

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:Instrument# 2017026407 Page 129 of 235
~ UNITED STJJTES
& POSTJJL SERVICE.,
. that this item was delivered on January 4, 2017 at 5:55am in WASHINGTON, DC
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IRS DEPARTMENT OF . THE TREASURY
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Date of this notice; 02•18-2014
Employer Identification Number:.
oo3795.4162B0.2699S.3663 1 !m .G.4l5 530 98-607
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sme UIRTH cERTIRCATE i•ul.iB:"iR_ ___- - STATE OF CALIFORNIA-DEPART~£NT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ·
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4120/2017 Human Trafficking I National institute of Justice
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice- NIJ.gov
Human Trafficking
,---~···---···-····-·--·-~-·-·~·~
On this page find:

!Funded Research i
" Overview of Human Trafficking
l View a list of NLJ-
I
I;
• NT.T's Role in Human Trafficking Research
' funded research on i
Overview of Human Trafficking Itrafficking in persons.
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l
The United Nations defines human trafficking as the recruitment. transportation.
transfer. harboring. or receipt of persons bv improper means (such as force. abduction. fraud. or coercion) for an
improperplll]?ose including forced labor or sexual exploitation. ill Human smuggling, a related but different
crime, generally involves the consent of the person(s) being smuggled. These people often pay large ~urns of
money to be smuggled across international borders. Once in the country of their final destination, they are
generally left to their own devices. Smuggling becomes trafiicking when the element of force or coercion is
introduced.
The U.S. Government defines human trafficking as:

• Sex trafticking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the
person induced to perfopn such act has not attained 18 years of age.
• The recruitment. harboring. transportation. provision. or obtaining of a person for labor or services. through
the use of force. fraud. or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude. peonage. debt
bondage. or slaverv..
This modem slave trade is a threat to all nations. A grave human rights abuse, it promotes breakdown of families
and communities, fuels organized crime, deprives countries of human capital, undermines public health, creates
opportunities for extortion and subversion among government officials, and imposes large economic costs.
NIJ's Role in Human Trafficking Research
Through the funding of rigorous research, NIJ is c.ommitted to assisting \\lith the detection and prosecution of
human traffickers. NlJ-funded research projects focus on:
• The nature and e:\.ient ofhup1an trafficking
" Detecting and investigating traffickers
• Prosecuting trntTickers
• Services tor trafficking victims.
Human trafficking is a largely hidden crime that has only recently gained the att~tion of law enforcement,
human rights advocates, and policy makers. Research in the field continues to evolve and has focused almost
exclusively on the victims. Reliable data are needed, especially about the characteristics of victims and
perpetrators, the mechanism of operations, and assessments of trends. ln addition, law enforcement officials
must overcome substantial legal, cultural, and organizational barriers to investigating and prosecuting trafficking
cases. These barriers, and strategies to overcome them, are still being identified.
Review a list ofNIJ-funded research and evaluation projects.
Read the following articles on NIJ.gov to learn more about select research findings:
• A Screening Tool lor ldentifving Trafficking Victims r;;~,e-~;;,~~a~·----1
• Estimating the Underground Commercial Sex Economy in the US i !
i Trafficking
" Evaluating Services for Young Victims· of Human Trafficking !Research
i
• Gangs and Sex Trafficking in San Diego
https://nij.gov/topics/crime/humarrtrafficking/pages/welcome.aspx 1/2
4/20/2017 Human Trafficking 1National Institute of Justice

I
• How Does Labor Trafficking Occur in U.S. Communities and What Becomes of j Read a summaiV (pdf.
the Victims?
• Reducing Demand for Prostitution in San Francisco With a "John School" l 34 page) from an NIJ- ;
. convened workmg
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. I
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Program 1
group that explored the l
• Improving the Investigation and Prosecution of State and Local Human 1current state of human !
Tratricking Cases -~I-ICk.·mg researcI1,
I'hcu !·
• Labor Trafficking in San Diego County: Looking for a Hidden Population II identified persistent
• Stabilizing Foreign-Born Adult Survivors of Human Trafficking in the U.S i challenges, brainstorm
I '
· i solutions, and i
r------------ ----------·--·------~-----····----- ---····----------------------------·-···· ----~·-··········-----·--·------------·-·····--1
i Notes discussed priority ! I
i [1] UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Tratiicl"ing in Persons, Especially j topics for future 1
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i http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index html, accessed March 27,
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https://nij.gov/topics/crime/human-trafficking/pages/welcome.aspx 2/2. •
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. .. 'l'hey: !llilst be' :;topJied; Publit:_ opinion :ttciitlinis . aevornl. mJ>iltbil· previously; : rM ct
. must be•.Jil·tiused. ·The Union m:ust ·ap.d ·:\;)llch··_provc~ . nbsolutely:. thnt· .·Bnlrl.. l1th-
slu\Ube preserved> .... · ,. · .. : . ·. Amenrtb:on~: wail not £1doptoo In nccon,lnnce .
·· .. ·.Mr.: Speaker;.! nsk to .include ln.. the .:with the· lilnndl\tory co_nstttutlonnt r!!<lttlr.a-•
R~coR.n; . follow[ng ·ffiY• tenuirks. f!ouse._ ~~~ri~ r~;;~::r:r:;~~Jo~!t~~:t~~-sg;~i
C:oncurr~nt·Resolu~lou 20~ o!th~ Louts!• . atrlkea . .with nullity .th<J purported Htli
..
ana:Leglslature urging ttlls·:Conarelis to- _:AJTiendment; ·. ·.. : ··· .· . . ..- . -: ·
·.declare the 14th amendment lllega_L ~o; · '·. Now thcreroro nil it rcSalveii by. tllelicgts~: ·.
. :Ifuclude hi :the REC::OIID fl,ll iriformatlve. Jnturil o! toutalann;. tbil Houao ofRepiesentn· ·.
...,..u..c..... ''"uiLt!.:f;~_~;:~;~~~:
t.
· o:i:id• well•anriotated trcntme on ·the il- · tlve~ nnd the :S<innt\i concurring:. · : .. .- .
.Iegaltty. ·of . the. Mth · amendmenfr.:-:the · .·. (1). Thnt the ~oglslntlll'O ·go oil :aco_rd. ns •.
.:play toy o.of our seces·sloliist )UdgCoS-:- cxposlng_t~e unconsUtutlonnl!ty (l! tho l'1U1:
·which· ·hils .been prepared . by ·Judge Amendmcnt,-_nnd· lntelJ)OSes the sovereignty
. · ·· · ·. fr-·p· · • ·r T. -·1· · · · . ot"tho·Smto of· LouliliBna. ngBinat the·ox-c 0u-:
Leander .,.~ erez, .o ·-""'.us1ana.. · ... · : tlon ·or .s!ilif Htli ·Amondmon~ :ngn!Mt._• tho
·.The niaterialreferred to-follows: :s_tilto or L:<rulslnn~ .e.ncr·lts·people; · ·. .. .. ·
· H. CoN,•RES• 200 ,(2) 'rllllt tho LegiSIO.t'ure•o!:LoilllilimA. op•
1. conciu'rcru~ resoiutlon ~- eiiposo tho -uti•. poses ·~h~- u~li; oLthe ltiYtilld. .l4~~t· Amend, .
. : co!lStltutloniUlty_ •ot tho l~th ndl!limdme~t. -mont by the FedornJ CO\lT.~:to h;Jpo3C turtho_r
.tcHhQ· ·conetltutlon·.i:Wthe· United ·states; : :unfnw!ul. edicts nnd. hardShips .on: Itil pi!Op!e;. ·
to fnteq)ose tlie sovereignty :or ·the Stllte · :: ·(3) ·That :the Cririgiess_ot.thli t1nlte,rstatJl~:.:
o!:LoulBIBhll. agalns~.tlie .e&ee.utlon. iit _S41d· •be·men'lorlrJlzed-bjr. thlil. Leglslnturo t.o:•epcal':.
_nmeiutmcrili .In. this stnto:· tG. memcrlnllze .. ·sta · unln.\V!ill Joint< Rcaolutl.ori ·of JUly' :aa; ··
tho. Congressor thil Onlted States to re~ ·iaea, decliltfng' tlilit 'tllree.!ow'tbs or the
·: · Peal -Its .JolnVre·aoltitlon of Julf liB, _laSs;. · atnte4 nniLrittlfied: tho 14th 'Amendirtent to.·
· deollltlitg tliat snld nmcndineilt ,hn<tbcan · tne Ul)lted -Btntes·.conatltuttoil; .. ·. · .. ·
·rntlfted:··iind· to._pro:olde rm·::tlie.dlsttlbu•: · .{llr'l'haLt'!lc lioglDin~~' ·.of tho'.i:itnnr
·tian· oi certlfi.ed coplea·· ot: tbls resolution. ·ilt:itas· .o! the:Uniori be.memodilliz~tt to ·gi;~e·
·· ·· · · · · · · ·· · - · · · · · ·· scrloils:stu<ly un!l coi!Bidemtton to tnlle' aim•
wliereile ..the purJioiteU 14th -Anicndilicnt. : u~t· ~.ctioii.·ugulnstthti vuudt~y <>t tho l4.tl1:
to the ·united. States .Cc:ll)stltlitron :wne.nev.or ·. Amendment :nnd·,to::uph(Jld. nnd 6UpJ?.oit .the · .
·lnwtuUy adopted hi· aceor~an<;c with ~ho re~ · · ·con10tttiitlon . o!. tlta .. ·united . States. which. ·
. qulreincritn· or . tho Unltec! Stl\te.s. Con.atltu• strllcea- snld .14th :'1\Irinmlinent. 'with. nuillty;
:'tliin'becausacelnven);tlites of·tho Unlon:wlira . and- · ...... _ · · · . ·. · . . . ..
.dcpri.ved onhelr cqunla\ll!rnge hi the Sen• ····.· (5)' -Tl\!lt-ooplca·of:tlila .R«iaollttlori; dulj'
nte· ·ln· vlol!ttlon ,ot ·Art!elo Y; when ·olevon ·. certllledi _togotner :VIitll !·'> et>Py·ot ~o ~r~t\tl~
. southern stnte!i, ·1iiclitdlrig Louls!iJ,ntl, •:Were . :o.n ·~o. U:nconstl~l,ltlonaUty' o! :;hil· 14th
exi:Judeei .!rom _-deltboratlozi •:111!1 dectslon In·· ·.Ameiutment•~ ,by ·J'!l_dge L, l!. :p(il'cz, ··co. !Or• ·
Stleilcki::r';·.at•'rlli!lirlti:V · · tlle: ndoptlon ' 0!-.the ·Jph1t Resolution. pro•' _:·wilrdecf to the .oovoi1loro lind socrotn:rlcs of ..
Clt!ar'cut E•XPII:e,ssiohsin :. poslrig snldi.4tli ·Amendmin1t;8nld Resolution 'Stritif of cneli •atli.to·ln t!ie Union, mid to tho ,
·. was: •not. pri!se}lted. t6. tbit_ Prealden~ ot tho: Seoretaries .or- the JTn!tCd:St;ates silru\ta Eimi ..
United. !;ltatca In .order tha~ tha· same shoUld · Houi!e.. ot congi:eos;'arid .to the.LOu\J51an)i oon-:
· tnke~ elte¢t; ns: required •by Artlcla li scciuon · g~es!i!o1111r delcigntlon, !l oopy· horeot· .to bo
~
~~~~~~~~~5~£E .·'1:
.fled. :·tile. -nmtmdr:iien~.
by.'proposed wila not·but.
thrco"!ourths O! cth_e Btn~es, rntF ·to ,.ptitillslied
. . In. .the
. . con
6re511lonnl:I{ecorek
·.. VAI~ _M. OELONY~. . . .
-~ne ,eo!itrnry. 1lfteen :stutea · ot tlie then Speaker of #~c· ·mJu.36 of Jlepri:i9il~otiflcs, · ·
thltty~seveil.._state3 of .the Union ·rejected the. . .. . , ... .·:. . . ·Cl• ().AYCOCK. . . . .. . .
:Prllpoaed Jl4th :.:Ju:nen.dmv:~>t · ·bo.tW9ini · il11r . ·Lteu-tcnam · Governor· :and ·prosfdsnt
· da.tes·of:l.ts submlsslon:to.the·.i;tatcs by the.· ·:of.thesemita. ·
Secretnry .:oLstate-· on .June·IB,•-lBilB and:_ . ___._._.
~(:~·. 24,, _18!)8, tnilrebjr· ·Ii\1\U!ylng. snld. . . . . . . . . .
Resotutl.on nnd.maklng tt Impossible tor ~ntl~ · ·· Tl<a i(?i~- AMiNnf.tliNT -ri{u~co>is:frrtl-ttoNAi. ·
Jtcatton · JJy tM constttiitton!ll!y required · . T!ie ·purported i~th A~onctm.on~ .to . tlii ·
·three~fourtlls .oC.etich ·states: Blild· soilthern Unlted:Stntes.Oonstl~utli:ln-ls no!;I·DhO\lld' ba
· stiiteli. -wnlch were. denled .their ecjtial ..etlf"' · held. tO. lJn.ineirccttvo,.li1vaill2i nun; .v0ta ·IUltl : · ·
·troge J.n· :_tile .sen~to hl.Hl· been recognized· by: ·'lfnconatltu~lonal·t9r:thetollowlng tcO.SoD!l;-. ·
J>~C.Cl!UnntlOnij or. tho Preslqentotthil Ulilteel- . 1; ~~- .191~:;:. Resoll,ltlon_• pr()p6s!ng·f!nlll
. states .to 1lnvo d~11y _coilatltuted glmiininimts · Ainlindmont wne. not submitted to or ndoptad
-w!~b, !ill_ tho powers: which .belong ·to>tree· .by·n•:con.iltltutlonar:ccngress..•Artlalo:!, sm:,· ·
·stntcl!ot:_the Union; and_·tho Leglslaturea..of· tl.on·a;•(lnd.i\rtlcleYor.tM u.s. constitution,·
soven:o(safd. southern ·states tilld .rntllled the · 2. The Jollit Resolution ·wruuiot submitted·
13th Amonelmcnt wl~lcjl woulct lm.va ra:tled ta tlio. P·rasldenf ror 1t1s. o.pprovitL Attlelo r,
·. ot rntlflcatlon but•Jor:the.rn.tlficntlon•or·sll!d ··section·?:. . . . · . . :. · . . · ..
~ seven.:&outhern stntee: :.and· . . . . . ·.. · :· a, T:le proposed l<Hll- 1\iricndirient 'VIis ·re·· . .
... Where&ill,_the Reconstruction .ActS of Coli• jccted · by fuOrti ·_:thiu'l. -.one•!ourth :-i:ir .Ill! the ·::.
gresa. · linlnw!ul]y .. oyer~rew. their · illtlst!llll· . Stnte:J .then· In· the. UntoJi, 1\li.d Jt :wna. novOl'.
governments; iemov~d tllelr lilw!\illy ·.~onstl· .rn~iled by thr~o;;fourtlis .or nil ~e .States in.
. tu ted _leglslntures ..bt mllltnry: to~ce and ·1'0~ · ·the :Oillflll. Artle)e -v: · · ·
plncc<1: them: -with ruQipi legl~laturei · whtch · . r~ THE. ui:coumTIJT[QN;\L coifolle~s
· carr'.ed.'out .. mUttary ordem .. and· ·prct·ended·. . -· .
·,tomttrytho.U.tl:r"Amendmerit; lind. . . The u.s.·.ccinsmutl~n provlc!es: ...•...
· Where.aa ln spite ot ·tho_ !net that: the So~-· . Arttcle · I, Section: ·3, "The: Sennta of til~. ·
-:rnt:u:Y, or:_ !:)~ate In Ills fi'(!lt prOOIIl~atlon, Unite() Stn;tca shall be coinposOd oi ~wo Seri~
.ori .Jill¥ 20, . .1668, expresserJ · dou)Jt ns. tO. iitors •rrom·cni:h Stn~·••. •- •." : · · :-
_whether th~ee"!ourthil o_t the recju!tcd-•tntcs · J\rticlo ·_v. prpvitioo: ' No. Stntoi wlt~o~t lin . ·
. and 1rire~t was but . had 'i'lltlft~d the· Uth· AmeniiiJ1_imt,: Congress consent, alinl1 be !leprlvccl ci! ltn equnl suf•.
· ne~~rtheless .ndopted: n; resolution on-JUly 28, t.tp.ge ln·tho Senate," . ·: · · · · . · .
from OWnership
t;el b:il'~,th~J;-h\uri.ans:· Jts aim
.as. 1668, unla,WtU!ly.declru·!ng thaii-tlme~roilrtlis . The £ac~ ttiilt 23·-senatoia lind -been uri taw~
was ..01 the stiloteS >liiid• rnt!fiQcfthti ·utb· Mneitdo· fully e>(cludei!•: rr.olli the u.s: 6ennto;:lit ot<io_i' . . ·.:.. ..
.:m~nt rind·.<tl~ected tita·-socie~ary -of·Stlita to·: to .s~cur_e· n two•tlllrds -vote, tor. n.doptlon-. or·
so piocta)m. said ,To!nt.Resolut!on. ·or Con,· ..the· Joint· Resolution proposing thir_ HL!t .
gress:-nnd ·the resulting proc!an1nt!on or·_tlie' .·.·Amendment ~~~shown bY.ttes~lutton~ i:it:l!ro··. :· ·
·-,;_
.... ~
15642 ·--.
.. CONGRESS10NAL RECORD ..-:_·HOUSE
·..._·
• 9earttn Ho\lse Jciumol; ~iiven;ber 9.l~86~

PP;.!l.IJ,il'J; .. . . .. : .. ·. .
-•:florldil;House Jourilnl, 1866,: p; 'is, . .
.. •.south Carollnn ~louse Journal; 1868; pp;
33-nni! _3 4. · ·
•' •'
.. :.:·
.··.
. •·:
-:::._: ·.
: . . .. . . ·- .. . : -~" ..
: . .. . . .
.. ··.-~>
·CONGRESSIO:NAL RECORD~:HOUSE 15643

on Aug\Jst !lOj 1~6~; !?tcsidimt :Antti-ew . ,;~n .nil thc9~ Stii~~ tll~t:~ ~e existing earu.
·Jolinson . lsaued ·anotller . preclamntlori» ·. atltvt1 0ns, .rrllli!cd·iJ:i the·.Recl.UI.t<;lmc.d :way. bY:
·the Hth Jurienilment· · :}ioln'tllitro\lt .tbu fMU~Bt.tho H'ciuso of ne]i~ ~!iii people. Gongr~ ·hOV(~Vori: declo.tcs tbet
· te5c~t:itiYC3:.nnd .Scnet& ha<! niloptccr lilont1, · .tllci!o con&Ututlonil:nro· not 'loyill.im.d · ropub~ ·
:.u~1a.·ware Il~Jac.t,e<~ · •:na· l4tli Amenctmcrition !ltll Rcsolutlon.a: on .JUly .22ncl,!~ a.nd. July llc.a n/ tinct requires: the p!lopla· ti:rJot'111·:t)Jcm ·
. · · · 25tb, U!Bl." tna.t .the .. Clvlr:war .. forced bt .an.owc W)JAt; '.tlien;. in·, 'tho ·opinion· or eon.... .·:
..~.•r••·vli.nrt ...,.,.,.,,..,.,,. .,,A 14th Arn~~<lin~t ·~n_ .. disunionists ot ~he Southern States; woe nolO · grcss; Ill necil&allTY til ·rrilike' the constitution :, .
:\1/'nged tor · tho . pu.rpoi;ti . ot 'conquc.iit . or .to . ot :l:5~to . 'Joyllllind ·rep1,Jbllc~n?' Tho or,iglnAl . : .
'ovorthr.ow . tho: ngbbl, rond . el(tnbUnhiid .h1sU• . Mf .i\nswers · :t hir quiilltlou: ':.•:tt:. te··:·~nlvc·rs.u:: ·
tiJUona ·or · tlloss States; llut to il.erena rind .'neg~o . surr,rago; a que.Stton.·wh!Ch .t he tcc!.ei:il .
niriln.tnin .the supreinacy' o! tile donstlt\l~lon. Cons~ltli~!tni. li:nvenxC1~1il'l!dy t..o t.'le st."ltcil
.and· to :preaerie the Unton with : nil . equnUty .· ·t,hemselve3'. All thla .Jeglslntlve ma<:hlncty cr.· . :'. .
: nnd rights lit the ·~\'crril ·.Jitiltes iJnliilj)nltildi : mnrtljlHnw, .. iilllltllry. ccerclon; .nnd .polltlciil: . ·
.i>.nd .tbnt: ns soon· as tltes:o .ob[ecta. nre •accolll·.:·. <ll!ifra.nchlsement Is avowedlf:•f.o r · t.hn~ · pur• .. :·
pllshe<l, . tile :War ·ough; to · cease.:·.T~e l'!'osl~ . pos:e nrid• li\ine .'ot.h ur. Til~ ·<!lC;IBtlilg· coniltltl!•
dent's ·proclamntlon: on. ·June 13;' l8G5, . de• .. ·ttona <Wth.o. ·t en .St:l.tca .contorm ..to · the·. ne- :
. c111rrid tile .lnsunoctlon ln: tha stnte o! T.oii" ·..~nowlcdi;ed ~t,\nderda . ot, .loyRHy o.ncf repub- .
;neilSee· had b~e,n .. nuppre!llll!d,"' .Tho. ·l'rest. : ·.llert.n.l&lll,:lndced; U'.tbare.'.o.ro. .d.eg~cea· ln re• · ·
·.:iJeut•s proclanitit!on: ·on . aprll . 2; .1866{11 .de- ·:pulillcnn Iorms or g(ivcrtunorit,: their comimu-· · ·.... . ··.
c.IW:ed; .ibe l.ruiurrection .IJi .thtl ·Other South~ . tiona ore mori(~~pl,lbllean Mw•.thnti :when .
· ern Stntcs, c~ccpt ',t'C'Xl\11; :uo longer oxlstllll; · :~cso. St:it.cs:-:-tolir ot. wlilcb : .woro .incmbcra ·
on·. A~gti~t 20; 1806,., . tho ·Preald@.t .prii• o(tilo orlglrilil thlitcen--:,ftistbcci:tmo: m€m··. .. .. ·.·
c.lnimcd:.that .tile Insurrection In tho · st~tte oC · bers ofthe U:rilon~·~ . . · · . · ··
· · Texas· ho·cl . bc~n comp1¢tety. ended; ·anct b!s . . . In ·President :Androw J:oiirison~a. veto incs· .
. .pr~llimntlon coiittniio.d : : •:tho . lnsu.r rcct!.o n ."attta'.im tho· n.:aconstructlan ·.\ct 6n. Jill)'. :i9, ·
w.lllch, ,horetororo existed hi . · the Stnt~ o! : ·l!l67;:r .he :pollitci1 .0 ut··..vnrloli.i .unconstl.tl.l~
to a: ,T.,xns .- IJI. o..t an ·imd; and!s to':ba Jienci!Inrtb .. tlonii.Jttles ',n .ucino'ws! ..... . , .. · .. .· ·: . .·. · .
"ro'n''."''" .'c,rglililZ..d Jlliidhe other ·. ·.so. regardC<t ..tn· that St&t·e,:ll& . In the oth.c r · . ' 'Tho veto ·o!:.th!l ,.o r@mil bill :or th:e· :?tl ·o r. ·
·. ttiem. ~hey . : Sta1;es. ~ bet~I'O' named .·ln :WhiCh. tho :snld lil~ · .. •,Ml)rcll. WilS PO\Sl:d. o.n·. two \ll6tln~t: 1,-rOunilil,
·:~:~t~r~~~~~~~~t~; · ll1e laws · surrectlon was proolnlmcll: to bo ·.1\t· an ond · ~~u· lnter!oten:ce o! .Congr-ess. l.n·.. m·~tws.
·t . e!flilra;~'. · ·..· . .. by tn~· arores!lld proclnJ11atlon or t.h.e. second · :atilctty njlpertijtlllrig to the-. rc5erved 'pow~r~
needed· tliilt.· these · lla:t: ot · Aprtl; ·one tlioU.nilc1< eight. hundred . or tbii .S.Rltlisi'and •tlls:eatabllallni.ent or.•mm- · ..
1· ~~~:~f:~[~': under lega.Jiy .constl~ . and &bcty·elx. · . · t:iry .trlb\Ulaii tqr: the .tfllltotcttl;ens.lu 'ttnro·
:i :member States In tho ''And I do further procl!llm that: tho lli\Hl .o: pcll!)e. .. :.-.·:_....
· · tloll. or ·tho .·fatli• Amend~ : · lne:urtectl.o n. 'lir. nt: an .:·e n.d; Jln<f tbil.~ peRC(!, . '' •· . ·.• . • • •.
. . · e ••1886 .und<!tibtii<ity liupc .. o;din·; 'tmnqullltY•· .arid chrll · 1\Uthortty now: · :, ·. "Aal!izul:ir..eontrniilction ·is applitcnt here,
:of!lola.J ·.proor.- It ~hO. ·sou them · .e xist, .In· .a nd .throughout tho . wholo o! tho ·. congr.cSS".declnres tl;lcso ·locnl : state: gavcrn-
. · .~tates o~ ,the 1Jiilon, . United Statcaol:".tnorl~a.,u . . .... : . · . . . . . . ments :to .llli lllesru: llOvqxilmuut.s;·· n.n<l . tbe~t· ·
:n~,~~t~~;:i:·~:~e;.~~· would .uo.t lla.vo, been·. , }• .When tll.o Stnto or. L<!ulslal\3. rcjec.t od:- ·provides th~~;t· t.11e.80 :mei;nl:govcrbmont.s shall· .
> to .t heir Lcglsta.turcs !or 1'11otilleo.- ·tbe .. 1.4_th_. Alnendmont · o~. F:cbrunry_a ,,. lB6'7, "be . cnrrlc.d .on ·.by. rcdeml ·omcera,:.who luo. to
., . . . . ~~~kln~ . tbe 10tb :Bt&ttl t(J ·hrW<> .•:ctj:ctcd tho . . perform .tt'le Very;' duties · on · lta. OWD.'.Offii:ors ..
• th~... United .· &a.me, or more th!ln. one~fOllrth o! .t!lo totAl. ·· by: t!llil · ntogni .Sto.to .authority. It ci::rtnln1y
. by ..Joint.' num]le.r.· o~ 36 states o.r .t he Union as or ~hat; w9uld bo r.·noo,:"l apectaclo.I!:Congrcas .slJould .
. .. . nppr!)ve<! · d~~~· : thus lc.nvlnE; l!lSo. thnn tbree~rourtlls .o! ... n~te 111 pt :to ·. cnrry)lli (I;Iegnlstnti> go~orume 1 if
I'r~!l.l•clellt.•.• ~....... ..., Ltn- : tlte ..etatca poSD~bly ·t.o rntlfy tho .: oamo;. : ~ho: : by ttui: al(oricy .qr:ltS:·own·. oirtcara•. It ·18 ye~...
r"""""" ,,. . .Amend!llent fplled .ot ra.tlflcntloi:IJn. ZM.t- nn.d .. mo111· sttango tlint qon~eao .ntt4lmpts to lius··.
e\~!~~.~~~o~~~~iJ~j~""''"•''n .. ln.l[lW.· nn<l It coUl<! not bnve bceA. rev!:o;ed · :tnln . nnd co.rrt on t!:il lllcgal · .stato govern~
·a: . ~xcept !:1~·: a. ~ew Joint; Res()lll.t lpn of the . mCllt by ·the.',snme· teuerlil ' ngoncy• . · .. · .
._;Sonn.te: . ~nd . Hous.e .ot· ~epl'ellentt!tlves· ·ln· .. ,;.; ·• • · · · ..:
::~ccordance w!tb Oonstl~tlonnl requ)remen);; . . . · . . . ·
.. ·: 6,, Fttcc<l. wttli the .posttlve: !e.l!tire ot ·r!ltl•· .. ''It :ls·.novi.tgo' lo.to tO 84y ,tliat these ten ...
· flcatlon oftbe i4tii Ameiidinont; botti.Houeeii. · ·.:pollttca1·.cornmunltiES a..rti iiot Stntris:ol: · this
·ot Cobgrcai; plisscd .ova:. tho veto ot tPo Prclil·• ·Uiilon;.Iieqlaratlonll to the oontniey ninde lit .
'dun~ three ·Acts la!own n:O' R~c:Onstrtletlon · :the:~e. Uue.o· ·Bill<~ ar~ ·oontrndlete<t·'agMn: itnci
'Acb!; betWeen the dntco o! Morell .:f and .ngtl.ln b)1 :tipl:n.!,tlll ®t<r of lcgli:ltnt!on onn.cwd ..
.r.;egJsm.tur,~s · J.uiy 'to. 1S67, . e5J)~ID.i1Y tho thlid cit' ~!d' by . QOZ!gress. !~om .tb~. yeo.r .l66i to 'tlie year ·
.,AC:t:J., .15 Stnt; ..p, H .eto;, !ili~~gned lllcii;!llY;)" : 1867.· . : . . . . . ·.· .. . . ...... ,:.
· ~ne·. rn~lnc,~·.· ·to :l'emo.v ii'Wlth."Mlllto.ry .'!orce" the·ln'\vlillly . ··''During :ttin't periOd; Wll!ln •theSe 'Sintes· ·
··constltvted .. sts.te Leglalll.tlires ·or.- .t ho 10 ·Yieie .In ·o.ctulil 'tebelllon,: imil. arter.. thnt ro- ·
· Bi:lll:~hern States qt Vlrg!nJn; North . caroim~ belllon :·.vllil brought .to n>ctoao, ilioy· iitiv~ .
L~~lat;·ii~~;:~~ul~·~o~~~~~i~~~~;~~~~~~ South .' Oru-ollna, Georgi;\; · F'todda;.'Aic.biUnn, ·:been: ngnlii li.n!i 'nghln· . r:eeaGz11:iec! 1!8 ·Stiltea .. .
:t: · · Ml:la!Sslppi;.Arkanstla, .Loulalnn~ :Bn.tt Te~llB; otctho':Un1on·. ~eptcscntatl6ii. llns. been appqr. · ·
.C<matt111i• ' ·.In· Preslaolit Andl'ew.Johli.GOn's. Veto :ni!Baai:o·: ·tlonoct·to -thci:fl as . stat.~•-: Tlioy 'hav.,·beon til··
· .oii 'the ·n econstmctt.on llct . o! ,March 2,1861,... · 'l<joo Into judlo!til <uetrlot.J,·!or.·\ltc holiiJng ·
·zwpaintocl out these unoonstltiltlonilutlcs: . · or · district. (\nd :ctrcult oour~:n : of ·tho' Onltccl
ric ever . the Amerlcilri· citlza!i. ~oiild lie : 5ttite~:.as St~ws tiitila Union only · can be ..
:.:]eft tO tllt!;(ree 6XeTClSil),Jt hlB Own :jUdgment, .. .cl.!StrJCted~ .T heJns't act Oll tll!A :subJI)C.~ wns
· · · 1~ Is when·he Ia .engngcid:ln the work, ot:tonn~ · · P~U~Ue<l Jtlly .:23; 1866, · bY :whlah .ovary 011c o!·
~;.~~~;~~~~:~:~~:~~~:~~t&~ ""•o••=•· :.' log tho Tliii.t

tO•itve; tundllineiltnllo.w
\o;.ork :lB · his under
work; ·which
nnci: lti .ho
CJin• thesEJ .ten . S~tes ·wa.s. nrtC\l!ged II,\to cl!stil~ts,
IS . ..a.nct:.clrculta.
·. ilot' 'p roperty be tilli:en .o ut or 'hla hands•. AU ' < · "Theyliave iicioli called: up~n •by Couc~csa
)hi$. l~@!si~~IOll·ptoce~ifl .u poilthe COnU'a.rY to nc~ throu~h their 1¢gllill,1.~1,tres upon il.t
Asa\unpt!.o~ ·tht\t tho pcoplo . ot cno~ ot theao . lo~t two' omendrnenta to.tfio Cloilstlt\l~lon ot .·
· :l>.t atns eball·have no. con~tltutloni .oxcept sueh tl}D: Ulilted : S~teli. ·115 'stO:tes they hilve· :ntt- ··
. . .as ~ay be ubltmrnrlly cuc~ted · by:c;;ongress,. :tlet1·. one .:i\inendmen,t , whl~ll .>etfUired the
. · · · ~ · and tormect under . thcr.rcstrilll:lt ot ItilUtliq · voto. ·ot ~wentr~seve!i Sta~es of tho thirty·
Ail · .r ule; A plain statemant .o!tncts riln~co thls .· slx .:t)len · CQ~jioslng tho Union. When .· thO
·evlden~. · roqwsttn :tw11n~y-seven vot;es were Biven In· . ;
·tavor. o!, ,thu.~· :ainenilmeit~everi or ·wnlcll

. . cmf .~ecorilo oc. . tho .tTnltcd · fltllllis, a.s,A. votes. wero ·stvcn by · seven- of ·these~ tcii.·
. . . . Stntc&----1~ .wnn . proctillinc<l' to. · b~ :.n P.n rt · oc
·. N!ltlonalArchlves
1 ·lind: Ji~cord~ Servlc~; . the· .conseltutlori: .of. the United· 8to.t9s; : nnd
" 14: Stat P• B14, . . . · . ·. slavcr;"m.s~ !lficl&rcd 'noJoiigin• to ~xlli~ :wltllin . · ··
. "Houi;,; Journal, ·37th Congrel!B, let:Sessn;· tho. Ulill:ed Stntes. or any. plnco•E;Ubjc<it . to·
P·:!:O;!~ Journal; S?th Congress; iilt ~esan; ·tholr Jtirls'dtottl)n; Itiheso .suvoii atntca.weio . . ·'. .~
P·. 01 eto. .. · · not. Jegal.Stntes o!. the. Union, :It ·follows :.na· ·
. ala. Stnt; .763 ; :. ·o.n : too?ltg.bla>corisoqucnctt.: tliilt ·:~n solilD.··o!·
" 14 stat;. p. au. . tbo Stiltes !;ta.to~t yefeiUetll. It :ctoe~ ··ilot' o:tlsl; .
567; .. :t4 .stat, 614; · . . :
''i'i4. . . . . . . . . . ·. . ., Hquso. :rourno.l; :il>t!l· congreila, .atia:sQssil. ·.··. . ·
.., :~e.:Sid.en'tl.nt PrQClnmntlon No. 153, ·aen- · ])•. 663 · etc;
c::Xm~oea--Part .12 ..
·-::
::
CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOUSE June 18, 1967

the duties l)y the President. might be justly on Us by the· Cotfstltutlon, nnd waited !or
clul:ra.cte!"lzed, tn tho langunse. o! Cnle! J~s· . Leglslntlve lntnrposltlon to superscd.e .. our
tlco ·Marshall, llB "an absurd nnd excessive ·nctton, and relieve us !rom rcsponslbllrty.
oxtravnganca/' Tho Court turther said that I rim not wllllng· to be a partaker or tha
!f the Court granted tho lnjunctloti nga!IWt eulogy .or opprobrium tll.'\t may· .!allow. r
entoreemento! the. Reconstruction Acts, a.nd.. cnn ·pnly sn.y ,. ; ·• x··am lishamed that such
U the Prealllent retused obedience, It Is need· opprobrium· should be cast upon tbe court
less ·to· observe that tbe Court Is wltho1.1t !lliel that It ·ca.nr1ot bo rertt~ed."
J:><>Wcr t~nntarcc 1ta process. . .. T1te ten States-were:organlzed into Mlllta~y
In ~. J<illit .. nctlon, .the st!ltns at· Georgia Dlstr!cts _under tile- unconstltlttlonnl "Rc-
nnel MiSSissippi brought ault against. the constn1ctlori Acts." thelrlnwfully rionltlttited
President and the Secretnry:ol War, (6 Wall. Legtslatlire:Ulegally wero·removed by "mlll-
5(}-78,164 U;S•. 564). tnry torcc:• nnd ·they·were replnced by n1m:p,
Tile court said that: ao-called.LcglsloJu~el, savcn of which carried
· "The>i;m :then sets forth .tha.t tho Intent out mtutary ordtim and p.retcnded to ratify
and design ot :the Ants or .congress, BS liP• thO 1<1th Amontlmont. Rs follows::
varcnt ciu thler Cacci'O:nd by- their terms,- o.ra Arknnsilaon Aprll6, lB6S;"'
to .overt.biow nnd nnnul t.b!s exlo\lng eti;te Ne>rthCnrollnn·on.J'itly 2,166B;"'
go,vernment, · nnd. to erect another anu <!lr- Florida o:ri ·.rune s, 1988; ..
rerent. govo.rnmcnt .. In Ita plneo, unnuthor- UJulslnnnon.July.9; Iaea;-'•
!zed by tlie Constlt1.1tton nnd In d~l'lanc~ ot 8outll Cnrol!nn on_iuly-s, 1888;'"
Ita gunmntlesi nnd that, In furthernneo of Alab~ina· on July 13, 11!68;" and Georgln
this Intent and design, the do~endnnts, the. on. Jt~ly.2t, 1868."
Secretary. o! War; tho Gencrnl .ot the. Army, 6.· Of tho ilbove 7 St;~,.tcs .wl;ose Leglsl!i.tures
nne! Major-General Pe>pc, acting under ordera wero removed nnct · replaced· by rump. :so-
or the·· Prcsldent, are obout setting In !%10- onlled.Lelllslaturcs;·sllt (GJ. Legislatures or the
tlon s portion of th~ nrmy to take tn!U~ary · Sta.t~ ·of .Loulell\lUI, .A:rkansue,. sQuth· Ci>r<:J-
possesslonot tho sta.te, nnd.tllrenten to sub;; lll1n, -Alilbnmn, North. Cnr.ollnn. m'ld ·.oeoruta
vert her ·gov.cmment nnd mibject her pc<>ple lmd ratified. the l3.tll: Amenciment, .na sbown·
to. :military. rule;. thtlt the sto.te Ia holdlng,· by the -Secretary o! atats'a ProcJ!imntlpo or
·inadcq·unto means to resls:t tho power nm1 Dcc~mbcr. 10,,108S; 'Ylthout wlthih .6 Stiltcs'
force. or -th$ .Eicccut! vo Department at the rntif!co.tlons, tho .18th Amendment could .uot
Un'!tad· States; and. she· theretore Insists thnt anct would not havo-bc·en·tntlfied becn.uee snld
such protectlori can,aud ought to bo atrordcd 6 States made. n total at 27. out of 31l. States
by ·a decree or order of hls court In t!JI)· or exactly throe,four~lls· ot the number: re-
premlses." · qulred b;r A~Uclo ·V o! the Coilstltutlon tor
na .appllentlons £or 1njUJiet!on by these rat!flcatlcin. . .
two states to prohibit; the Exaeuttve Depart• l"urtllertnore, governments of the stntes
m·ent ::i'ram- carrying .out the. previsions o! o! liot\lslnna ilnd Arkansri.B hnd bacri ro-e5tab•
:tile Recoll:ltructlon Acts directed to the over· Jlshed. under n Procliimntlou lss1.1ed. by i'rcill-
throw. ot tMir goverrunanto Including thl« dent Abraham Lincoln-December 8,.186~··•
dlssolu.tlon: oLtheir -ata.te le~!sla.turea; wa~e. The. gov·arnment or North Ci1rol1nn. h.nd
denled:ont!Ie.groundll tha.t-the organlzat.lon. b.een· re-cii.tnbllshcd: under n Proclnmatton
·
'~ii~:{~~-~~~~~~~- o: the.·governinent Into threo great depart-. .lnsucd by: :prcsldont. Andrew Jol\nson. dntcd
.~ . menta, the ex\m~tiVIl,leglslaWve t\.IId.jud\01\\l, Ma,y!lQ,lB6o;<> . . . . . .
.'-<•ngn!f"· l.tula .no·w criiTiet!llm1tatlons of the .powers ot ench by ·. 'l'he· goverruncnt o! Georgln hilt!: been re~
the :_Constitution. This cnsa when tho same .~stnbll6h.ed under· n proclnmntloil lmut:d by
wny . nB tbe previous case of Mlsslsslppi President .Andrew Johhson dnted June 1'1.
ngalnstPreslclent Johns<>n and wns <l!smlss.ed 1865.:<t · · · ·. - .
WithoUt l!dJUdla&tlog. up<>n the constltU• The government Of d:lllbnma .lmd been ro-
tlonallty: o:r the Recons.tructlon .Acts. estab.llsliethlndcl' n. Pr~larnatlon lllGuad by
Ili.:tinothel" on.so, ea; p11.rta Wllllnm .H·.. Mc• Pr.e$1den~ Andrew Johnson d·ated J1.1no 21,
Cnrdle (.7 Wall. 60S.:..S15), ~ pcitltlon for the 1866,•• · . ·
wrU; ot hnllei!B corpus t<>r· unlMtfu\ri!Strnblt . The gtlvcrnmerit o! South CaroliM ·hitd
by :military · torco · o! a citizen not. In the . been re-estnblhihe(l . under a Proclrunntlon .
military i;ervlcu .ot . th11 Un!.tcd .stn.tes. wan · Issued· by Prei;lderit Andra·<'J' Johnson·. datJ:tct
betore the United ·States supremo Colirt. June 30;·1865.., .. . ·· ·. ·
Arter· the case wn.s argued and tnken under 'I'liese tlmie "Recoiuitructlon.Acts" •• under
ndvlsement, and berore contarence In re- IV!Ueh. the e.bow Sta,t<i L<:gtsie.t.ureil were II·
gRrd .to the d.eclslon to be made, ,Congrel!li .le~nlly roinoved. nnil: unln.wful rnmp ·or·pup-
paesed aa emergency Ac!i, (Act Marcil 2.7, p<~t: so-cnUed L<>glslattire>r were liubstttutctl
1868, 16 ·stat; at L. 44), vetoed by the In a. mock effort to ratl!y thil Htll Amond-
·p ld t · <I · · d · hi t mc.lll;, wera·.lmconntltutlonal, null. ~nd. void·,
res en t\.II ropnesD eve: a ve 0• re- ab:lnltlo,. and.nll·i\o.til ttono ~blircundc:r· were
pcnllng .tbii jurlsdlctlon ·or .the u.s. Supreme
court In such cnse. accor111ng1y; the 5upreme also lltilt qncl void, lllcl)ldlng the purp()rted
Cpurt dlsmlssetl -the appenl Without p<l5 31ng :rntlftcntlon or the_ 14th .Amendment by snld
1.1pon- ·the· -coustttutlonnUty ot the neeon- 6 Soutliem puppet ·stnte Lcglsln.ture.~ or
atructlou Acts. under which tho.non"mUittiry
· citizen wn.s. held by the. mltltary without "McPherson.-lteconstrilctlon, pc 63.
benefit· of wrtt o! hnbens carp1.1a, In VIOlll• "'·.Housa:Jaurnol·lB68, p' 16, Sennte Journal
tlon or· Section 9~ Article 1 ct tile Uc8. Con.- 1889. p. l5.
st\tutlon .which prohibita tho su•penolon of •HfOliBO·JOUrnlll 11!68, ·p. 9, Sen11ta .Jomnt\1
the· writ of habeM corpus. 1868. p, 8.
That Act of Congress. !>laced the Recon~ ''Senate..Journal 186!i, p. 21.
structlon .Acts .beyo;mct jutllclnl recourse e.nd "House JournnllB6B, p. 1\0, &cnnto Jour-
ave>lded t~ata at coll!ltltutlonnilty; nal 1868.-p. lll; . .. .
It Ia recorded tha.t .one .. of tho. Supreme nsenata Journal, 40th con~::ress, 2nd
Court .Justlcea, Or!er,. protested against. ills Sessn; · p. 725. ·
nctlon of the. court aa followil: . <• Houee J.ournlll, taoa, p. so ..
"Tbls caae was tully argued In. tho bogln· ••vot I. pp. 288-:306;. Vol. u, pp. 142a·-
nlng o.t thill month. It Is n ~nso whtcll In· U4!1...C."Th~. Fcdortll and Sta.te · cons~ltu
volves the l!borty ·nnd rights, not only of tlons;" otc.. compiled tindnr Act; ·ol Con-
Andrew .John· the nppcllnnt but ot mllllons o! otir follow gress on June -30.: 1908, Frnncla Newton
.the suit aousht· citizens. The country nnd tho pnrtles had "l:llorpe, Wnshlngton Oovernme.nt Printing
a right to expect thnt It would recelvo tho Office (1008). ·
"\;··~Sf;~~;,.~~?~~~~:;ror
>'
the Un1ted Stntao
prclvf!!lorls of ,the Reconstruc· l=edlato nncl solenm ~~~~ention ci! ~he .,Sruno, Thorpe, Vol. v. pp. 2790-2800.
supreme Court helll tha~ court•. By the· postponement of .thlsc ca.sc we "'Same, Thorpe, Vol. I!,. pp,. 809-822.
cannot bo:oiljolned beaa.lise tor shall aubjeot ourselves, whether .Justly o~ ., Snmo, Thorpe:. Vol. I •.· pp. 116-'-132;
D~piU'tmont· at tho government unJustly, to the Imputation that _wo have ••sumo, Thorpo, Vol. Vl, pp_ 3269."328!.
t.o enrorce the per!ormnnco o! evnded..the .pertormnnce of a duty Impc~cd "'14. 6&11,. ·p. 428, etc. 16 Stat. p. 1'1, etc.
CON<}.R.ESSIONAL RECORD -Hbl]SE 15645

.jn tli~t C&Be, the court brushed nsldQ States haS been nuopted; nc~r~ilng ro ttio
. constitutional questions ~. tliougb ·they !ll<i pro.vl!ilons or tl:ie: Constlttitloii, ~he. Secretary
not e;rdst. ~or· lnstnncc, ·-tho· Court :Jrindo. tho of Btnte .!ihnll ior.tbwlth cause ·the -.umcnct··
atntement·tl:iat: · . ·. . . · .mc,ilt ta·'oa publls}iod,:wtth: hill cer.ttncntc,
. •·Tite .Iegtala.tureli or (Jeorgi!l,. North Caro~ speotrttng the.StaWl! by whlcll. tile silm~m:ir
Una. and _South c~ratnll\ had rejected .tha ·ha.ve.been ndopted, and t_hat tile sama. hns. ·
amendment;' ln. November and . December, - became:1(1dld, to alll!ltents••nd P1.Itpos~a, r.s
. ieaa; New•govemmen~ wero.erocted ln.thdse ·e:pnrt. of tho CoruJtltU~ton o! i.tw· Uultecl .
.:stli.tes (and In others}. under· the· direction . sta•ca·"· - · ·· · ·
v.
lit .Congre~... Tbo .ne\Y legLsliltilreil rat!t!Cd. . . J); Uriviki! Smith. i92D, 253 nit 2lit; 40 s.
the IIIilendinent; thnt _of Nor~h pnroll!ln on.: ct; 227; the u:S: Supreme. Coilrt UIII:n!Stt1.knbiY
July 4;_ 1868; thlit .of South. cnrQl!no. .on· .}lelil: · . . · . · . : . . . . _· . . : . . . . . -
·July !i,18Q8, and tlillt of Georijln ·on July lll, ...·"T11a: Uteh ilrelcte Is ·o.·. grunt or ·n~-tthOrl~)'
.ti!lis~··.. · · · · ·. · ·by:the·:p~_ople to eon·gress. The_ dotermlnn-
And tfje C'Qurt; [:ilva-nq constd.crii.tlon tO:.tha . tlon· ot the. inethmt.'-or ratlllca.tloti Is. t!le
!achbo.t.Oeorg1il.; North.Cnrollno. 1\rtd.Soutli exet<:lse. 0!· a nim;)naf- p(JWer · spcolilca)ll'-
. Cnrollr!.> were ·thre.e tit- the orlglnnl stntes 6! gi'y.Jitcd· by. the Coi:jgtlf.utlon: , thliLpower ls
tho Unlon with vnlld nnd exlstlng:con.stl~- • con!errccl il)lon ·conwess, n71d Js l!nllt~ .to ..
.tlolis on )ui ·equnl!oottng With the other_ two_· methods, J)y ·nctlon. or- tM Legt!!lntutcs
.orlglnafqtilti:s und _tnose.tatentdmltted·mto. ot tlmie-fourths :or the •sta~e5•. · or co>~ven•
. tl\9 _Union •. • . · . · . . . . .· .. _. . . · · :tionn ·tn -n lUte· numb_cr 01 litntoa. Dodge- v: ·
.. ·wllR~ -constltutl.orial r!gllt did·: Cotigresil· ·.\V<iols~y,:is Hol\';_.3.31, 349i-1S. L. Ed.:4oi. The_.
· hi\ve tq_ removti tnooe atM'e GOvernnieJitll [IIld. rr:1iners· ot .-thO Constitution 11llght. hltoe
· tli:oir leglslatlircs ·. undur· imtaw!'Ul . mU!t(lry nitapt.ed · a.·· cturorerit .. ·J;te~hol!;_. Ratltlciitto_n . ·
poV{e:r set up by tllcuriconstltuttonnr ''Racon• · inl_~tit have· been le!t-:to _a -vote or- the peoplo, -
structlon ·j\cts/' whtch hnd.Jor ·their .purpose,, or to .some _authority:_ o!- gcivern.inimt ,ather ...
·the: ae:itructl9n· lind removnr of_ t}iese ·legal': .ilinn·:thnt scle~tc•t· Tbe:lnnglingc-ot_'the·.nrtl·
$tate ·-governmeriis.. lilld. tlie lllillllhmtlon _ot . cle :ta plnlri; :lllltl.ndmlts rit no' doubt 1n· Ita .
their COnsUtutlons? . · . · .. ·. ·lnirepretntlon; It: Ia. not tllo !unction ~c
. : -- TQe:tnct tJ1o.t these tbr.ce ~tntes and Se1on .. courts or legls~nt!Vc bOdies,- nauonnl or a!;jl.~_c,_· ..
otlier.Southerri Stlltca hnd ei<:JStlngConstltri•- to niter tho milt.~:Od •vhlch. the C::il!lstltu~loll _
· .tli:n\s, .wore- rcc<ignlzed::llll·stBtes:ofc th.B lJnlan.-. hnJlxed;"< .. · . . · .· .- · .
· ag;11ln lind ago.ln: bad b~en, dlvldod I~o judi- wa submlti -thi\t lit norie .or tho cnsc3, fri
clnl districts· tor holding thalr dts.tr!et •nnd wl1lch- tha Coli'rt avoided tha ·consmutlotinl
clri:illt 'courts o! the Uriltcd:States: llnd necit: lssileli liWolved -.Ul tho:·cpmpoiUtlon. o( tM
called upon by Confji-eslfto-ntit thtougn tbo!r -coiigrcsewillc:n nt!Qptcd the JolntResoluttoil
legh!Rtuiliii. upon two Amendments,: the l~_th. !of' tho·l•lth'.Amcnclment; did :ihe co-iu.'t.'jm~s · ·
·nnd 14th,. nM by ·their ntltl<il\tlons. lind nc•: tt}lon. the: coni;tltution~>Uty oi .the. Co!lgrcss
t\iillly IDildo. possible the lldoptlon :ot tlie .13tlj . Which. purported to. adopt the .Joint ~eSOltt•·
Amendment;_ ns.'.well·ol! .tbeh· state govern- ·tlon· Ior the:Htb·Amonilmcnt•.wl.th 60 Rep;
·menta he.vtng fie~_it .riHeta\lllsllc!d tiililet· rbcntntlVes· and -2:.1 Seniitors; In·,· etrect; ·
th:•ee~tcmrtlu· · Prcilldenttnt Proctamo.tlotis, .n:a slio\vn bt ioi'Cibly_ eJected cir _dented .thelr. seti.~ 'n.nd
·Pre~ldent · Andr.ew ·Johnson's. Veto : messngQ . their vo~ 'on .the· Joint. ~scili.ttlon· propo3-·
nJid procltmiatlono, .were _all lirus\1ed- ili!la& lng the ·Amendment, . IIi. order: ;to_ ·!1ass t:ne
bt· tl)~ Co\rit l.n (li)lemo.n. by -tbc. ·sto.temcn~ >Brune b.f n·~wo'-thlrds vote; h3 :pdl~tQil:out 'in ..
Ark"-''"""':Nc.rtJtl· · :that: ~~~w' governments worjj ereetJ)d .l_n thv· .New Jersey. l.l:gt:ilnturc : :Resolut!rui on. ·
·those_ States {ana 1n ·others):· :Under :the dl• MrircJ:i 27;1868; .: ·. . ·_: .. .- . . ... _ .
rcctlon,ot Congresil.'' nl!!UMt tbese itliw)c·g•. The coilstttutlonru·requlrcm·enti!. sat rortn
l~lnturooratlfled the Aln~u<lm<int.. . . . •. . . In ,llrticlli Y oltlic Constltutlpn ·ve~mlt IJla .
. Tho U,S;_ SUprairie: Court overlookc_d Jhat :congreSll· ~ -propo~c. ameildmcnti only: Wilen"·· .
. ltpre_vtousty _bad hold· that nt.·no time were· ·_evprtwo-th~dll.ot both houscG:Iihl\ll.clner_n _It·
these !'lciuthcm States. pu~·. <)£. ·tha ·umori:. ._ncc!)S5nry;.,..,eMt. >Is.: .. two-tnlrds _- ot oottt
· White v. ·l:lart, 1871; 13 Wnll. ·G46; .65:(, . :houses ail the!) i::Onstltuted. wlthou't. !orclbiP.
. In Coleman; tM· Co\.irt. did not: ndjudlcah .eJ~tlons.:. . · . . _ . :. · . .. . .. .
upon th_e 1nva_ucmy or tiie· Acts·ot _congress . _such ri rrngmcntntj Gong:tgss also·vlolnwd ..
. -'<Vhl~li set aside tb~e a tate Conetl~tlona and the. ccinstltiJttannl.reciulremcriti; or Art!cle:'V
. · n))ollshed •.tbelr stnte.ll1glli1Gturc.ti,-the Ci>urt -that no· a:tnte; .wltho1lt Ita :consont; i;linu.·oo
st!Ltes.-~•ever<,uno'"~'"' . stll:!ply referred to. thiUact that .thell' legnlly _doprlved oUts cqiil1.lsuffrngo Jri tho Simnte •. -
.·•·•~2:~::Jl~i~~~~~ "'''n''""""' :constt_t)!tedleglstatures had rejected thol4t!t__ · ·ThOro Is, no sncttth1ng 11,. glvlnt; ur~. to nn
'i!i Amenament _and that the ~·i:iew lc:;lsta.t1.1ri:B" · nm.6Illlment. mognlly·pJ;oposed or ne•,ct le[!nl:-.
. -had ratified' the Amendment;. .IY mtlllcid by; ~hrce~ro1ii:tbs cC the &tate~; ·
. -The Court OV~tlookeiJ: ~!i.e. !nc( •teo, tbnt 'J:l).cra. Is· n·o: suo.b. thing .~s ILn.iO'ndm:ent_ :by
·the: Stata ·or _V1rglliia.·.wo8. alSo· one ot tho .ti\Chea; no s_u_ch. thl_ng ·_llll. nmondrt!<int_, b;i
. orlgJnnl 'tn:tes\vlthtts constltutlon·M_<I Leg~, ·_wnllier; :no. such th!ilg,as nmcnrlma_ut·~y -uc.: :
lsllituro In ·run .op.,.ntlon und.~r Its ·oJvlt ·quleaceiice;:' imd zi'o :such· tlilng .-,1e · amend~·
.. goverrnnant. ilt the -thno. . . . . • . . ·. . . mci:lt liy 'nny other m'Cil.Ji~ who.t~;oovar ~icoopt .
. Th.~ Court nlso ·Ignored _tbe ta~t thnt· tho ... the moans_ speclthjd-tn. Artlcle-y .ot the. con· .
atlier·s!>dlouthern· states; wblch wcm gtveti· stltllt!on Jts•nr; · ·· · · ·
.the: sti.me_- trei\tmcrtt by Congr_oss· Under.:tlie .. It; -daea not;'. sulllce -to. my tllll.t .there lla>'C·
. unconst_1tlittcinnt: ''.Jitecons_tructlol~ Acts";.· Bll .. been. hunciri:cts· of
cases i:!ccliled un:dcr :the·
hnd legal constitutions and- a ·republican · Hth Aincndman~ to ..Upply the co_l}st!t_uuo:1al
form -of :government_ ln. each: s~_nt11, ·RS- ·WilB. -<tottciullclcs Jn· Its prop_oalll or rntltlcattor:t .M
recognized :by Congress by lts nctmlss!on. ot _requlrea by Article y; It nuridrcdnci,t lHlgan~
uil•con81~lt1lttlonal,-nrld'-th•ere•fo1re . thos.e stntes Into the.Unlon. The-Court cer- ·did not··qucstlon :the~ validity or. thu_l'lih
. tnll:}IY -muw tnke Judlclal-goil'n!r,an.;c or the ,ll.menamont; or·. qu(li;tloned. tho snme per•
tact th11t he! ore. a nuw s.tnte ls. lldmltted by tunctol'lljl. ·\\1tll<)ut sullinlttlng documentary .
congrc~s Into the Union; ColiiD'es• ·enaots11n. pracir or tne !nets or toccird w!llcll mnd<J !til
Enal;>l!ng Act to cno.blo ·tho Inhabitants ot. pui'ported -lldoptlon. unconstitutional;· their
the ~territory to:edopt a CQnaeltutlon to 'set· . !aUure .cannot·. ch~nGa ·_tne· Constl_tut!on ·,!or·
up·" rcpubll~n form. o! government ItS a . the. inllllori_s.lrt America. Tha·.same thlilg.l_•
condition .precedent to tho nclrnlsslon o_t• tho ·tt:uo. at Inches;. the_ slime· ·thtng. Ls: true .. or
state Into tho.Unlon,.and upon npprovnl :ot · ncqulosccnce; -tl!C snina. thlng:Js true·or·m
such· Collstlt\ltlrin, congrcsa then pnsses_ tho _coris\dcretl co\irf<lilc~lons. . · · · .. · ·
. Act ot Mmlsalon ot such atnte. .· .. _· · · . To ascribe consUtt:tlciniir ll!o to ll!l;Lllegcd
A_U thle.· wns_ Ignored_ .nnd: brushed. nsldo nmenctincnt . which_ never :cnltin: ·tnto be!lt~ . _
b)'. the Court.m th~"Col_emnn· case, ·}{owav.er; _-. j\CCOrdtn~r to·-ijpecUic· metl1.ods._lllld· ·rtov.•n -:n
In- _Colcmnn _tho co.u~t lnadv.ortent!7 snlcl Aitlcta· v c•mnot·be·d-on 0 :wlthout•dotug vli>-
thl~: · lence to_Artli:lc-V lts~Jt. Tbls til trua;-bccnuso
•"Wh.,;neY.cr orilcllifnottco ls.rccotvcd nt tiie tl:ia: _only· .qitcntton _open ·to ·-·u,o co\rrts f.g·
·Department ot- ·stnte th:lt .nny ·nmendment \vhether ·the illlegcd _14th Amcndmcn~. bil·
proposed to ·the Constitution of tho Unltocl· _·cnlrio n pnrt ·or. t1lo Constitution ·through n
15646. CONGltESSIONAtRECOR.D...;...HOUSE Jun~ }8,.196! .

. .. _.method required: by .U:uehi· ...;; Anything bo- . round I~ ~t!ole v !a to ~ita the ne~ m~~o-- . of· Israel; Abbii Eban; In hls addre~5 to
·. yond that whiCh _a_coure tli called_upoa to.· rlaiintoArtlcie v: . . . · ·. . : · · . . the United -Na.tlon5 Sectirlty.Councll·on: .. -
. · hQitl In. orde~. t_o .valltlnte. an nmendm~nt,. It .\'l'otild. bo Iilcoricclvable "that· the con• June 6,~i967, set:the· theme.for·l\-lastlng . ·
.. · :would be:cqu!vn)onno .wrltlng·hltci-llrtlclo v ~rc:oS .-·er · tbe United· ·:stnt~il could. J>:ropi>~~. ·.pen_ce· in· tne'M .. iddle East. 50 ._rim.ch_. de__.
·. :;mother moll~.·or the' nmendment. w.lllcb hns · ·compel· aubmJsairin. to... nn<l then· give .ll!e .
. :never ·!Jae·n·nuttuirlzea by tl:ui people at the. to rin mvnud ,iuncn!lmcnt by raslilvJilg Jl1at ~.sired. by. nllthe peace'-ltrvlng·l1atlons· o! ·
·.·unttec!St.ilte:.. . · .·' ·· .. ·. . ... · · :·· .. ·. lts.eltort ·bad· auccesded'-,regardleas at:. com·· -.~he- World.. o_ Hfs ··.address \Viis. ·entitled;·.·
.. on·.~hls.polnt,"ihe~e!ore, .tho "quilstlon_:ts; pllnncc:wlth the positiVe ·prov!sl_ona ot_ A~~ ''Not.·Bn,ck\V.a_l"d to Jlelllgererict but ·roi- ..
. . . .. _, wns tho. L4th Atnondment proposed 'nnd ratl<. t!cle V, . . - . . . . · . . :· ·: . ·. \viu·d··to. Pc~ce;" · . . · ...... · · ·
· :·. · · !lad In aceord!l1lce wttn llrt!c!e.V.?- : . · · · :· It- sbou.Id · need , no, !Uttner. citations· to · 'On· -~tilie:-7; .-1967;. foUowh1g· the first ... ._ .•
• ..
· · ·... · : lri:aiJSwerlng•thls".questton~it·ts or: no ~ai · sustnl~: the· proposlt!oq: tlia.t-::ne!tha•. the'. Unlted:Nat!Cms· resolution milllng foi' n · ·
· . · n;oment thil.t :d~clalona nnve Men r~ndered · . .r_i>lnt ~olutlon proposll11J_ .tb.o.Hth _Amend- ~C(!!lSEi"flre·ln ,the:~fldd_le Eil.~t;. Istat"ed to. _
·· :·. ·:In -vihlcb:the partlea dld no~ contetit·or·:auiJc. ment .nor _Ita- rn!'Uicl\tion.. ))y the. r~qUiril!l· ·. . •~ d . .
· ·• 'ffilt.·jir6per ·avlilence. or. the. couit· nss_umed ·_·, tiiiee~!outths·. t.r the 'St_ates 111· tbe :til)Ion: a distillgtilsl'le gro\ip.-oLAlller1cnns wl1o. · .·
. tbnnllera·was "a.l4tll !l.inendment.l! n stnt-. were. _l_n cbmpllllUCtl" With .tbo r.cqutremelita ·. vls!ted n'i"i(ln WttshlngtOl:i as ,·follow~: ..
. ut<>'riever ln:!li~tpnssed by:Congress;ttirough. ·or Art.lcle. V of tho Gollsmution.~· . ·.··. :. . id~em-lt most·i;np~r.Bti~e :thai tho tei-ms
. .··~orne·· er~or- .o! -:ndmirilstrntiOli _nntl-' pr!Iitlng. . :Wilen :the mandatory. provlsJOi)a ~ of. the·. 0!. tlia :· ligbicinent tO !oliow tlili CeRsC.· fire
·.. · got-Into. t!ie pul:J!Iilhed. reportrl ·"f ·t!ie stli_t" . constt~tlon ·are- vto!ntect,_. ·c!ie consmutlo.n .proVido. clfectlve: gu 11 n\titees; to .tlie. end- 'hat. . .
. . . .u~es. :_and. IC under. such. suppooeil. stntu.ta . ·ttsel! ·strikes With. :null!ty. the Act. that .dl<lo p_ermnricil~ pence II\n)l.. be cstabllsiled hi tho.:
~ourtS ·hatt·Jel'led: punlshnient-upoli li. nuni· · violence· to .lts·_provlsi!Jns. Thus, ·the:Constl- -Mlcldlir Ea!i•~- · ·· · · .. -·. : . . ... -·: .. : . . ·
.. · bol'. of. perecins .i:blirged jlntlcr It, ruid 1(:tllo : tutlon strlk~8 v;ith nullity the P-urported . .The .Ititercsta··_ot. •i.[orld penco ..i,rotild best; .
· error··.ln tlte J)uh!lehed YC>tuino.wtla tU~o'/lll"Cd. --14Ul. Ari\iindment: · · · . ·· '. · · · ··. tic eerve_<l j{. *e.terins'provltle: ·_· ·. -: . . . . · · · ·..
.. . . · •nrii:i·ihe rae~ 'becamo ,kriown- tnut· no auch Thircoluts; boui:ui)>y"(Jatb to·si1pjlort tha ·.· 1:.- Fer recognl#cm o! the nlldlt;' or tJin· .-
. . ~ sfutute.-lliid ever pnSscd Jnodol)gre", Jt i5uli• .. COit!'tltutlon,· sl}ould review all ti~ tbo j)vl• ~o\ierelgrity o~ -:tho ;St:ito .of :Ii!riici .. by ·tho·.·
· · ··tliti:ikalile ·thnt· the coitrts wou\d.contlriue :to: · donee be)'eln · .submltUd :and .:n1eaaurcf. tbe· .. l].A.R: nnd ·othor Arn~ st~tes: ·.- :.;. . .. . . . . ._.
_: : admliiieter:.ptintshment· ln·.JilniiiJir cllSes, o_n .fiict.s provhig vlol~tl~a of tno inl\Ilda:tory -it ._A roaffirmation:tnnt thc.Gillt JSt Aqnbn ... ~ _: .·
.. ·a:non•extsterit'statute because prlordecl9loll8 proviB!ons. or.theC:o.n.stttntlon with Ar_tlcle. ·Is n.n·.lntei:nntlonn.l.wntorviny: and ··Wlll rc-. ··
.. . . · · :llBd :done so.' ·u- tliafba ·tn~e: wi ·to: a stature · · v,.- 1\Ild 'flsinlly render . judgment·: dcclnrl.ng : mnln .open ·ror: r.r~e pnilsnac· to . a!Hl)plng ·or nll .
·• •-w& need. only :riinUze tho i;reiltez: ~ruth when .sil.ld purportC<l·. Ain,ilridinc~tt rievcr· :to :nav~ . .J\a.ttons thto\iQn th 13 ·.stratt8. of" Tirn..i-t, . · : :. . ·
.· . ·th~ prtnclple.tS.IIppUed ·w the sol_ao:iil q!li>S· · bc_eri :adopted tiS j·cquii·~d··bi. tile Con.atttu~ a· An ·opetilrig ·0 c the suez· Cliilai tiJ'sliip · · ··
··tton.- or :the· contents or the constltutloJLo- .-.. . ·tlon._ . . . . . . . . . ..:_pins· oi~Uri<itJono.·. - : ·: .. •. ' .. · · '·. · . -,- __
. wiiu.i,tlie de!eciil"ln tbemetboc<t:!)tpropos~. ·.• Th,e Conotlttltlon 'ml\ke3 l_t the s'\vorn·d:ilty • ' .4• .An:end!Jlg of tiirroi1srn·nnd "border rn!ds . ·.
ing_linii the BUbs~quont:mcthO!i ,or:co!Jlplit- . .of' th!J judges: to -uphold .tho ·c13niititu_tton_ .. lio,tlini Jsrnel mny.-cnn'y o1tt tt8:<ie&tnlto nve ~ ·
·.uig "mtiliclitlon" .Ia brlefe<t _elsewher?.: .It.. wlllcb· lit"rll>es wl tb ·nullity. the .14th Amelld•: · ln pcace.\vlth.l ts.nelg:llborn: . :. : ... . _. ·
:should :b.e'iiotea:tlint· the tanure·to·comply. :rnent. · · ·: ·· · .. · -·-. ··. ·· . · ·. ::. · · · · ·. · 5,'_For·.afrel1t: 'n.eC<ltlntlona bii}wecn.· rsrnel.'
W!th·Arttclti v began :wttli tne Jlrs~.action .bi:: And,:~ie Chler Jus~tce:~arlil>all po!nteit out ··nnd, nar:·_Miib ·neighbors. tor :thc.re.solut!~u:
.. . : coogre_ss._ ':['he ver~ congress: ;Yilli:h .propoaed ·ror a un_anhno.us Cciurt"ln ~Inrbuty li"iMn<tlaon :or dtner pena!ilg 1s&uas:·. · · ·
. · the·nllege_d_Hth..,\mendmeilt•und~:the-firnt· (.t.Cranct\ 136 @179),:." . · . .· .. · . ·._: . ..
· part or Article v wns i tsc.t!. nt tnot very time,·.·· ....'.'The rmmers or tl)o constl~utlon contem;. •. · til deed; k 1.~ vJfthln the pi;ovliice of the:.~···
'.vtolt>olng- the-: Iil:st part -.<>s well.· ns· tha_·Jlrs~. ·.pla_te<! tJ1e t.nstrume_nt·as.n· ;:ulo tor: tho gov:•· · slive.rehJ:n·_:ata_t.e• of- 'Isi'a.er· :to .speak::its:
:.'pnrt· or ,Article v .or .tile Constitution., 'yve : .ern merit or courta, M wen .ns ot t11e logliila• . ~nd on:'tbe: ti:Ims oLthe :Bgreeinent: to -•
. shall :see bow th1B'was done·•.... : .. .. . . . .. .. tnre,~· .. '. .. . "follow .the cease::4tre.;..:the:terms \vh1ch.lh. ·.
is
. . ·"Tliete onoi wid ·only .one; proviSion o! .. • ti . .• • ltS . view. \•llll. -best. fusure permnnent: .
.·-the Consmutlon o! tllo Unl~ed Stlltes:whlch · · · .;Why-does :a .judg~ :Swe~r to dls~~rg!, Ills·. ])eace IIi -·the Middle· Eas~ We·- on . th~ · ._,
"ts• forever- bnmutnble:-wli!d:cclin- never "ba <luttea i!g'reeab!y to .tha constfttitlon ·or -tll.a . . . . .. . . .
·'changed ·or exp\ingetl.· ·The ' Cour.ts · cnimot ·: .Unl.ted. ·sentes.-lt that_ coristltuf!on forms na ·. other hiJ.rid·. taki!. the opi;JOrtu:h!cyto ·make
li.ttedt; thinix¢cutlves:can:not:cllnnge It; the rule tor his ·governrncrtt?" · ·· . .
·.. · . Congre"S.! ciinnot'chlirigo I~; .the Stntea·thilin• · •• •· •
-.
~-
. · · Suggesttops' Which <1n our.:
best .-secure. the·. peace· of the wci.t;!d_:. :
opli]ion wlll
4
· · SolVe.li:,-e,;cn all. the. S_tnte0. :fn pin'tc:ct .c9n·- . "lt I!Uch be tho i:et>l state o1 thln~;s that . thereby also serving the best interests
. _·. cer~lilincit llmimi1.lt lit 111l>' f1ln.nner·:-w~a~, .Is_ worse than solemn mockery. To _pr~c~Jbe, oi the Un.ited States. . ·
·soever, .whether they net thi'ough . com.en~ - or to. take thla .oatb. becomes•- equally· a · : An-:e1aborn.tlori<or'
·tto.oo enllecLtor the purpose·or-.tlnough·thelr: .. · · ;,. · . . · . ·. ' . . · ... :··. · · ··
the
·
:11ve polnts si.tg~
· ·
··leglslntures.. Not.evcn tho unarilmoua v<ite of- crlm:· · . . · . ·~- · · · · · · · · .. · . gested. on·. June ·.7i .1966,ls.. accordingly'
9
. ev_e!y voter ln tbs U_nlt£!4 State:? could afll_end _· ·-~·Th·· ·ue,·--•t"_:•_p···_rtl.;,·11·a· L" p'_ .. .;,. . eola·~- ·.-!·.·,_.-~i.._•'o' •lil"ol'per, . . .
·.~hJa.. provision; It• Is.: a. perpetQnJ.··,tlxture.:ln. . ~ uy ~ ~ '•1 ·~ 3 '" 0 . .
''" ·. r;-::rRE('STAT.t:.".i)P···JSRAET; .,._ SOIIi:Rlm!N" .-N.\:rrdM· ..
.
the -c::~nstltutton; s_o -pei:pottinl .nrid :oo fixed:. ~oris~ltution. ot .,the ··Utlltect. !:;t<ltes conflfniti. ' ·. ·. . · ... · . . . · · · . - . ·
tha;.lc ·tho. people of .the u;otted. statea.·<te"'. an<!. stre_ngtllen~ tltli ·prlnelplei supposed to .. · The" State Of· Israelis a. menib~r of Chc ..
·)!Ired ·to ·ch11ngc :or..-excl\tde Lt.. thay·,would.".be _'.ba·essentlai to·nll w~ItterJ conatltutlona •. •- • . Unltecl:. Ne.tlons-a :full-fledged ·member· ..
compelled. ·.tO abollab the comtltutlo~ 'and .. coilrt;!.- !lB :well as Qtncr· departments,. n!li ·- ,of_.the.fl\mlh' or ne.Hqna; ,Though. the ln-' .
< • : ·: . · ··... ·
~;tart.- a!resh. . , ... ·. ·. · .. b9und:b)' thntlna~.ument;" .. ·. ~. . . ., . . . tegl'ity :cff her j)oJ:del-s.·ware·tiiJai"anteed ·
.. Tile unattera.ble provlslon.Js tii!S: "tliat· . _TM1edernl courtS nctunuy rc!Ulle to heBl'. by. the madilr po\ycrs--:.three tlrrilis in: 2()- .
. nO ~state, without lU COilSI!nt; .shall. b9 de~-.·. lllgtllllent. on -the _lnvnUd!ty : ot: Jho _14th : yeal;~the.sta:te ·of Jsrae}"."\vjts. obllgeci·.··..
prlved O! Itis:eqUiii BUfi"rlige ln··,the·.Senate:" :·-···Amendment, even When the :I8>U<!.18 pre~ .. to· go ·eo war to p_Ut a.s!;op: t<) the "viola-· ··
... . ... A sta.te,. ·by: ltil own' COIU!ent,"·. may ..wii.lve ... sented squarely by thG plandlnga and the ovt- tiail:· of ·-bel' bouridni,Y. Uries. . .....·: . . ..
. . tbls.rjght :or equal sUfi'r~>g~,.bUt the.ns::the- den~OJI_s above. . . . . . . . ..... · ·r··-· t- · ..- . f· .. . b i · ..... :.,. · . ,. ·f ·· ·
·. only legal. nietnod:by_wlilch ·1'1. ranute to l\C•... ' · ()_nly .a.n (\ro.ueed public sentlmcllt 1\}·.fa.vol' · · : •· 1s · 1lOl'6 ore·..ItS c ·""·an~ P 1.. n.: or.'
. cord ·tllliiiDiniUtablll rlgbt ot eqtiill stilfrage ·. or pr~gcrylng the Constitution nnd. our .ln.-. · jjernin-nenl; peace lri the Middle }l:astthat .
. - ln.thu·senti~o-CIIn'be }ustilled, Ceitliirily·not' atltuticns and·treedom• un!lor.eo_nstltut!onal· :th~ tov~relgil~y of-:the :State of .Jli1·ael·be ··
. - bY foiclbie. ejifctloil an,d denlil by a 'major:. . gov~nment, and._ the I_uture security' ol_ our: • recognized by her rielghbors, 'n1ls. !net .
·. ltyhi Congress,.rui Willi done !OJ' the ndoption: countr,Y,. _wlll brenk·. Jhe political bnnler cannot f:ie: qliestlon~d~this truth.ls and
-of tba Joint Resolution for· the 14th- JUri end• .. ,Wllleh: now. prevents·. J\ldlclo.l -consideration : shoutd·not :be negotiable· beco.ttse it$ .inr-
m\lnt; . _ . .. · . . _.· ·_ . .· . of the 1;JnconstitUt!_onnllty of:tbe 14th nmond~ par' was imdedlne(l by the ~\>e~ts of the _. .··<
·. . stat<!inents by :tha c6urt.ln ·the coleman !nen~. ·· · · ·past" "til dau$; . · ·· .. . · . _·. . .
·.. ·:cnse ·.thnt- :Congress· W(lS· lett< :In completQ '
con~·roto! tho tU!Uldntor.y proc~. iin<t·.'there:. · . · . . · ·' · · . · · · · · The. founda."tle:nti'oL;: !i pet'trianen~-'pencc ..
• .fore It_ WaS '!. pollttenl nlffllrtor Congress .to .. THE MIDEAST. CRIS~NO'I' BACK;.~ "ln the :l'Ufddle East mus~ be the absoiul:e .
.·.decide. if. 'U:U nmendinent bll4 becn."n>Ufte:d,· WARD To.· BEL!..IGERENCY' i30T ·.· anil unqunllfled're~:osnition by the.A1'nb
. ·.does llot £quli.re wlth Article. V or- .tho con-· ·fiORWARi:> TO.FEACE -'· . . .Stnt·es of. thin~lgfit of.tbe stntri (it Ist'ael .
. . stitui!On wliteh ~hews .no :r.ni:i>ntion.to l~ave ' ·· · · . · . . . . •· · . · · to exist as a .Sover~lgn st~te-~n1ong othQl'
. · congress ln·.eli_nrge ol dcctt!lng'.-whetner tbero. · Mr.. PRYOR. M~. Sjieilker; I. a$k · ·sovc!lrelgn st11tcs; When this·folin~ntlon.:is ·.
. :chAS:.beet( n .ratification.- EVoil a COIUltltutlon·· .iilianlmous< consent that .the . gentleme.n. JS.!d;. then: Isrc.el· .and .. het·. Al"ab neigh• ·.
·. nlly.,recognl:ted Oongreas -Is: glven !:out: one- .froni .New'York £Mr. TENZERJ" may eli:,-_ . . . h . h dl .•. . .,. ··t· .
. volition In Artlo!a v,_that.IS, to vote whether tend :his ·remarks at this .po.int :Jif. tlie··. bo1·s ·can; •· t. toug ·- • rec, nego-.a ,om;,:_
· to propose o.n Am(Jnd.lllen(;on tts ~w.n !nttla- REcoil.D and Include e_xtraneous rna:tter; __ · lJ~gln .tO bW.Hl: the struetilre "lea:dln!r to.
· tlve ..' The renialrilng steps bY Co;nigress ~re . The. SPEAKER pro tempot'e; Is there ·.'permanent pcaceo .
.·.J;til\lldatory; U two:.tblrdo. O!l:>cth .bouoes:sbi\U objection t0 "the request ofthe gimtleman, !J. STaAl'!" or nllhN .AN INi-ciuuiT:oN;,I. ·
·deem~ It -·tiece.lis~y. ··congrea~- shnll propo>e · from. Arkansas?." . . · ·· 'WATEI\WAT · : . · · ·
,·.amendments;' ;tr: .tha Legisl~>tures o!: two- ·
. . . . .. thirds. ot."tl.e:stntes,'I'Jio.k·e- nppUcatt.ori, con•. ·. There WaS :rio ·objection·..· ..
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..- '" • _.. " ...
·
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· '· .. · gte~ shallcnl),r> convention~. For t~e Court . · Mr, •TENZE~.: Mr.. Speaker, the. dis.., . nssurnnces: thnt the Strait> of Tlrrm .·
· to:give qon~;ress:liny: power: beyond _that to !'a . tl!i~uished Forelgri Mln!.ster of the Stf!:te would i-emal!t open for "Jniiocentpassage.
4/16/2017 University of South Carolina- News
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PNAS: Topper site in middle of comet controversy
Search By Peggy Binette, peggy@mailbox.sc.edu, 803-777-7704
Did a massive comet explode over Canada 12,900 years ago,

wiping out both beast and man in North America and
propelling the earth back into an ice age?
That's a question that has been hotly debated by scientists

since 2007, with the University of South Carolina's Topper
archaeological site right in the middle of the comet impact
controversy. However, a new study published today (Sept.17)
in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(PNAS) provides further evidence that it may not be such a
far-fetched notion.
Albert Goodyear, an archaeologist in

USC's College of Arts and Sciences,
is a co-author on the study that
upholds a 2007 PNAS study by
Richard Firestone, a staff scientist at
the Department of Energy's Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory.
Firestone found concentrations of

spherules (micro-sized balls) of metals
and nano-sized diamonds in a layer of sediment dating
12,900 years ago at 10 of 12 archaeological sites that his
team examined. The mix of particles is thought to be the
result of an extraterrestrial object, such as a comet or
meteorite, exploding in the earth's atmosphere. Among the
sites examined was USC's Topper, one of the most pristine
U.S. sites for research on Clovis, one of the earliest ancient
peoples.
"This independent study is yet another example of how the

Topper site with its various interdisciplinary studies has
connected ancient human archaeology with significant
studies of the Pleistocene," said Goodyear, who began
excavating Clovis artifacts in 1984 at the Topper site in
Allendale, S.C. "It's both exciting and gratifying."
http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=4700#.WPQ7UvnysQs 1/5
4/16/2017 University of South Carolina; News
Younger-Dryas is what scientists refer to as the period of

extreme cooling that began around 12,900 years ago and
lasted 1,300 years. While that brief ice age has been well-
documented -occurring during a period of progressive solar
warming after the last ice age- the reasons for it have long
remained unclear. The extreme rapid cooling that took place
can be likened to the 2004 sci-fi blockbuster movie "The Day
After Tomorrow."
Firestone's team presented a provocative theory: that a major

impact event - perhaps a comet -was the catalyst. His
copious sampling and detailed analysis of sediments at a
layer in the earth dated to 12,900 years ago, also called the
Younger-Dryas Boundary (YDB), provided evidence of micro-
particles, such as iron, silica, iridium and nano-diamonds.
The particles are believed to be consistent with a massive
impact that could have killed off the Clovis people and the
large North American animals of the day. Thirty-six species,
including the mastodon, mammoth and saber-toothed tiger,
went extinct.
The scientific community is rarely quick to accept new

theories. Firestone's theory and support for it dominated the
annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union and other
gatherings of Paleoindian archaeologists in 2007 and 2008.
However, a 2009 study led by University of Wyoming

researcher Todd Surovell failed to replicate Firestone's
findings at seven Clovis sites, slowing interest and research
progress to a glacial pace. This new PNAS study refutes
Surovell's findings with its lack of reported evidence.
"Surovell's work was in vain because he didn't replicate the

protocol. We missed it too at first. It seems easy, but unless
you follow the protocol rigorously, you will fail to detect these
spherules. There are so many factors that can disrupt the
process. Where Surovell found no spherules, we found
hundreds to thousands," said Malcolm LeCompte, a
research associate professor at Elizabeth City State
University and lead author of the newly released PNAS
article.
LeCompte began his independent study in 2008 using and

further refining Firestone's sampling and sorting methods at
two sites common to the three studies: Blackwater Draw in
New Mexico and Topper. He also took samples at Paw Paw
Cove in Maryland, a site common to Surovell's study.
At each site he found the same

microscopic spherules, which are the
diameter of a human hair and distinct
in appearance. He describes their
look as tiny black ball bearings with a
marred surface pattern that resulted
from being crystalized in a molten
state and then rapidly cooled. His
investigation also confirmed that the
spherules were not of cosmic origin
but were formed from earth materials
due to an extreme impact.
LeCompte said it was Topper and Goodyear's collaboration,

however, that yielded the most exciting results.
"What we had at Topper and nowhere else were pieces of

manufacturing debris from stone tool making by the Clovis
people. Topper was an active and ancient quarry at the time, •
http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=4700#.WPQ7UvnysQs 215
-------- - --
,Instrument# 2017026407 Page 157 of 235
LeCompte said. "AI Goodyear was instrumental in our

approach to g~tting samples at Topper_"
Goodyear showed LeCompte where

the Clovis level was in order to
accurately guide his sampling of
sediments for the Younger Dryas
Boundary layer. He advised him to
sample around Clovis artifacts and
then to carefully lift them to test the
sediment directly underneath.
"If debris was raining down from the

atmosphere, the artifacts should have
acted as a shield preventing spherules from accumulating in
the layer underneath. It turns out it really worked!" Goodyear
said. "There were up1to 30 tim~s more spherules at and just
above the Clovis surface than beneath the artifacts."
LeCompte said the finding is "critical and what makes the

paper and study so exciting. The other sites didn't have
artifacts because they weren't tool-making quarries like
Topper_"
While the comet hypothesis and its possible impact on Clovis

people isn't resolved, Goodyear said this independent study
clarifies why the Surovell team couldn't replicate the
Firestone findings and lends greater credibility to the claim
that a major impact event happened at the Younger Dryas
Boundary 12,900 years ago.
"The so-called extra-terrestrial impact hypothesis adds to the

mystery of what happened at the YDB with its sudden and
unexplained reversion to an ice age climate, the rapid and
seemingly simultaneous loss of many Pleistocene animals,
such as mammoths and mastodons, as well as the demise of
what archaeologists call the Clovis culture," Goodyear said.
'There's always more to learn about the past, and Topper
continues to function as a portal to these fascinating
mysteries."
Goodyear joined USC's College of Arts and Sciences and its

South Carolina Institute for Archaeology and Anthropology in
1974 to pursue prehistoric archaeology.
The Topper story

Albert Goodyear, who conducts research through the
University of South Carolina's S.C. Institute of Anthropology
and Archaeology, began excavating Clovis artifacts along the
Savannah River in Allendale County in 1984. It quickly
became one of the most documented and well-known Clovis
sites in the United States. In 1998, with the hope of finding
evidence of a pre-Clovis culture earlier than the accepted
13,100 years, Goodyear began focused excavations on ·a site
called Topper, located on the property of the Clariant Corp.
His efforts paid off. Goodyear unearthed small tools such as

scrapers and blades made of the local chert that he believed
to be tools of an ice age culture back some 16,000 years or
more. His findings, as well as similar ones yielded at other
pre-Clovis sites in North America, sparked great change and
debate in the scientific community.
Goodyear reasoned that if Clovis and later peoples used the

chert quarry along the Savannah River, the quarry could have
been used by even earlier cultures.
4/16/2017 University of South Carolina - News
Acting on a hunch in 2004. Goodyear dug even deeper into

the Pleistocene terrace and found more artifacts of a pre-
Clovis type buried in a layer of sediment stained with
charcoal deposits. Radiocarbon dates of the burnt plant
remains yielded ages of 50.000 years. which suggested man
was in South Carolina long before the last ice age.
Goodyear's findings not only captured international media

attention, but it has put the archaeology field in flux, opening
scientific minds to the possibility of an even earlier pre-Clovis
occupation of the Americas.
Since 2004, Goodyear has continued his Clovis and pre-

Clovis excavations at Topper. With support of Clariant Corp.
and SCANA, plus numerous individual donors, an expansive
shelter and viewing deck now sit above the dig site to allow
Goodyear and his team of graduate students and public.
volunteers to dig free from the heat and rain and to protect
what may be the most significant early-man dig in America.
The Topper timeline

1998 Goodyear and his team dig to a meter below the Clovis
level and encounter unusual stone tools up to 2 meters below
the surface.
1999 Team of outside geologists visit Topper site and

propose a thorough geological study of the location.
2000 Geological study done is by consultants; ice age

sediment is confirmed for pre-Clovis artifacts.
2001 Geologists revisit Topper and obtain ancient plant

remains deep in the Pleistocene terrace. Optically stimulated
luminescence (OSL) dates sediment above ice-age strata
show pre-Clovis is at least older than 14,000 years.
2002 Geologists find new profile showing ancient. sediment

lying between Clovis and pre-Clovis, confirming the age of ice
age sediment layer between 16,000-20,000 years.
2003 Archaeologists continue to excavate pre-Clovis artifacts

above the Pleistocene terrace. New and significant Clovis
artifacts are found.
2004 Goodyear discovers major Clovis occupation on the

hillside. Additionally, radiocarbon dates for sediment
associated with pre-Clovis artifacts come back at 50,000
years.
2005 "Clovis in the Southeast" conference held in Columbia,

S.C., with tours of Topper and Big Pine Tree sites.
2006 The 3,500-square-foot roofed structure is built over pre-

Clovis excavations.
2007 Firestone study about a possible Clovis comet is

published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, including evidence from Clovis age sediments
from Topper.
2008 PBS "Time Team America" spends a week at Topper

filming for an hour-long te!evision special devoted to Topper.
2008 SCETV broadcast of "Finding Clovis," a public

television presentation of Topper Clovis. 2009 PBS "Time
Team America" program airs.
http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=4700#.WPQ7UvnysQs 415
2011 Topper and Big Pine Tree included in a study of post-

Clovis Paleoindian decline/reorganization that is published in
the journal "Quaternary International."
2011 The first permanent exhibit of Topper artifacts installed

at the University of South Carolina Salkehatchie.
2012 Independent study of micro-spherules related to an

extra-terrestrial impact hypothesis is published in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences using
Clovis-age sediments from Topper that confirm the original
2007 Firestone study. ·
2013 The pre-Clovis occupation of Topper will be presented in

October at the international conference on the peopling of the
Americas, titled "Paleoamerican Odyssey," in Santa Fe, N.M.
http://www. paleoamericanodyssey. com/
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1/21/2015 A couple more examples of the pygmy type, both from Holliston Mills, east
Two more examules of the uygmy ttoe. both from Holliston l.Vlills. east Tennessee. Both were
derh•ed from the stock with prognathous jaws and a small rounded cranium. (Photo Walter Eitel)
http://www.faculty.ucr .edul-legneref/bronze/doc/bron59.htm 1/1

1121/2015 Also inhabiting parts of North America in the Bronze Age were pygmy types, some having a brain capacity equal to that o
<bron58.htm> [Bronze Age Text)
Also inhabiting parts of North America in the Bronze Age were pygmy types, some having a
brain capacity equal to that of a 7-year -old child (950 cc), although their teeth pointed to mitldle-aged
individuals. These pygmy types had round (brachycephalic) heads, with very conspicuous large
projecting jaws (prognathous). These traits link them with the pygmies of Malaya and the Philippines,
who are believed to have originated in southern Mongolia. These types, though still ·Jiving in east
Tennessee as late as the first millennium BC. range back in time to at least 40.000 years BP. as shown
by carbon-dating (Fell 1982)..
Credits
http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/-legneref/bronze/doc/bron58.htm 1/1
Science Frontiers
ONliNE
Issue Contents
American Pygmies
Today's anthropological texts say little about pygmies

populating ancient North America. but a century ago. when
Other pages tiny graves replete with tiny skeletons were discovered in
Tennessee. controversy erupted. Were they the bones of
pygmies or children of normal-sized tribes? The latter
HomePa~ choice was made, and we hear no more on the subject - at
least on the standard academic circuits.
Science Frontiers
Online Buf a few reverberations are still detectable elsewhere.
All Issues
V.R. Pilapil. for example. asserts that the disputed
This Issue
Tennessee graves really did contain pygmy remains. Not
Sourcebook Proiect only that. but he h~pothesizes that the pygmies arrived in
ancient times from southeast Asia. probably the
Sourcebook Subjects Philippines. where today's diminutive Aetas live.
To support his case, Pilapil recalls B. Fell's examination of

Other Interesting Sites the Tennessee skeletal .material. Fell noted that: (1) The
skull brain capacity was equivalent to only about 950 cubic
Lobster Journal of Paragolitics
centimeters, about the volume of a non-pygmy 7-yearold;
Societ~ for lnterdisciglina~ Studies (2) The teeth were completely developed and showed
Velikovsk:l£ Enc~clogedia severe wear characteristic of mature individuals: and (3)
The skulls were brachycephalic with projecting jaws. Fell
Catastroghism! Archive
had. in fact. described skulls very much like those of
Electric Universe theor~ today's adult Philippine Aetas.
Plasma Universe
Another line of evidence adduced by Pilapil involved the
Thunderbolts traditions of British Columbia tribes, which recognized a
tribe of very small people called the Et-nane. More
significant is the oral history of the Cherokees, which
mentions the existence of "little people" in eastern North
America .
(Pilapil, Virgilio R.; "Was There a Prehistoric Migration of

the Philippine Aetas to America?" Epigraphic Society.
Occasional Papers, 20:150, 1991.)
.--·- ------~-------- --~---- -- --- ------~--- ----~ ... -- . ------- -~------ -- -----·--·- ---·-------·---- --·- ------ . ----· .------- · ---- ~- - - -- . --------- ------- - ~- ------ ------· --- -~--~--- -- --- ----·· ~----~----- ----~ - -------------------- -----
. .
Professor: Phoenician
may
-. - -- --
have hit. America
. .- -- ,.. - --'· . -- - -... -- -- - --- ~ -- I
I
lf A- Ha.rvard linnuist rtnds .&ton~ lt\scrit>tions righ·t~- a 'Phoe-

nition senfarer~king ·named ll.anno-&tl~iled to,North .America ·al..
· m.o..~t '2,500 years ago.
Prof. Barry Fell trans~
people I.Bted bJs la&at.ltiece of evidtnce
fr-om a.n anrientf inscribed.
stone 011 display at .a htstorical
Sfu:~itty i.n the CorJe Ct>d Canal commun.ity of Bou.n1e, M~~.lt is.
~itni.hn~ t'o -n number ,of other stones folt.nd along ·the Atlantic
Coast. :he &aid'~.
_ FeU and James Wb.i:l t.all. ,ebletarcbaeologist fo·r the, Es.rly
Sites Research &rcie~y.of Donielsonl. C<lnn .• vi~wed. ar.d ;photo·
graphe-d th~ -st·nne ~-vhicb ·was. found· by Ne"~ 'England settlers in
l658 .and use<i tl& Ji doorstep a~ an l.ttdiaJl. mission.
·THE ·STON.E. measuring·4.-5·inehes by 5 inch-es 'by 15 itlc.h,~
e~. bea.rs inscri_p.t-ions \~lbich .hild always been assumed to. be
Not$~!·, hu~t untranslatable;.
1\fter de:live·rin·g o.s:pe.ecb at tht.~ \\'Oods H~ole Ocean()J!ra.phic
:fnstit·utet. Mo.nda:>~~ ~~t:=ll r~turned honte and worked.through the
.flt~~:··-,-'-"'4>_~-•.Ju; insc·ri·pti<t-u1~. \Vben he w.as through; at 4 a.m. Tues~
da!. ::~tart Its so excitc.d he eaUed ·v.~hittalt
--~ -~·-w.c: ·- r a - -
Instrument# 2017026407 Page 166 of
...~ '
Ancient American • Issue Number 54
Connecticut's by5th Century

John Gallager
Church,
n the stillness of Cock.aponset State
I Forest, southern Connecticut, near

the town of Guilford, masterfully
carved from solid rock, stands North
America's oldest Christian church.
Recent epigraphic evidence found here
suggests that it is 1500 years old, and
linked to a voyage of Christian
Byzantine monks who fled from North
Africa during the 5th Century, in the
wake of the Vandal invasions. Greek and
North African inscriptions, Greek
cupule patterns in the form of Chrismons
(monograms of Christ), baptismal fonts,
a cathedra or throne, candelabras and an
altar have been found at the site.
These items indicate that it was
"Main Altar' with Greek Doric style plinth. To the left is fish-shaped cupule (holes)
a place of worship, an Early Christian
pattern. Both hold candles for ceremonies. Photos courtesy of the author.
Church. The artifacts are illuminated by
Libyan Arabic texts found at Figuig
(Hadj-Mimouml. a remote oasis in east-
ern Morocco. in 1926. They tell of a voy-
~ undertaken ~ .Nm:th .Af'IIDm
Christian monks sailing "toward the set-
ting sun." to "Asq-Shamal." the
"Northern Land." suggestive of North
America A diffusionist scholar.
Frederick sL. Pohl. who studied the
EJ.guig inscriptions during the 1960s ..
plru;,ed ilig ~ ~ in Nm:.fu
America at about 480 AD.
About 40 years ago, he was told
of some strange carvings on stone in the
Connecticut woods, and obtained the
services of a local a physician as a guide Flame-shaped Baptismal Font representing the Holy Spirit. Here the elderly were
to their location. As the author of several baptized by pouring water over their heads.
books describing Norse voyages to
America, Pohl anticipated Viking origin by long hours investigating source mate- bishops operated across North Africa,
for the Connecticut inscriptions. Seeing rials in public and university libraries. mostly in Tunisia, where Christianity
them in person, however, he knew at 'Ibgether with Pohl, I sought out the sank its roots in the Dark Continent at
once that they were not lOth Century opinions of other experts in pre- the ancient Phoenician port-city of
runic, but belonged to something entire- Columbian matters. Their insight com- Carthage. From the beginning, the new
ly different and much older. Seeking bined with diligent, independent faith was a tale of violence and heresy.
clues from the immediate environment, research to reveal the Guilford location Under Emperors Decius (249 to 250),
he noticed a nearby cove suitable as a as an Early Christian Church and Valerian (257 to 259) and Dicx:letian (245
land-fall for ships was visible from the Baptismal site of Byzantine Greek North to 313), many Christians everywhere
inscriptions. African origin. Epigraphic evidence iden- were arrested, tried and executed on
When I first met an older tified its construction or carving by charges of theological or political subver-
Frederick Pohl at his home in Brooklyn, Christian monks who voyaged to sion, because they characterized the
New York during 1976, he asked me to go Connecticut from North Africa in the deities of all other faiths as "devils" and
to the site, look it over and see what I mid-5th Century. called for the downfall of the Roman
could make ofit. For two and a half years To understand the origins and rea- state.
thereafter, I regularly visited the site sons behind this 1600 year-old undertak- Meanwhile, fanatic followers of
gathering information, taking photo- ing, something about the history of the Manichaeism, Montanism, Pela~anism,
graphs and making drawings, followed Early Christian Church during this peri- and a dozen other, largely forgotten here-
od is needed. By 430 AD, more than 600 sies fought bitterly between themselves
1
- - -- --- - ----

holes or cupules have been found. All are
in the form of Chrismons or monograms
of Christ and the Blessed Mother Mary.
Some are also acrostics in the shape of a
fish spelling out in abbreviated Greek
letters a theological statement about
Christ. An acrostic is a verse or arrange-
ment of words in which certain letters in
each line, such as the first or last, when
taken in order, spell out a word or motto.
The Guilford holes or cupules were used
for candle-like objects known as tapers.
The cupule pattern of holes drilled into
the rock face of an apparent altar spells
out the ancient Greek Christian ICX-
COYC, an acrostic for Iesaus Christos
Theos Yios Soter, or "Jesus Christ Son of
God Savior."
Appropriately, it is in the shape
of a fish, an early Christian symbol for
"Jesus" and "baptism." When
Christianity was an underground move-
ment in Rome, its followers recognized
"Overflowing Fountain" sculpture containing fishes. The fishes are the newly bap-
tized Christians swimming in the "waters of eternal life." each other by each sketching one half of
a fish, connecting the two sides together
for control of Christianity. Among them 5th Century. Only after Roman Emperor to form a Chi-Rho, the first two letters in
was Arianism, after a late 4th Century Justinian sent his General Belisarius to Greek for Christ's name (XP for XPIC-
Alexandrian priest who preached against conquer the Vandal army in 534 AD were TOC, or "Christ"). The likeness of a can-
the alleged divinity of Jesus. Arius non-Arians able to safely return to delabra has also been found at the
claimed that the Christian Holy Trinity North Africa. Connecticut site, carved into the right
was a descending Triad with only the Destruction wrought by the side of the large rock outcrop referred to
Father as the true God. Jesus was con- Vandals and the end of these "years of as the "altar." It is adjacent to the fish
sidered the Son of God, but only through trouble" by the "trousered men"(Vandals) cupule pattern.
by grace and adoption, and was neither was vividly described in the Figuig The candelabra features 14
co-equal nor co-eternal with the Father. inscriptions by a monk who returned to holes which were used to hold candles or
Because they stressed the human nature his homeland after the Vandals defeat. tapers, with a seven-level plinth or base
of Christ, Arius and his followers were He also described the voyage of fellow below. The 14 holes incised into the hor-
condemned as heretics by the Councils of ascetics to North America: "In the name izontal surface of the altar niche spell
Nicea in 325 AD and fifty-six years later of the hermitage of the fraternity now out the Greek letters IC with a ligature
in Constantinople. dispersed abroad, by oath sworn to of Byzantine style .above it. "Ligature"
Even so, Arianism spread to Christ the Lord, the testimony of an eye- refers to a written character containing
throughout the Germanic tribes of witness who has returned home by ship, two or more united or combined letters,
Northern Europe. Fleeing from other that has put into the seaport, now in his such as IE. IC are the first and last let-
barbarians, the Vandals crossed into homeland, a second time. Ended are the ters of the Greek word IHCOC, Iesous, or
North Africa during early the 5th centu- years of trouble by the trousered men." "Jesus." The Byzantine style ligature
ry, remaining there for over a century, The author wrote of destruction above these letters, also composed of
until 534 AD. Saint Basil and Saint by fire, looting, and the eventual escape holes, binds the two letters I and C
Augustine had introduced the cenobitic of the monastic community "toward the together to form the name of "Jesus."
or "common life" form of monasticism ~-Shamal, or the The plinth or base of the candelabra is
into North Africa, the latter saint form- Northern Land. in several ships. "Across Doric Greek in style.
ing his rules for monks as early as 388 the void of waves," guided by a "cross- Also found at the site is another
AD. Meanwhile, North Africa was ruled staff' by which to sight positions of the cupule pattern that spells out the Greek
by six Vandal monarchs, three of whom sun and presumably the stars, and using' letters MP, the first and last letters of the
(Geiseric, Huneric and Thrasamund) calculations known only to their "helms- Greek word Meter or "mother," here
vigorously persecuted their fellow man," they crossed the Mid-Atlantic referring to the "Blessed Mother Mazy."
Christians in the Roman Catholic Ocean. After months at sea, they made These two forms can be seen in the for-
Church. Huneric sent many bishops in landfall in an unknown country, then mer Byzantine Cathedral of Sancta
an attempt to purge monasticism from "ventured into the wilderness." Sophia in Constantinople, now an
North Africa. Geiseric drove many The inscription refers to <~. mosque. They were uncovered by archae-
monl~ from the deserts and mountains "North and West course from Morocco" ologists presently engaged in their
of eastern Libya in the latter part of the At the southern Connecticut site, 96 restoration. The modem name of
2

Constantinople is Istanbul, now part of
modern Turkey. Flanking the mosaic of
the Blessed Mother Mary and the mosa-
ic of Christ are the letters MP OY or
Meter Theou, "Mother of God," in Greek.
On the mosaic of Christ are the Greek
letters IC XC. In Byzantine Greek form
with a ligature above it, the translation
is Iesous Christos, or "Jesus Christ."
These examples date from the 9th
Century, but the others can be seen in
Rome's 5th Century Santa Maria
Maggiore, as well as from other churches
of the period.
F
ound also at the Conn.ecticut site
<D ..
f
are two extremely impressive bap-
tismal fonts; one rectangular, the
other in the shape of a flame, represent- MAP 41'" EA'/LY f:.JII<;Sf'i-lu ~'fURt:JJ .$"ItC
ing the Holy Spirit. The flame-shaped iN 4-PKN~C.~)cf/J.
baptismal font is carved into a large rock ~--:>C""· TtS{IIPJ.!I~S' @ rHI:U£ ·~ Q"/7~, , - (j) i:f.&J,_-tfJ{f/_,f,.f~l'rixxh<o'
outcrop which also contains the letters
0 - lf~I-H i« ~.a..:J!''i
c~~,..-~ c.~ro;.cs.
@11>'&:..~./.V~,W~.:sj!!lrd !/) iC~~.t-"f4Lt1tMP".P..L-I~'T/f
~!!~L-~~1,~· ® /C.X-c,y.c CV)u.E.l'!•TT"-.."
FPBC, probably an abbreviated form for ~ r~F-1Ifj'i,• JU...~.Jt..F<Jif {j1/:_~ _, IC 11:>)'r. .::o.•>•<= ·"-'="..-
j-'1 .d..Ub ,.l. .Tf~;.lf /,;>~ • . ...
the Latin words Fons Pro Baptisimus L.~"","'fj)...cupo~.£ ;:-.JJ~1'F-Jt4 .,_ '} .1!4 -i;u.,..:~S-5 ?~T&'J..v{lJ.;l.ff};_j
Catechumen, or "Font for the Baptism of ('\ S'W<-< /ldi"r.f,.t'i-1'<~<1 (l.i:) fiCXP·~,,.<G fEMiW-
Catechumens." '
Incised into the flame-shaped
baptismal font are nine holes for candles.
Eight holes, when containing lighted
candles at Easter, could have represent-
ed the eighth day after the Crncifnrion,
the Resurrection, the beginning of the
New Era, also signifying a second (spiri-
tual) birth for baptized Christians. The
flame shape represents the Holy Spirit
received at Baptism. The ninth hole in
the middle of the font stands for the
Paschal candle, symbolic of Christ. Here
the elderly were baptized by effusion, or
the pouring of water over their heads.
The rectangular baptismal font
a short distance away was used for the
ablution of infants who were lowered
into its waters by a priest while baptiz-
ing them in the name of the Holy Trinity.
The three times they were lowered into
the font represented the three days
Jesus remained in the tomb before his
resurrection; the rectangular baptismal
font represented Christ's tomb. A simi-
lar ceremony probably occurred at the
nearby cove, where adults were baptized
by being lowered into the waters three
times, in the name of the Father, the Another carving forms a rock seat or flowered from the stem of Jesse and
Son, and the Holy Spirit. throne in which the bishop or abbot sat David, the newly baptized Christians
A beautifully crafted symbolic while conducting a "confirmation" cere- were intended to bloom and flower into
carving representing overflowing water mony, presiding over the newly baptized holy Christianhood. Such imagery was
and fishes protruding from the waters Christians and the Baptismal ceremony suggested by an Old 'Thstament passage -
lies nearby. It is symbolic of the newly itself. Carved into one of the rocks is a announcing the arrival of Jesus from the
baptized Christians (who were known as four-petaled flower signifYing the Christ house of Jesse and David: "He will flower
"little fishes") emerging from the waters and the newly baptized Christians. from the rod (Nazareth) and the stem
of eternal life after being baptized. Like Jesus, believed to have (house) of David and Jesse."
3
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ALSo A BAPTISMAL Hot<f.OGR.AM.
t;'fEEK .fiYUNTiil£ {j.flff.EK B)'MP1iNfi

Nt~'l1EiER OP. /1tJTI(£f:
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CA1'.t:cJ/(1}1J'#
( MTill)~ rod
rDJf TliF ~ms'&/1.
oF Cl'dfi:Cii-Q>tt!IIS
''·~UiR.';· "B,$lt~~@(&
(;!!:E_It TJY.zAqi'.w:
;g .·~li~:{f~~:~t:~~~i.-3 f C X P ~ 'it:SQUS CHIISwi
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CO Mf'ARATJVF 8YZANT/ftE. £'XAHPt.l!'5 .(8£ui~
fYfp 1r XC XPisros
··cHR#r~
An inscription, carved iii two based on linguistic affinities between the

languages, has also been recovered from Greek spoken there and that represented
the site. A scholar requestipg anonymity in the Guilford text.
believes one is in Mic-Mac, an Indian Others who contributed to the
f9hiria tongue of Nova Scotia, while the other is inscription. as the Figuig Decipherment
h~t~' Greek as was spoken in Cyrene, Libya. ru: inru;ription proves, were f:rmn
In his translated interpretation of the Morocco. Since the Vandals' powerful
inscription, the Lord is the eternal father !lJ!YY controlled the western
of his children, mankind; the Redeemer Mediterranean, these and other early
has ascended into Heaven, and sits at Christian grou}:!s from North Africa must
the right hand of the Father. A word have endured an arduous journey to the
appearing in the text, Chrismon, or sea coast of Morocco before attempting
ICYTH-XPICTOC ("Jesus, Son of God, tQ cross the Mid-Atlantic Ocean.
the Messiah") is an abbreviated form in Inscriptions, acrostics and symbolic carv-
accord with the Byzantine and North ings found at the Connecticut site are
African Church of the Vandal period. evidence for the arrival of these
man Catholic priest of New Orthodox Christians from the persecu-
· ·ihi1A;f6~~;le'atri:;,;ifrsl~hhlia\6~B6Jf:·~;
iij(;~!'c ,'~~' C~ Ar York City, Father John O'Connor,
as identified the Guilford
inscription as a paraphrase of the Epistle
tion of Arian Vandals in Lybia. Ruins of
the church they built confirm their land-
fall in America a thousand years before
of Saint Paul to the Romans (Chapter 8, the official arrival of Christianity with
Verses 14-17 and also Verse 34). The Christopher Columbus in 1492. n
writing style is 5th Century Greek, just
when the Vandals invaded North Africa, John Gallager is a historical detective. He
where Lybian Cyrene was one of the old- has a B.A. in history from Fordham
University, New York City, NY. He is the
est Christian bishoprics. Some 100 miles ·former epigrapher consultant for the
or more to the East, also in Libya, lay American lnstit1tte of Archaeological
Adrimachidae from which some of the Research in New Hampshire. He has writ-
Christians who made' the Connecticut ten several articles on the early expln-
.. rations into North America.
:··_-_::;;.. :·: .:. <:, .;,.. ; ',:'.:~·::~< .:/·.:- carvings are believed to have originated,
'PRE-COLUMB,IAN RESOURCES POTENTIALS:

A COMPARISON OF OlD WORLD, AND NEW WORLD PETROGLYPHS
i
1
1'
!
'
\
i
, By: Margaretta s. Handke

,'for the
Bureau of Lan,d,Management ,
, under i):le ,
WICHE lnternProgram
September, 1978
f'
! GN
799
.P4
H23 ' .~
writing system.7
This area is at the southern end of the ex~Y-~Qpewell trading

network. Pearls, copper from Minnesota. obsidian from the wes..t_, sm.okj..ng
pipes were all a part of this trade. The copper ingots used in AmaL~can
trade are the same shape as those used in the Me..di.t_e..r:..t:.an.e.a. A.__sj_g_lli..f.i=
cant symbol was the coiled serpent, sometimes a rattlesnake.. S_t_o..ne
tablets have been found in the mounds along the trade rou.t~. Qn.e........as.
Davenport, Iowa, was translated by Barry Fell as conta.ini.ng_a._t.r_ili.n.gual
inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Iberian-Punic and Lib~n-~cJ~P-~-
The Davenport Calendar Stele both in the scripts and the drawi_ng_s_ci.g_s_c_r_ib_es
a ceremony very similar to the EgyPtian celebration__o_f_t_b.e__N_e.R.....Ye_ar:... 8
An elephant pipe was also found in this area. The Davenport artifacts
were discredited by the Smithsonian as forgeries but fortunately the town
erected a museum to house them. Thus years aft~th£Y w~~d~-~d
~ Fell was able to transcribe the tablets with_kQ~~c_Qf_tb~
scripts which had been developed after the ob~~s weDa r~j~-~~ed.
Another similar incident involved a tablet excavated in the late

1880's by the Smithsonian Institution from a mound in Loudon County in
eastern Tennessee. The Bat_Creek inscription was ILu....b_lis..he_d_up_s.i.d_e_d_Q\offi
in an official report in 1894. The stone was deposited in ~he_S~n~an
Institution along with field notes and the whol~~t of arche~csl
artifacts with T.-1hich it was found. An alert researc;h_~Q)ized the
ins c. d p t ion was 1lllb l i shed u_p_sj_d_e_dm_and b r Qll.gh_L.i_t_t:..o..__t_he_at_t_en_t_i.Qn_Q f
Cyrus Gordon who translated the inscription in Hebrew using an Old Hebrew
~t of about A.D. ~.9 These finds demonstrate the importance of
preserving all artifacts conta·n·n cri ts whether or not tl!~
seem authentic at the time.
The State of Arkansas has set an example for other states in th~
area of rock art preservation. The Narrows Shelters on White Rock Roag
in Crawford County have been set aside as a historical site by the state.
Ihg inscriptions contain both Christian and Libyan influences. (Se~
~ .E.e..lJ states that th_~er left bie:rogl.y_ph is the word "soul"
b_e_c:.ause of the light rays s~_~re's head. In addition_, t.h_~
f.igure holds an Egyotian "tvet" amvlet which is a symbol of everlasting
LLL~. Just below this is his lifeless body~d_just inside the grottQ
is_t_he_Lib.$ID word T-W or Lltwhich me_sms "raised from the dead." Th~
same word j s wrj t...t..e.n_o~s.id_e of the_en.t:rance of the cave. Fell
UQ~~-~ ~--~~s corre~t Tifinagb and could b~ forgery only
~t was wri~r 1973 when the Libya-Egyptian language was first
~~ci~~~ He suggests t~ the writing style appears to be fourth
c..en.t..tu:_y a r ] a_t:.e.r:... LLJD.a,.y__b._e_r_e.Lu:_e_d_t_o__t.h!;__fligh_t of Christ ian monks
fLam North Aftr~ben Va:o..d.als......J:J:...o~e.d_th_e_S_uai_ts of Gibraltar .10
~t.Ma.DL..in.t..o Oklahruna.____lla__t_be Arkausas River numerous

~CLL~Li.ons hava_Q~en fouQd in areas aCIP~he st~ The inscri~tions
were rec.o..r:sie.d_b.;L-Glnd a fax:le..y__l_~e.fQ:t:..e_t.h~:resent controveL.§.Y__P..Jl
CLl...cLJfu.:clcLs.c:d.p_t.s_, l.JJ.J.9 7 5 Ge.o...I:.ge_(;_a:r:_ter, Professor Q f G~gxap_b_Y.._E._t._1'exa...§
A-and M UniYersity, submitted some of Farleyts inscriPtions to Yell~ whQ
idenrjfied many of them as Iberian sc:riPts found in Suain. There are
-6-
that there is no reason tci simply assume tha-t this type of contact
began wi tl1 the Phoenecians. Material from 'the eastern tJrii'ted. States
. suggest~ ·early megalithic contacts between that: area -~nd Europe. Tar-
. tessos, _usually placed in. ancient Spain, _was a .fnaj or trad.:i:.ng area prior
to being taken over by the Phoeneciart·s. The Phoenecians may have
learned of .the la-nds in the west from these early. Spaniards. :thi_s.
. ~Jm_t_a_c·t noint ·would explain the mi~_t_u_r:_e_of ·c_eJJ::i;_c_,._,_Libs_;;~~_nd_~ullic,
ill_s._c.r.i:p_t_:l~ns in the New \~orld. · ·
The 'Phoenecians trade_d acti v·ely in other· commodities beside metals.

The othe~ major. trade iteff!. -was silL_cloth dyed Tyrian PiJrple . . According
to creditable Roman sources a length of silk dyed Tyrian purple and
weighing about. a pound cost , ii). 300 'A~ D. the equ;i..valentof a lit'~le
·less than $30,000.76 This ,.;las a highly desired and profitable item·~
·The dye was. made. from a· specif.ic moilusc each. o_f which .contained ·a_
small am~unt of the dy~. ·It was said tha.t Phoenecian ports were
~fflicted with the stench of ro-tting' sheil fish and piles of disca-rded
·shells. Everituetlly they wiped . out -the Mediterranean supply of this. mollusc
and had to searc,h for· other· .sources of dye:. 'one ·such source could have
··been found in the cochineal, a ~icro~copic pl~nt lice found on the nopal
cactus in Central America. The best. dye cOmes. from· Oaxac-a . .· An irit~resting
fact is that these insects'were brought into southern Tibet, Lahore,
K9-bril,.and Nepal,.in an early period· from an unknown source. They thrive
there on a specie of_cactus ~imilar. to the,nopal which isalso said. to ·
have been introduced. This cactus cc'mnot have come from .a near neighbor
ana its sourc~ is .also unknown.77 Perhaps this·is'an example to New
\.Jorld to Old World contact based · on a 'profit motive.
AS Diodorus Siculus stated another posslble mo.tivator .for· coming .

to t·he' Americas is the need for·a· place of refuge; Two specific instances
of this have been ·suggested by writers on pre'-Columbian contact. ·One was
found ·in Moroccan inscriptionsof the fifth century A.D.;from El-,Hadi-
~1imoun. near Fiqu:U?: which were· Q.iscovered in 19,.Z_l -by___E_lam;:~d.7. 8 Writ~en
i.n~ibyan script in an Arabic dialect the i~s~ri_P-tions tell of· an - i
~mi_g__ration b;L.....Q_group of ·christian inonks to Asqu-Shamal. a continent
l..V,n g_b_e_,.v__pncL_t..biL.s_un_s~_L Tb_e..ue~r:_e~_s._c_a_p_i.ng......:b:_Qtu_d_e_s_t ruJ:.J: io o_b_y the
Vall..cialS when t~v· cr~ssed into. Nortl] -~fric__a. J'he Morocc~n inscripd:. on
ld.a.S~Lt..t..e.:.n_Q,'L.1Ll!Jpn k wb.Q..:._l.a_t_e_r_-c...e_t_tu::.n.e_d..._bQm_e_, Th_e_i_n.s_c riP t ion implies
't.bat t...bg_belmsman by se...cre_t ' caLc_ul_al...ioM_knew the Ugbt. course. The
Arkaosas inscrip_tion··mention·ed ab.JLV..e 'If1ig_b~t 'f.iJ:~th this find.
T.h.e_tf.o_r_o_C:_c_a.o..:. .:iJJ..s..,c_d_p_d,Qo_s_u_bj_e_~_Lt..o-"-i_t_s._ye_r...:i.fi..c..1Lt i or:L...b_v other

J.in.£Jlri.s_t.s_is_b_e.li.ev ab.le_i_n__.Lt..s_t..im.e....:.f.J:amewo r_k.. More di f f i c u 1 t to
~vai~ate are lead artifacts e'xcava.ted 'from hard caliche in~ i924 ·by
various workers including a team from .the University of. Ari:z;ona· nine
miles northwest of . Tucson .. The ·inscript:ions on the artifacts tell of
a. colony ~f Jews who, sailed' across the ocean in 7iS A .D. ·to esr:ape
per~ecution in E~rope ~ Tqey ~fet up. a· co'lony. it1 the area and after 895
die·d·. out in a battle with local Indians.. As t.he dig cont·inued the
~~expert-s" inv:o1v~d. became more in teres ted in discrediting the finds
·than in cri"tically: examining them. As far · as I c_an tell no expert in
later Roman/early Medieval Jewish art-and tradition ever examined the
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•
Issue 58 I April -June 2007
Islam and Muslims in America before Columbo's
Salih Yucel
Histmical facts concerning many established information on diverse fields continue to be

unraveled to the astonishment of us all. One of these facts, previously little-known by
many, is that Muslims had actually set foot on American soil centuries before Columbus'
illustrious expedition. We hope as you read ahead in this essay that some information and
documents, excerpts :from various sources, and the results of archeological excavations will
demonstrate the truth of the aforementioned proposition.
Did the Companions of the Prophet go to America?

Research conducted in the West during the twentieth century has proven the existence of
Muslims on the American mainland approximately seven centuries before Christopher
Columbus. Similarly, archeological excavations, linguistic, and philological analyses of
languages and settlement names in the region, the fact that coins, household tools and other
utensils were discovered there that were similar to those of the Abbasids in the eighth and
ninth centuries are all justifications of the theory that Muslims, beginning from 650 CE,
made their way to the continent for settlement, during which time they erected mosques
and schools,leaving a prolonged impact on the natives, i.e. Ameritan Indians.
The Islamic sources carry no information as regards Muslim settlement in America,

although research undertaken by Professor Barry Fell of Harvard University confirms that
Muslims reached the continent at the time of Uthman, the third Caliph, concomitantly
indicating tl1e significant possibility that some of the Companions could have arrived there
as well.
Many Western researchers acknowledge tl1.e famous map of Piri Reis i!£...Proof of Muslim
:presence in America long before the endeavors of Columbus. as it minutely comprises the
ma:p of America. as well as extremely accurate measurements of the distance between
America and Africa.
According to Salvatore Michael Trento, former director of the Center for Archeological
Research in Middletown, New York, before embarking on his first voyage to America,
Columbus had read the book of Roger Bacon of Oxford University, which comprised
information, compiled from a variety of Arabic resources, about geographical regions on
the other side of the Atlantic; hence Columbus' previous knowledge of the islands in the
, . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - --------- -- - ------·-
Atlantic Ocean and other places.
Proofs in Western sources

1. Professor BaiTy Fell, retired lecturer from Harvard University and also a member of the
American Academy of Science and Arts, the Royal Society, the Epigraphy Society and the
Society of Scientific and Archeological Discoveries, is adamant about the arrival of Islam in
America in the 650s, predicating this argument upon the Cufic calligraphy belonging to that
era found in various diggings across America. If the words of Professor Fell have truth-value,
then the Muslims had arrived in America during the era of Othman, or at least that of Ali,
the fourth caliph. Such information, however, is not found in Muslim sources.
Professor Fell again uses the results of various archeological diggings undertaken across
many regions in the states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Indiana to assert the construction
of Muslim schools during 700-800 CE. Writings, drawings, and charts inscribed on rocks
discovered in the most remote and untainted terrains of W estem America are relics
bestowed by the elementary and intermediate systems of Muslim education at the time.
These documents were written in the old Cufic letters of North African Arabic, cove1ing
subjects such as reading, writing, arithmetic, religion, history, geography, mathematics,
astronomy, and navigation. The descendants of these settlers are thought to be the current
native tribes of Iroquois, Algonquin, Anasazi, Hohokam, and Olmec.
2.- The second evidence offered by Professor Fell is that the inscription of "In the Name of
God" (picture 1), found on a rock during archeological work in Nevada, belongs to the
seventh century, when the haraka sign system had not yet been developed. Likewise, the
stone bearing the inscription "Muhammad is the Prophet of God" (picture 2) is pertinent to
the same era As seen by comparison of the two pictures, the inscriptions are not in the
style of Modern Arabic; conversely they are in a Cufic style relevant to the seventh century.
The Arabs, according to the findings of Professor Fell, settled in Nevada during the seventh
and eighth centuries. The earlier existence of a school, which taught Islam and science,
particularly navigation, has come to light following the archeological investigation
undertaken by Professors Heizer and Baurnhoff of California University around site WA 25
in Nevada. The excavations in Nevada have uncovered writings in Naskhi Arabic and Cufic
style that are inscribed on rocks which carry information about this school (picture 3). The
application of the mathematical formula "five diamonds equal an alif" (alifis the iirst letter
of Arabic alphabet) may be seen in this picture (pictures 3b and 3c). The Arabic letters in
pictures 3b and 3c, found amid excavations in Nevada, are in exactly the same style as
North African Arabic. Again similarly, another rock was found in Nevada bearing the name
"God", the style of which is yet again reminiscent of the prevalent technique of seventh and
eighth- century North Africa. The calligraphical similarities between various writing styles
of the Prophet's name over diverse periods, particularly those relating to Africa and
America, found during archeological investigations are striking indeed. Figure A of picture
4 was found in al-Ain Lahag, Morocco and figure B in East Walker River~ both are currently
at the University of California. Figure C was discovered in Nevada and figures C and D were
located in Churchill County and are also currently preserved at tl1.e University of Califomia;
likewise figure F was discovered in al-Haji Minoun, Morocco, while figure G, inscribed on
ceramic, was revealed in al-Suk, Tripoli, Libya and figure H, at the University of Califomia,
I was discovered at Cottonwood Canyon, while finally figure I was located on the border of
i.
Morocco and Libya. All these inscriptions belong to the eighth and ninth centuries, cle~ly
illustrating the resemblance in style between North America and North Africa, as well as
overtly suggesting a migration that occurred from Africa to America.
3. In the twelfth century the Athapcan Tribe, comprised of native Apaches and Navajos,
raided the area inhabited by the Arabs, who either ended up fleeing or were exiled toward
the South. These illiterate natives were spellbound by the schools founded by the Arabs,
and, perhaps with the assistance of captives, attempted to imitate the same subjects,
transforming the geometrical shapes into mythical beasts, which carried on for centuries.
4. Picture 5 is the Cufic writing found in 1951 in the White Mountains, close to the town of
Benton on the border of Nevada. The words Shaytan maha mayan, i.e. the Devil is the
source of all lies, have been written in a Cufic style peculiar to the seventh century.
5. Once more, a rock inscription belonging to post-650 CE, bearing the Cufic letters H- M-1-D
of the word Hamid (picture 6), is another Arabic script discovered on the Atlata rocks in
the Valley of Fire in Nevada.
6. While traveling from Malden to Cambridge in the state of Massachusetts in 1787 (on what
is now RT. 16), the Reverend Thaddeus Mason Harris noticed some coins discovered by
workers during road construction. The workers, not putting much value on these coins,
presented him with a handful. Consequently, Harris ~decided to send these coins to the
library of Harvard College for examination (picture 7). The study yielded that these were in
fact Samarqand dirhams from the eighth and ninth centuries. As can be seen in the
picture, the coins manifestly display the inscriptions La ilaha ill-Allah Muhammadun
Rasulullah (There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is His Messenger) and Bismillah (in
the name of God).
7. Picture 8 shows a piece of rock discovered in a cave in the region of Corinto in El

Salvador, bearing the inscription Malaka Haji mi Malaya; this has been identified as
belonging to the thirteenth century, suggesting a possible arrival of Muslims in South
America, perhaps coming from somewhere near Indonesia
7. During his second voyage, Columbus was told by the natives of Espanola (Haiti) of black
men who had appeared on the island before him and they showed him the lances that had
been left there by these Africans to support their assertions. The tips of the lances were of a
metal, an alloy of gold, which they called guanin, a word which is semantically remarkably
similar to the Arabic word ghina, meaning richness. Columbus had in fact brought some of
this guanin back to Spain, recording that it was composed of 56.25% gold, 18.75% silver and
25% copper, ratios that were prevalent in African Guinea as standards for the processing of
metals.
8. On his third voyage to the New World, Columbus visited Trinidad, where the sailors
noticed the symmetrically pattemed cotton and colorful handkerchiefs of the natives.
,..---------------------- -
Afterward, Columbus realized that the handkerchiefs, which the natives called almayzar,
were all much the same in color, style, and use as the headscarves and waist bands used in
Guinea. The word almayzar is Arabic, and denotes a cover, tie, apron, or skirt, and is a
component of the regional costumes of the Moors, Arabs and, Berbers of North Africa, who
had conquered Spain in the eighth century. Columbus observed that the local women wore
cotton garments and wrote in astonishment that they had learned of the concept namus, i.e.
chastity. In much the same vein, Heman Cortes, another Spanish explorer, later recorded
that the clothing of local women consisted of long veils and skirts decorated with
ornaments that were similar to those of the Moors. Ferdinand, Columbus' son, was also
quick to notice the resemblance between the cotton messes of the natives and the
ornamented shawls fashioned by Moorish women in Granada. The cradles used by the
natives, furthermore, very closely resembled those of North Africa.
9. Columbus recorded on 21 October 1492 that he had noticed a mosque on top of a

mountain while sailing around Cibara on the northeast coast of Cuba Relics of mosques
carrying Qur'anic inscriptions on their minarets have been found in Cuba, Mexico, Texas,
and Nevada since these times.
10. Leo Weiner, a well-known Harvard historian and linguist, stated in his book The
Discovery of Africa and America, written in 1920, that Columbus was aware of the
existence of Mandinka, an ethnic group of West Africa, in the New World. The same book
also affirms that Columbus was aware that West African Muslims were living across North
America, including the south, middle regions and Canada, as well as in the Caribbean, and
that they had marital and commercial ties with the native tribes oflroque and Algonquin.
11. A preponderance of the voyages embarked upon by Columbus and other Spanish and
Portuguese explorers toward the other side of the Atlantic were undertaken only in the
light of the geographical and navigational knowledge prepared by Muslims. Al- Masudi's
(871-957 CE) work Muruj'uz-Zahab, for instance, was written with this sort of data compiled
by Muslim traders from across Africa and Asia. Two of Columbus' captains on the :first
voyage, in actual fact, were Muslims: Martin Alonso Pinzon was in charge of the Pinta,
while his brother Vicente Yanez Pinzon was tl1.e designated captain of Nina; both were
from the Moroccan Marinid dynasty, descendants of Sultan Abu Zayan Muhammad III (r.
1362-1366). Formerly well-to-do ship riggers, they as~isted Columbus in organizing his
voyage of exploration, preparing the Santa Maria, the flagship, and covering all its
expenses.
12. Christopher Columbus has recorded the custom of nose piercing, which used to be and
still popular in the Middle Eastern and Arab countries, as being prevalent in some islands
across the Atlantic also mentions the writing of letters in Arabic.
13. In the account of sixteenth century nlissionaries in America, the local copper nlines,
found particularly in Virginia, Tennessee, and Wisconsin were not operated by the natives,
but instead by people from the Middle East, towards whom the natives nurtured a
profound sympathy.
14. A sum of 565 names, 484 in America and 81 in Canada, of villages, towns, cities,
mountains, lakes, rivers and etcetera, are etymologically Arabic, designated by locals long
before the arrival of Columbus. Many of these names are in fact the same as names of
Islamic places; Mecca in Indiana, Medina in Idaho, Medina in New York, Medina and Hazen
in North Dakota, Medina in Ohio, Medina in Tennessee, Medina in Texas, Medina and Arva
in Ontario, Mahomet in illinois and Mona in Utah, are just a few noticeable names at the
outset. A closer analysis of the names of native tribes will immediately reveal their Arabic
etymological ancestry; Anasazi, Apache, Arawak, Arikana, Chavin, Cherokee, Cree,
Hohokam, Hupa, Hopi, Makkah, Mohician, Mohawk, Nazca, Zulu, and Zuni are only a few.
House and building Structures

Archeological excavations conducted throughout North America and North Africa reveal a
corresponding architectural resemblance between ninth century buildings. The structure of
a Berber house of the Atlas Mountains, Morocco (picture 9), for instance, is exactly the
same as that of a house in New Mexico (picture 10). The same similarity can be traced
between the Castle of Montezuma discovered in Arizona and the remnants found in Mesa
Verde in Colorado and the general structure of Berber buildings (picture 11-12). The
research undertaken by Professor Cyrus Thomas of the Smithsonian Institute shows that a
small cabin built from piles of rock found in Ellenville, New York is virtually the same as
the cabin, again of rock, found around Aqabah, Sou them Arabia, both of which are thought
to have been built around the start of the eighth century (picture 13).
Arabic words prevalent among natives prior to the arrival of Europeans

The pervasiveness of many Islamic words across tl1e continent prior to European iirllux is
verified by the following terms discovered in the regions currently known as New England
and Nova Scotia, in America and Canada respectively. Fell pointed to some words as example
of Arabic influence on Native Americans. All of the words listed below are de1ived from the
Arabic language. However, time had eroded their original meanings and most are not used
in Arabic today. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain, Granada, fell just before the Spanish
Inquisition was established in 1492. Non-Christians were forced to either convert to
Catholicism to save themselves from the tyranny of the Inquisition or were exiled from the
country. Documents exist which prove the existence of immigrant Muslims in Spanish.
America before 1550. In 1539 an edict from Spanish King Charles V was put into practice
which forbade the immigration of Muslims to settlements in the West. This edict was later
expanded to expel all Muslims from overseas Spanish colonies in 1543. The existence of
,Muslims in overseas islands and regions was known along with the fact that the Spanish
king issued such an edict. Again, in many Islamic sources, it is noted that Muslims living in
Spain and North Af1ica made ~:JVerseas voyages during the Andalusia period. Scientific
research on this subject will bring out many documents into the daylight, documents which
have escaped the notice of both Muslims in America and those throughout the world,
which will perhaps serve, in the future if not immediately, as a starting point for a re-
evaluation of the history of America.
Notes
1. Trento, Salvatore Michael. The Search for Lost America, p.l5 Penguin Books, New
York: 1978.
2. Fell, ·Dr. BmTy. Saga America, p. 190, Time Books, New York: 1980.
3. ibid. p. xiv.
4. ibid. pp. 332-333.
5. ibid. pp. 333-334.
6 ibid. p. 182.
7. ibid. p. 243.
8. ibid. p. 26.
6. ibid. p. 276.
7. Teacher, John Boyd. Christopher Columbus, p. 380, New York: 1950.
8. Columbus, Ferdinand. The Life of Admiral Christopher Columbus, p. 232 Rutgers
Uni. Press, 1959.
9. Obregon, Mauricio. The Columbus Papers, The Barcelona Letter of 1493.
10. The Landfall Controversy, and the Indian Guides, McMillan Co., New York: 1991.
11. Weiner, Dr. Leo. Africa and the Discovery of America, VoL2 p. 365-366 Philadelphia:
1920.
12. Obregon, 1493.
13. Trento, 1978, p. 23.
14. ibid. p. 29.
15. ibid. p. 65.
16. Fell, 1980. 250-252.
17. Trento, 1978, p. 15.
18. Fell, 1980. p. 400-403 .
·. t.l. t~~t
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· .pitrureto:
Founders Online
FROM GEORGE WASHINGTON TO SIDI MOHAMMED,
1 DECEMBER 1789
To Sidi Mohammed
[New York, 1 December1789]
Since the Date of the Letter, which the late Congress. by their President addressed to your Imperial Majesty, the United
states of America have thoughtpro!).!lrto change their Government and to institute a new one, agreeable to the
Constitution. of which I have the Honor of. herewith, enclosing a Copy. The Time necessarily employed in this arduous
Task, and the D£>.rnng£>ments occasioned by so gre.at, though P£>.3Ce.able a Revolution, will apologize, and account for your
Majesty's not having received those regular Advices, and Marks ofAttention, from the United states, which the Friendship
and Magnanimity of your Conduct, towards them, afforded Reason to ell:pect
The United States, having unanimously appointed me to the supreme executive Authority, in this Nation, your Majesty's
Letter of the 17th August 1788, which, by Reason of the Dissolution of the late Govern men!, remained unanswered, has
been delivered to me.l I have also received the Letters which your Imperial Majesty has been so kind as to write, in Favor
of the United states, to the Bashaws of Tunis and Tripoli, _g and I present to you the sincere acknowledgments, and
Thanks of the United States, for this imporiRnt Mark ofyour Friendship for them.
We greatly regret that the hostile Disposition of those Regencies, towards this Nation, who have never injured them, is
not to be removed, on Terms in our Power to comply with. Within our Territories there are no Mines. either of Gold. or
Silver, and this young Nation. just recovering from the Waste and Desolation of a long War. have not as yet had Time to
acquire Riches by Agriculture and Commerce. But our Soil is bountiful. and our People industrious; and we have Reason to
flatter ourselves, that we shall gradually become useful to our Friends.
The Encouragement which your Maj estv has been pleased. generously. to give to our Commerce with your Dominions;
the Punctualitv with which you have caused the Treatv with us to be obseiVed. and the just and generous Measures taken.
in the Case of Captain Proctor. made a deep Impression on the United States, and confirm their Respect for. and
Attachment to your Imperial Majestv. .3
It gives me Pleasure to have this Opoortunity of assuring your Majesty that. while I remain at the Head of this Nation. I
shall not cease to promote evezy Measure that may conduce to the Friendshjp and Harmony, whjch so happHy subsjst
between your Empire and them, and shall esteem mvselfhappy in evecy Occasion of convincing your Majesty of the high
Sense (which in common with the whole Nation) I entertain of the Magnanimity, Wisdom, and Benevolence of your
Majesty.
In the Course of the approaching Winter, the national Legislature (which is called by the former Name of Congress)
will assemble, and I shall take Care that Nothing be omitted that may be necessary to cause the Correspondence, between
our Countries, to be maintained and conducted in a Manner agreeable to your Majesty, and satisfactory to all the Parties
concerned in it
May the Almighty bless your Imperial Majesty, our great and magnanimous Friend, with his constant Guidance and
Protection. Written at the CityofNewYorkthe first Day of December 1789.
Go: Wash!ngton
Q.~_(Qocume nt_?J.fJ.~~-=-~- docul!l_~_r:!!..!l~.!..i n the__2_l!t!l_~~-'1.~.9..Y~EL~Lr:%_but si gne_9_.!?Y.!!:Je author 1

owned (1992) by the Forbes Magazine Collection, New York, New York; .12f....(Draft: a draft of a letter or
9..Q.."-l!~~~!~~~~-!:1Ewriting of so_IIl_~~~e other tha~J..I:!..e authorl, ~H<;_if91umbi~!:l!'{~E~ityL~~~-Y.~!&
N. Y_.)_; _LB ~Lette r.~~pk Coe_t:_J~!_~~.£~e.~~.!!!?._~~!l-~.1 etter- boo !5-2, flLC: GW Ll:!!!!2!Y-P!. Cong~~~~
Geo!:ge Washington Paeers)_; copy, DNA (U.S. National Archives a'!c!.-~~~E_!:'~_!\_c!..'!!!.!:l!~tration,
~~-~!!19.!:9!1..L!?.~~...:2: ~-~-(_~~corp_§!E_tp_(..<;l_~£1-~!!~.!t!~_L<?._cati on_P!__c!~~-~~nts in J:!J~~~!! on a I ~!S.!J!-':!~3.12
59, Ceremonial Letters. Credences. This letter is addressed "To our great and magnanimous Friend, His
imperial majesty, the Emperor of Morocco."
Sidi Mohammed (d. 1790) came to the throne of Morocco around 1757. One of the most enlightened
of Morocco's eighteenth-century rulers, he was concerned with expanding his country's commerce with
other nations. Less successful were his attempts to mitigate Morocco's draconian system of justice. As
early as the 1770s Sidi Mohammed had made friendly overtures to the United States although he was
discouraged by the failure of the Continental Congress to respond. By 1786, however, he had signed a
liberal treaty of friendship with the United States.
1. P...!'!.~~ PCC JY-..:.~=--~~!i on a I Arc_h!_y~~-_2_n_d__~~£~c!~-~E-'!!l!:I!.~~!:~_!:Lq_l}~..!:~~!:~.~f.!.b~-.f.<?_'!!!!:l~-'!1;~

f_q_1]_9ress, Washingto~_Q&)_, item 88.
_6. Copies of both of these letters were included in Sidi Mohammed's letter to Congress of 17 Aug.
1788. The letter to the Bey_ of Tunis has not been found, but an Italian translation of the letter to the
Basha of Tripoli is in Q~~-:_PCC:..1.Y...:.?...:_~_'!.~l~.!,l!l~.rchL~~~--~-~..B-~"-~~.Ac:!.~!!lJE~'!!!P_~-f~.P-ers of_!_~~
Continental Congress, Washington, D.C.), item 88.
J. For the case of Captain Proctor, see Giuseppe Chiappe's letter of 18 July 1789.
PERMALINK http:/ /founders.archives.govfdocurnents/Washington/05-04-02-0251

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SOURCE PROJECf Washington Papers
TITLE From George Washington to Sidi Mohammed, 1 December 1789
AUTHOR Washington, George
RECIPIENT Sidi Mohammed (Muhammed)
DATE 1 December1789
CITE AS "From George Washington to Sidi Mohammed, 1 December 1789," Fmmders
Online, NationalArchives
(http://founders.archives.govfdocuments/Washington/05-04-02-0251 [last
update: 2015-12-301). Source: The Papers of George Washington; Presidential
Series, vol. 4, 8September 1789-15January 1790, ed. Dorothy Twohig.
Charlottesville: University Press ofVirginia, 1993, pp. 354-356.
The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) is part of the National Archives. Through its
grants program, the NHPRC supports a wide range of activities to preserve, publish, and encourage the use of
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BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS.
THE
lPnblic 5tatntts at ftargt

OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

FROM THE
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT IN 1789, TO MARCH 3, 1845•.

AllBAUGl:D Dr OEm.OliJOLOGIOAL ORDER.
WITH
REFERENCES TO THE MATTER OF EACH ACT AND TO THE SU]BEQUENT ACTS

ON THE SAME SUBJECT,
AND
COPIOUS NOTES OF THE DECISIONS
\!tourts of t~e lltniteb .9tnte.9

CONSTRUING THOSE ACTS, AND UPON THE SUBJECTS OF THE LAWS.
WITH AN
INDEX TO THE CONTENTS OF EA.OH VOLUHE,

AND A
FULL GENERAL INDEX TO THE WHOLE WORK, IN THE CONCLUDING VOLUME.

TOGETHEll WITH
~1Je Declatatlctt ot il:nlrepelt'O'ence, tDe ia~Utles of C!tonfe!Jnatfon, 1n1J

t~e «onstftutton of tbe O:nftell Stater;
AND ALSO,
TABLlilS, IN THE LAST VOLUME, CONTAINING LISTS OF THE ACTS RELATING TO THE lUDICU.RV,
IMPOSTS AND TONNAGE, THE PUBLIC LANDS, ETC.
EDITED JJY
R I C H A R D P E T E R S, E S Q.,
CO'D'NSELLO:R AT LAW.
't'he rlgbts and lntcreot or the United Statco in the 3tcreotn>~> plntc& l'rom which this work Ia printed, nre hereby reeo~mlsed,
SICkDowledgecl, and decl""'d by the publlehero, ac~orcllng to the provblona of the Joint reaolntlonor Confrl'!as, p1IB88<I UMCJh :1, 18U.
VOL. I.
BOSTON:
CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN.
1845.
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Entered·ac(!ordingto Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by

CBAll.LBS c. LITTLE & JAMEs BROWN,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
l'BlLADELl'HlA:
STEREOTYPED BY L. ·J OHNSON & CO.
CAMliRlDGE ;
1\ll':TCALF AND COMPANY,
PliiNTBltll TO THR UNIVBRSITY•
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I
TBE
CONSTITUTION OF THE_UNITED STATES.
Purposes for .WE, the people ?f ~he ~nited States,~ order t?. ~onn a ~ore perfect
which the Con- Union esta'Qlish JUStice, msure domesttc tranqmlhty, prov1de for the
stitution wu or-
dtLined and ee-
oo~n defence, promote the general .welflll'e, an~ secure the b!essin~s
tablished. of liberty to ourselves and our .postenty, do ordam and estabhsh this
Constitution for the United States of America.(a)
Legislative ARTICLE l. §. 1. All legisl~tive powers ~erein grante.d, shall be
powers vested vested in a Congress of t~e United States, whtch shall conslst of a Sen..
m Congress.
ate and House of Representatives.(b}
House.of Re- ~ 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
presentatives. chosen every second year by the people of the several States ; and the
electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors
· of the most riUm.erous branch of the State Legislature.
No peJ."son shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the
aae of twenty~five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State
in whieh he shall be ehosen.
Representa. . Representatives · and direet taxes shall . be apportioned among the
tives and direct several States wliich may be included within this Union, according to their
ta.."te~ tod.be ap. iespective num
poJ:tj.one ac.
. bers, .which shall be determined by adding to the whole
cording to re- number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of
apective num- . years, iwd excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons.
beC"~naus to be The actual enumeration abaJJ ~e made within three years after the fhst
taken every uin ·meeting of the Congress of the United States, and wi_thin every subse-
yeara, quent term often years, in such.manner as they shall by law direct. The
~iv!:P(!8 ~0~: number of representatives shall not exceed one for every _thirty thousand,
grees. but each State shall have at least one representative, and until such enu-
, meration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled
to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations .one, Connecticut five, New York six,. New Jersey four,
(a) Martin heir at law ofFairfax,:v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304; 3 Cond. Rep. 676. Briscoe et
al; t1. the Bank of tbe Commonwealth or Kentucky, 11 Peters, 257. McCulloch"'· The State of Ma.ry-
hi.nd, 4 Wheat, '316.; 4 Cond. R.op. 466, Gibbons tl. Ogden, 9 Wheat. I. Barron o. The Mayor and
qity Co_uncil of Baltimoie, '1. Peters, 243. Marberey "·Madison, r·cranch, .237; 1 Cond. Rep. 267.
·United States "• Smith, 6 Wheat. 153; 4 Coud. Rep. 619. Owing v. Norwood, 6 Cranch, 344; 2 Cond .
. Rep. 2'16. · .
·(b) . The object of the .Constitution was to establish three great departments of government: the Le.
gialative, the Executive, and the _Judicial department&. ·The first was to pass laws ; the second to
approve .imd execute them; the tbtrd to expound and enforce them. Martin, heir at law of Fairfax, tl.
Hunter• a Leaaee,1 Wheat• 304; 3. Cond. Rep. 67().
The Constitution unavoidably deals in general language. It·did not suit the pu~ose of the people in
framing this grellt charter of our liberties to .provide for minute specifications of 1ts powers, or to de-
clare tbe meo.M by wb~eh those powers were to be carried into execution. It was foreseen that that
· would ~e a perilous ·~d difficult, if not an impracticable task. · The instrument was not intended merely
to p~vade for the eXIgencies of. a few years, but was to end~re through a long lapse of ages; the events
of whtch were locked up in ·the Inscrutable purposes of ProvJdelice. Jt could not be foreseen what new
. . ch11ngee and modification& of power might be made indispensable 'to effectuate the general objects of the
. charter; and restrictions and spe~cationa whic~ at present might seem . salutary, might m the end
prove ~e overthrow ?f.. the _Bf&tem lls!i!lf. ~enee 1ts powers are expl'essed m general temls ; leaving to
tho leg1slature, ftom tim~ to tu~e, to adopt 1to own. means to ~ffectuate legitimate objects, and to moul!l
an~ remodel _the exercise of 1ta own powers as Its own Wisdom~ and 'he public mterests should re-
. .quare, Mart1n, &c. v. Hunter, 1 Wheat. 304; S Cond. Rep. 5'75.
10
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11

Penn~ylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North
Carolma five, S~uth Ca~olin~ five, and Georgia three.( a-)
Whe_n vacancJ~S happen m the representation from any State, the Vaeancles in
Exe~uttve authonty ,thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such va- the representa.
cancJes. tion, how filled.
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other Speaker and
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. · officers ofH. R;
'§ 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two I~!n::~h:!
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof. for six composed. Sen.
years; and each Senator shall have one vote. a tors, how cho-
I~mediately after· the)! ~hall be assembled, in consequence of the first 86
~11ch senator
election, they shaU be dxVIded·as equally a.s may be into three classes. toha.veonevote.
T~e seats of the Senators of the first dass shall be vacated at the expi· One third of the
Senators to be
rat10n of t he secon d year, of· t he second class at the expiration of the chosen every.
fourth year! and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so second year.-
that one th_1rd m.ay be chosen. every .second year; and if vacan.cies hap- Vacancies dur.
pen by resignation, or oth erw1se, durmg t h e recess o f t he L egtsIature of ingreceesofthe
Legislature ofa
any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until State. How
the ne~t meeting of the Lt'.gislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. filled.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age Qualifications
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, ~d of Senators.
who sha]] not, when eJected, be an inhabitant of that State for which be Vice President
shall be chosen. of u. s. presi-
The Vice President of the United States shall be president of the de~~:~:::t!t~
Senate, but shaH have no vote, unless they be equally divided;. · choosetheiroffi-
The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro c:ers. President
tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exer- pr;.~~~:~~to
cise the office of President of the United States. have the sol~J
The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When power to tr-y im.
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 'When \;~~~:::esi.
the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall pre- dent of u.s. is
side ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two tried, the Chief
thirds of the members present. · Justice shall
preside,
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to Judgment in
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of caseofimpeach~
honour, trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted :,~n;ictela:!t.
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, ject to indict-
and punishment according to law. . ment at law.
~ 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators pl~~~~~r h"~t
and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legisla- ing elections.
ture thereof; but the Congress may nt any time by law make or alter Congress may
such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. ~~a:&~;n:e~~~
· The Congress shall assemble at )east once in every year, and such tiona made by
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by the States, e:t-
1aw appomt · a d"Jr.
tueren t day. cept as to the
places ofchoos-
§ 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 1ng .Sena.tolll.
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall consti- , Congress to
tute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from :s;::bleonee
da.y to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent Each Hous&
(a) South Carolina. adopted the Constitution by a convention called in November, 1789. Rhode
Island, by a. convention held in May, 1790, ~sl!ent~d to the Co~stitution, Kentucky waa admitted into
the Union Jone 1 179.2, Vermont was adm1tted mto the Umon, March 4, 1791. Tennessee was ad-
mitted in~ the un'ion, Jnne 1, 1796. Ohio was established as a state of the Union, by a~i of April 30,
1802. Louisiana was admitted into the Union, April 30, 1812. Indiana was admitted inlo the Uni~n,
December 11, 1816. Mississippi was admitted into the Unio!l, De?ember 10, 1~17. Illinois was adm1t·
ted into the Union, December 3, 1818. Alabama was ndm1tted mto tile Umon, D~c~ml:-~r 14, 18~9.
Maine was admitted into the Union by an act of Congress, pa~sed March _s, 1820. M1ssou~1 was_ad!lut.
ted into the Uniou, March 2, 1821. Arkansas Wl\8 admitted .mto the Umon, June.15, 183u•. M•chtgan
was admitted into the Union, January 26, 1837. North Carohna became a mc~ber of the Umon, before .
·June 4, 1790. Iowa and }'lorida were authorized to become states or the Umon, by net of March 3,
1845, chap. 48.
·.12 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

t0 be the j~dge. metttbers,
iii such manner, and under such penalties, as each House
. ofthe eleotiou, may provide. . .
· -~~;jffi~ti=or .. Each House: may determin~ the rules <?f itS proceedings,punishits ·
· its..Ql.~Dioors. A members
for dlSorderly behav1our, and, With the concurrence of two
. . . m\l.jl)rify.to forr:n .thirdsexpel amember.
.
· ·, ~ 'k~~f pro-_ · ~a~h ~ouse shall keep a j~umal ofits proceedin~, and. fr~m time to·
_c~e~g._ • · -time p.ubhsh·the same, _exceptlng such parts as may,_ m the1~ JUdgment,
. to'Ek:: _~?=- require secre:cy; ·and the yeas an~ nays of. the members of either House
nai. '/eJ:aud on .any qu~t1on, shall, at the desue -of ~ne fifth of those present, be en-
nays. tered on the journal.
. Adjournments Neither· House, during the session of Congress, shaJl, without the
oftlieHousesof consent of the ·other, adjourn for more th!ID three days, nor to any
.Congress. · other place than that in which the tw~ Houses.shall_be sitting. .
• ·Compensation ~ 6. The ~eno.tors ·and Rep~esentattves shall rece~ve a compensation
of the Senatots for the~r serVIces, to be as~rtamed ~y law, and paid out of the Trea-
and
tath•es. Privi- sury of the. United States. They s hall , 10
!lepre$en- · aI1 cases, except treason,
Jeged f'roni · ar- felony,. and breach of the peace, .be privileged from arrest during their
. r~st, with excep· attendance ·at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to,
t1ons•. Not to 11e · • t1 h d ~ b d b · t · "th
·.questioned· bi and returnmg rom, t e same! an .l:.or any speec or e a e m e1 er
B.DY _other place . House; they shall not be questioned m any, other place.
~~ 'd%a~e~j! ·.· No Senator o~ Representatiy~ shall, during the time fo_r w.hich he wD:S
either HoWle. elected; be appomted to any Civil office under the au~hof}tY of the Unl-
. . -"-grointment ted· States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
: 0 ~e i[Ben- shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any
6 e~::!es, P~~ office und~r the United States, shall be a member of either House dur•
6
person .holding i.ng his continuance in office.

iliyu~ce:t!er . §. 7 .. All bills for raising revenue shall origina.te in the Honse of
m!m'be; oreith:r Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend-
House during ments as on other bills.
!Us ffimtinuaneo , Every bill which shall ·have passed the House of Representatives and
In ;ill~ f r rais. the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President
8
9
ing.revenue. of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shal1
i~il~~C!~~- return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shaH have origi-
gress; to be pre· nated, who shall ~liter the objections ·at large on their joumaJ, and pro-
se·nfe:d .to the ceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that
!=t·:h: B<_tus~ shall ·agree to .pass the bill, _it ~hall be. sen~, together w_ith the
the President obJections, to the other House, by whiCh 1t shalllikewtse be reconsidered,
.diilappio-vl'ls. and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law.
But in all such eases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by
yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the
bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any
bill shall not be returned by the President ·within ten days, (Sundays
excepted,) after it shall- have been presented to him, the same shall be
a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by·
their adjournment prevent its. return, in which case it shall not be a
law. · ·
. Every order, Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the coneurrenee of the
resolution, or Sena~e and H?use of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a
vote, of both
Houees (except qu~_t1on of adJournment,) shall be presented to the President of the
on 11. question Umt~d States? an~ before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
.or adjournment) bJ h1m, or bemg d1sapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two thirds
to bo prellented
to ihe Preaident of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
• ofthe u. B.~ .limitations prescribed in the ease of a bill.
. . PoWers or . · § 8. ·Th~·Cong~ess shall have power(a}
. ~ngreS.~ :
: .(a~ CongreA.,mllflt poll&ellll ti?e choice of means, and must be empowered to use any mes.ns, which are
T- _fact condocl-v!l to the exerctse of a power granted by the Constitution, Ullited States "· Fisher et al. •
.a.ssignees of Bl1gbt, ! Cranch'u Rep. 358; 1 Cond. Rep. 421. ' '
THE CONSTITUTION .OF THE UNITED STATES. 13

'ro lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises (a) to pay the To lay ta.xes,
de~ts, and provide for the common defence and general'welfare of the for and provide
the common
Umted Sta~e~ ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform - defence and
throughout the United States :(b) . · welfare. D11ties
To borrow money on the credit of the United States: to be uniform.
To borrow
, To regulat~ eonimerc~ wit~ foreign nations, and among the several money.
States, and ~1th the lnd1an t~1bes :(c) · · To regulate
commerce.
To esta~hsh an uniform ~ule of naturalization,(d) and uniform laws Nafui'ILI.ization.
on the. subJect of bankruptcies throughout the United States :(e) Bankrupteies~
The powers ~ra~ted to Congress ~re not ex~lusive or sim~lar powers existing. in the States, unless
wh:ere the Co!lsti~tlti~~ has expressly, m terms, gt":en a~ exclUinve power to Congress; or the exercise of
a. ltke P?wer 1s prohibited to the States; or there Js a di~ect repugnancy, or incompatibility in the exer.
elSe of 1t by the States. The example of the fi.nu class 1a to be found in the exclusive legilllation dele·
gated to Congress over places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same
ah:~.U·be located for. rort:si arsenals! dock-yard~, &c.; of the second class, of the prohibition of o. State to
com money, or em at bll s of credit; of the third class, the power to establish a uniform rule of natnrali.
ntion, and the delegation of admiralty and muitime jurisdiction. In all other caaes the States retain
concurrent authority with Congr(lss. Houston v. Moore, 6Wheat. l; 4 Cond. Rep. 589.
An act of Congress repugnant to tbe Constltutlon cannot become the law of the land Marbury 11
Madison, 1 Cranch, 137; 1 Cond. Rep. 267. ' •
The mere grant of power to Congrell8 does not imply a prohibition on the States to exercise the sama
power. Whenever the terms in which such a power is granted to Congress require tha.t it should h4!
exercised exclusively by Congress, the subject is as completely talten from the State legislatures as if
. they had been ex:presaly forbidden to act upon it. Sturges "' Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122: 4 'cond.
Rep. 409. . .
(a) The power of Congress to levy and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises is co-extensive with
the territory or the United States. Loughborough v. B~ke, o Wheat. 817; 4 Conci. Rep. 660. .
The power of.Congress to exercise ex:ol11sive legislation, in all cases whatever within the District of
Columbia, includes the power of taxing it.. Ibid. '
The. authority of Congress to lay and collect taxes, does not interfere with the power of the States ·to
tax for the support or their own governments; nor ~s the exercise of that power by the States, an exer.
cise of any portion of the power that is granted to the United States. Gibbons "· Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1 ;
6 Cond. Rep. 56Z.
(b) The constitutional provision that direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ac.
cording to their respective numbers, to be ascertained by a. census, was not intended to restrict the
power of imposing direct taxes to States only. Loughborough \1· Blake, 5 Wheat. S 17 ; 4 Cond. Rep~
660. .
(c) An act of Congre9~, laying an embargo for an inde~ite period of time, is constitutional and ·valid.
The United States v. The William, 2 Hall's Am. Law Jour. 255. ·
The power of regulating commerce extends to the regnlation of navig&tion. Gibbons"· Ogden, ·g
Wheat. l; 5 Cond. Rep. 662. . ·
The power to regulate commerce extends to every species of' commercia.! intercourse between the
United States and foreign nations, and among the several States. It d.oes not stop at the external boun.
da.ry of a State ; but it does not extend to a commerce which is completely internal. l bid. ·
The power to regulate commerce is general, and has no limitations but such as are pres·c ribed by the
Constitution itself. This power, so far as it extends, is exclusively vested in Congress, and no pBrt of il
ean be exercised by a State. 'Ibid. ·
The power of regulating commerce extends ~Q navigation ()RI'ried on by veSBels employed in trall3·
porting passengers. Ibid. .
All those powers which relate to merely municipal legislation, or which may be properly called inter.
na.l police, are not surrendered (by the States) or restrained, and consequently in relation to those the
authority of a State is complete, unqualified, and exclusive. The City of N. York v. Miln, 11 Peters,
10.2.
The act of the Ie~slatnre of New York passed February 1824, entitled, ·• An Act concerning passengers
in vessels arriving t!l the port of New York," is not a regulation of comme:rce, but or police; and being
so, it was passed in the exercise of a power which belonged to that State._ I~id. .
The power to reg11late commerce, includes the power to regulate nav1gation, as connected ~1tb the
commerce with foreign nations and among the States. . It does not stop at the mere bo~d~ bne of a
State nol' is it confined to acts done on the waters, or m the necessary course of the naVIgation thereof.
It extends to such acts done on the land, which interfere with, obstruct, or prevent the due· exercise of
the powers to regul~te commer~e and navigation with foreign nations, and amo~g ~e States. Any
offence which thus .mterferes With, obstructs, ?r prevents sueh. commeroe and nu;ngation, though done
on land may be punished by Congress, under 1ts general authonty. to make all lawe necessary and pm·
per to ~xecu~ their delegated conatitutional powers. The Un1ted States "':Lawrence Coombe, 12
Peters, 7.2. . . . · _ _
Persons are not the subjects o~ co.m.merce, and no.t ~emg 1mported goods, they do not fall withm the
meaning founded upon the ConatituUon, of a pow.e r gtven lo Congres~, to r~ate commeree1 and the
prohibition of the States for imposing a duty on 1mported goods. Ibtd.; Gibbons v. Ogden. 9 Wheat.
1 ; 5 Cond. Rep. 562. .
(d) Under the Constitution of the United States, the power of naturalization is exclusively in Con-
gress. Chirac "· Chirae, ~ Wheat, 25P ; 4 Cond. Rep. 111 ; Houston v. Moore, 6 Wheat. l ; 4 Cq,nd.
Rep. 589.
~) Tlte powers of Congres.s to establish uniform Jaws on the subject of bankruptcy throughout tho
B
1( THE .CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
. To coiJi.mo• To coin money; regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
ney. To fix the fut the standard of. weights and measures : ._ · ..
11tandrml of ·
weights arid · To provide for the ~unishment of counterfe1tmg the securities az1d
meamires. · current coin of the Umted States: ·
To pwlish · · To establish post-offices and p~st-roads: .
counterfeitei:s, • T:o prou10te the progress o~ s~1enee and useful_aTts, _by securm~, for
Post-offices.
. · To ·..·promote limited:tinies, to author~ and Inventors, the exclusive right to then re-
tbe progiess of spective. writings ~d disc~veri~: ·.
ecience' a:nd
useful arts. . To constitute tnbunals ·mfenor to the Su.Preme Co~rt:
Inferior tribu. To define and punish piracies and fe~omes committed on the high
nail!. seas and offences aaainst the law of nations :(a)
Piraciea on
the high seas, To declare war; grani letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
To declare ·concerning captures on land. and water: . .
W~· To raise and support armies: but no appropnatlon of money to that
To raise ar- .
mies.. u~e shall be for a longer term than two years :
Na;vy, &c. · . To provide and maintain a navy :
Government or .To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and na-
the army and val forces :
na~tia. To provide for ·calling forth the militia to execute' the· laws of the
Union, suppress insurre~t~ons and.repel inva_sio~s.: . . ..
For th~ orga. To provide for orgamzmg, armmg, and dismphmng. the m1htt~, and
nization, ·&c. of· for governing such part of them as may be employed m the serv1ce of
me militia. the United States, reserving. to the States respectively, the appointment
· of the officers, ~nd the autherity of tr.aining the militia according to the
· discipline prescribed by Congress. (b) ·
gi~~~::v:v~;· To ·exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such
seat of govern• distr.ict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of particu-
oftbe u.s. . lar States, and the aeceptanc~ ofCongress, become the seat of the govern-
th!i~,!~~:Pi!: ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over aJI places
ees purchased purchased by. the consent of the legislature of the, State in which the
With: the con •. same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards,
Tomah lam and other nee dful bud· d"·~gs. A n d,
sent of States, ·
.
fo't ·carrying in. . To make all Jaws which shall ·be necessary and proper for carrymg
to e:a:eclition all · into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
powers vested .. C onstitub~n
· • m • t he government of .th e Umte· d Sta t es1 or ·m any depart•
111 govelllDient
ofU. s. . · . mentor officer thereof.( c)
. Mi~o,n ~r ~ 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
smportabon
perlloiiiiO- °'·
. · · States · .'now exlSttn~
· · sha11 t h"lnk prope~ to admtt,,
· sh aII not b e pro111.
"b"1ted
· · by the Congress pnor to the year one thousand e1ght hundred and e1ght;
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding
ten dollars for each person .
. trnlttid.St.e.tes, does··n:o~ exelude ~he right of the States to legislate on the same subjeet, except when the
·power tfl acrtually exereised by ·cougre!a, and the State laws conflict with those of Congress. Ogden v.
·. ~un4ertlz l~ Wn~at. 213 ;· 6 Cond:Re_p. 523; Sturg~s11. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122; 4 Cond. R.ep. 409.
':Sfuce·me ad~ptlOn.of the Conatltutton of the Un•ted States, a state has authority to pass a Bankrupt
lawi ~rovided suoh·law; does n~t impair the obligation of contracts; and provided there be no act of Con.
grees 1~ force to f;!Btabhsh a umform system of bankruptcy, conflicting with such law. Sturges 1:1. Crown-
fna~leld, 4·Wbeat.122; 4 Cond. Rep. 409.
(a) ~.he acto~ the .s.!l ~arch; ~81~, chap. 76,~ sec. 5, referring to the law of nations for a. definition of
the cnme ·?f' ptrRcy, IS a e.onstitut1onal exerctse of the power of Congress to define and punish that
erime. Un1ted States v. Sm1th, 5 Wheat. 163; 4 Cond. Rep, 619. See lllso United States 11. Palmer1 3
·. V{heat. 610; 4. Cond. R.ep. 352. . .
· ·(b) The act of Congress of Feb. 28, 1795, to provide for the calling out the militia to execute the
19.'\VIf of the Union, suppress insurrections, aud repel invasions, is within the constitutional powers of Con·
gressi ·Martin v. Mott, .12 Wheat. 19; 6 Cond. Rep. 410.
• (c) :Congree~ mue~ possess t~e choice or means, and must be e~po!l'ered to use any means which are
. m fa~l,.~onduc1ve to the exero1se of a power granted by tbe Constltntion. United States v. Fi11her et 111.,
J Cr1111eh~ !108; .1. Co.nd. Rep. 4.21.: V11n Horne's Lessee v•. Dorrance, 2 Ds!l. 304; Marbury v. Madison,
. 1 Cranch, 187; 1 Cond, Rep • .267, 268. The United Stlltes 1:1. Bevan11, 3 WheRt. 336; 4 Cond. Rep. 276.
·1'!-fcCtllloc~ v~ ~ryland,·4 Wheat. 316; 4 Cond. Rep. 466. United States v. Tingey, 5 Peters, 115. An-
.. d.e.rson .·v. D.unn; ·6 Wheat. .204; Dugan v. The United States, S Wheat. 172; 4 Cond. Rep. 223. The
E;obR.nge, 7 Crauch; 116_; -2 Cond. ·Rep. 439. Oaborn "· The B11nk of the United States, 9 Wheat. 738;
l> Cond; Rep. '74l. · Hamson.11. Sterry, G Cranch, 2801 2 Cond. Rep. 260. Postmaster General"· Early,
12 Wheat.136; .6 Cond. Rep. 480. · · .
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATEs. 15

'J'he priviJ~ge of the writ o~ kalJe~ cm:pus shall not be suspended, Writ of Ha-
un!ess. when m cases of rebellion or mvas1on the public safety may re- beas Corpus.
qmre 1t.(a) · · Bills of attai~
No bill _of ~ttainder or ·ex .PPSt facto law shall be passed.(b) der, or ex post
facto la.ws.
No cap1tat1on, or other;duect t:ur, shall be laid, unless in proportion Capitation or
to the census or enumeration hel'em before direc.ted to be taken. other direct tax.
No tax. ?r duty sh~l be laid· on articles exported from any State. No No tax or du-
ty on articles
preference shall be g1ven by any re~lation of commerce or revenue to exported from
the ports of one State ov~r those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, any State.
or from, one State be obhged to enter, clear, or pay dl.tties in· another. No preference
to porte of one
. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of State over ano.
appropriations made by law; and a regular state:Oent and account of the ther.
r~ceipts ~d expenditures of all public money shall be published from No money
t1me to time. drawn from the
treasury but by
No title ?f nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no law. Receipts
person holdmg any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without and expendi-
tures published.
t~e consent o~ the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or No title of
title of any kmd whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. nobility to be
§ 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- granted,
tion; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of
credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of
debts;(c) pass any biJJ of attainder, ex po.st facto ·Jaw, or law impair-
ing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.( d)
No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts Limitation or
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely neces- the powen of
sary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all du- the States.
ties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for
the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be
subject to the revision and control~f the Congress.( e) No State shall,
without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops,
or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact
with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless· ,
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as wiJ1 not admit of delay. po~!~c:!:!t in
ART. II. § 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of a President of
the United States of America. He shall hold·his office during the term t~c U. S. Dura-
of four years, and togethe~ with the Vice President, chosen for the tion of office.
same term, be elected as follows :
(a) E:c parte Burford, 3 Cra.nch, 448. Ex partt Bollman, 4 Cranch, 7v; 2 Cond. Rep. 33. E:z: parte
Kearney, 7 Wheat. 38; 5 Cond. Rep. 225. E:c parte Tobias W~tkins, 3 pt,ters, 193. . E• parte Milburn,
9 Peters, 704. Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat. 19; 6 Cond. Rep. 410,
(b) The prohibition of the FP-deral Constitution of ex post facto laws extends to pena.lmtutes only;
nnd does n.ot extend to cues ~ffecting only the · civil rights of individuals. Calder eta}. v. Bull, 3 Dall.
386; 1 Cond. Rep. 172. Fletcher v. Pock, 6 Cranch, 87; 2 Cund Rep. 308. Ogden "· Saunders, 12
Wheat. 213; 6 Cood. Rep. 5.23. ·
(C) Briscbe tt. The lbnk of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, ll Peters, 2J>1. Cmig tl. The State .of
Missouri, 4 Peters, 431. Sturges 11. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122; 4 Cond. Rep. 409. Ogden v. Saun-
ders, 12 Whe:~t. 213; 6 Cond. Rep. 623. Cooper v. Telfair, 4 D~J. 14; 1 Cond. Rep. 211. ·
(d) If any act of the legislature is repugnant to the Constitution, it is, ipso facto, void; and it ia the
duty of the court so to declare it. Vanhorne's Lessee v. Dorrance, 2 Do.H. 304.
The Constitution fixes the limits to.tho exercise of legislative authority, and prescribes the orbit in which
it must move. Whatever may be the case in ·other countries, yet here there can be no doubt that any act
of the L6gislature rep11gno.u~ to the Conatitu.tion is absolutely void. IUitl. Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch,
87; .2 Cond. Rep. 308. . . .
The legislature ofa. state·can pass no ex po:~t facto law, An ex postfactolaw 1s 011e wb1ch renders.:m
act punishable, which wns not punishable when it was committed. llJill. Hous~on o. Moore, 5 Wheat, J.;
4 Cond. Rep. 5S9. .
The invalidity of a state law, as impairing the obligation of contracts, does not depend on the extent
of the change which the law effects in the contract. Green ti, ·Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1;. 6 Cond. R~p. 369.
Briscoe 'D. The Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, 11 Peters, 257. .New Jersey v. W1laon, 7
Crunch, 164; 2 Cond. Rep. 4fj7. Tenett v. Taylor;9c·rancb, 43; a ·cond. Rep. 254. Trustees of .Dart.
mouth College o. W~odward, 4 Wheat, 518 i. 4 Cond. Rep. 526. ~~e Proprietors of. the. Charles Riv~r
Bridge v. The Propnetora of the Warren Brtdge, 11 Peters, 420. lSturges "· Crownmsh1eld, 4 ·Wheat.
12.'l; 4 Cond. Rep. 409. Hawk.ins v. Barney's Lessee, 5 Peters, 4.1)6_ Mason v. Haile, 12 Wheat, 370~ .
6 Cond. Rep. 535. Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank v. Smith, 6 Wheat. 131; 5 Cond. Rep. 30. Satterl~e
v. Matthewson, 2 Peters, 380. \Vilkinson v. Leland, 2 Peters, 627. · ·
(e) Brown v. The state of M:~oryland, 12 Wheat. 419; 6 .Cond. Rep. 554.
16 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
:Mill:ner of . E~cb State shall .appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
elccti11gJ're~ . · ··.may d.i rect, a. number of electors equal. to the whol_e num_her of Senators
Piesideil.t. ·· · · arid Representatives to which the State may be entlt1ed m t h e c ongress ;
.sideJit and Vice
but. no Se~ator or· Representative, or person h?lding an office of trust
. or· profit ~ilder the United States,. shall be !lppomted an elector.
• The electors shall meet in the1r respectiVe States, and vote by ballot
. _.· ·.
Jor two. persons, of whom one at le.ast shall not be an ~nhabitant of the
same State with thems~lves. · And they shall make a hst of all the per~
sons .voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government
of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, Qpen all the certificates, and the votes shall then be
counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
President, if snch number be a majority of the whole number of elec~
tors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority,
and have an equal number of votes, then the Honse of Representatives
shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no
person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said
House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the
Presideni, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from
• each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of
· a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of
all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the
choice of. the President, the person having the greatest number of votes
of ·the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain
two 'or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them
by ballot the Viee President. (a)
Eleetoni of .T he Congress may determfue the time of choosing the eJectors, and .
President BDd the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the
· · Vice President.
~ame throughout the United States.
(iualUieations . No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
or thfl Presi· States~ at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shaH be eligible
.. !lent. ·
to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that
office who shall not have attajned to the age of thirty-five years, and
.. been fourteen years a resident within the United States.
Va.elincy in In ca.Se of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
~~~f:t.0~0w ·resignation, or inability to dis~harge the powers and duties of the said
11~ppll~. · office, ·the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress
·.· .may by law provide for the case of re~oval, death, resignation, or ina~
bility, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer
shall ~he'! ~ct as President, and sue~ officer shall act accordingly until
·the d1sahthty be removed, or a ~restdent shall be elected.
• · · Compensation • The Presi.dent shall at stated times, reeeiYe for his services, a com~
. tor:the. services .
of the·Presi- · pen,sation, wh.ich shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
~~nt.' per1od for .whtch he shall have been elected, and he s~all not receive
within that p.eriod any other emolument froni the United States or any
.of them. .
. . Before be enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol~
· lowing oath or affirmation :
. ~f~~P.:~~co "1 do solemnly swear, (or affirm,) that I will faithfu1Iy execute the
dent,•. . · . o~~e . of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my
· ab1bty, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
. States." · . · ·
.. ,.
.
..
-~
.· ·. . . · · ·§ .2~ The President shall be commander~in--chief of the army and

-' ' ~ .
. . .··•. (o.} By an.~me~dm~nt to the COnstitution,

.~rt. 12,- ~ 1. This amendment
a. .substitute for this paragrap~ was adopted. Amendment,
as proposed m October 1803, and was ratified before September 1804.
\'1
See the amendment, po,t. ·
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

navy of the· United States 1 and of the militia of the several States when Powers and
ca!l~d in~o the.~~;etual service <?f"t~e United States; he may requi~e the duties of the
President. ·
opm10n, m wntmg, of the prmmpal officer in each of the executive
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
offices, an~ he shall h~ve power to grant reprieves and pardons for of· May grant re-
·fences agamst the Umted States, except in cases of impeachment. prieves and par.
dons.
He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the ·May mB.ke
Senat~, to make treaties,.pr~vided two thirds of the Senators present treaties, by and
with the advice
concur ;(a) and he shall nommate, and by and with the advice and con- and consent of
sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambll5sadors, other publro ministers the Senate.
and consuls, .judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the Appointments
to office. '
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided
for, and which sh.all be establish~ by !aw. But the Congress may ·by
!aw vest th~ appomtmen:t of suchmfer1or officer~, as they think proper,
m the Pres1dent alone, m the courts of law, or m the heads of depart-
ments.(b) . .
· The ~resident shall have power to fill rip all vacancies that may hap- Vacancies
pen durmg the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which during the 're.
cea111 of the So·
shall expire at the end of their next session. , nate.
§ 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information Give Congress
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such information of
the· State of the
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may on extra- Union~
ordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them; and in Convene Con-
ease of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjourn- gress on extra-
ordinary occa.
ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He sions. When
shaH receive ambassadors and other public ministers. He shall take he may adjourn
care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission a11 the Congress. · ·
Other powel'll
officers of the United States. and duties.
§ 4. The President, Vice President, and aU civil officers of the Removals
United States, shall be rem<?ved from office on impeachment for, and from office by
impeachment·
conviction of. treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. and conVIction
· AaT. ITI. § 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested of crimea.
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress Judicial pow.
ers.
may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Judges to hold
Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during ·good beha- office during
viour; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensa- good behaviour.
Contpensation
tim~, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.( c) not to be dimin.
§ 2. '!'he judicial power shall extend to all cases, in 'Jaw and equity, ished during
arising under this Constitution, the 1aws of the United Sta~es, and trea-. conti,nutmce in
office.
ties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases Ex~ent ot"ju.
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and eonsuls ; to all cases dicial power•
. of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the
(a) The decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States on the powers and duties of the President
of the United States have been the following: Marbury v. Madison, I Cranch, J37; 1 Cond. Rep. 267;
1 Peters, 296: 12 Peter& 624. Williams v. The Suffolk Ins. Com.,. 13 Peters, 415• .
(b) Am. Ina. Comp. v. Canter, 1 Peters, 511, tH7; with Mr. Justice Johnson's opinion.. Ex parte Du'\.
can N. Hennen, 13 Peters, 280. .
(c) The deciaions of the Supreme Court of the United States on the lst and 2d sections ofthe.3d article
of the Constitution have been ! The State of Rhode Island 11. The State of Massachusetts, 1.2 Petets,
657-72. M•Bride v. Hoev, 11 Peters, 167. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Craneh, 137; 1 Cond. Rep, ·261. Ex:
parte Crane, 5 Peters, 100. Ex parte Milburn, 9 Peter&, 704. Town or Pawlet v. Clark et al., 9 Crancb,
292 ; 3 Cond. Rep. 408. Ex parte Kearney, 7 Wheat. 38; 6 Cond. Rep. 225. M•C!uny v. Silliman, 2
Wheat. 369; 4 Cond. R.ep. 162. The United StatM v. Bevana, 3 Wh-t. S36; 4 Cond. Rep. 275. Unit@d
States v. Hamilton, 3 Dall. 17. Ex parte Bollman, 4 Cranch, 75; 2 Cond. Rep. 33. EJ[ parte Tobias
Watkins 3 Peters, 193. Cherokee Nation». The State of Georgia, 6 PeteriJ, 1. Clthens u. The State ·o f
Virjfnia; 6 Wheat . .264. Osborn v. The Bank of the. United States, 9 Whea~. 738; 5 Cond. Rep. 741.
The United States v. Ortega, 11 Wbeat;467; 6 Cond. Rep. 394. Fowler 1l. Ltndsey et al., 3 Dall. 411.
The United States 11. Goodwin, 7 Craneh, 108; 2 Cond. Rep. 434.
The third article of .t he Constitution of the United States enables the judicial departml'!nt to receive
~urisdiction to the full e.rtenl of &be CoJJstitutiori, laws ~nd. ~ea.tiee of t~e United State~, .when '!ny ques-
tlon respecting them sh.all assume ouch form .that. the JU~acJal · po_wer 1s capQble of acttng ~ID ~t.. ~hat
power is capable of aotmg, only wheD the subject as submatted to 1t by a party who asserts h111 ragbts m a
form prescribed bylaw. It then becomes a case. · ·
Osborn et Ill."·The Bank of the United States, 9 Wheat. 738; 5 Cond. Rep. 741.
VoL.. I.-3 s2
irnstrument# 2017026407 Page 199 of 235
18" THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more
States between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens
of :different States, between citizens of the same State claiming. !ands
under , gra.Dt:s or·different St~t~s, and bet":een a State, or the mt1zens
theroof; :and foreign States, mttz~ns or subjects. . . .
. Onginal juris. . In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pubhe mm1sters and con-
dicQ:on orthe suls,(t:z) and ~h?se i!l V.:hi~h .a State shall be party, the Supreme Court
sux_;~~j.t shall hav~ or1gmal ·JUrJsdJctlon.( b) In all the o~he~ c~~s before men-
rilldicti<;n.ofthe tioiled, the Supreme Court sh&;ll have appellate JUrisdiction! both as to
Supreme Court. · law .and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulat1ons, as the
Congress shall make:( c) . .
Trial by Jury. · The trial of all cnmes~ except m cases of 1mpeacbment, shall be by
jury· and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
shall' have been committed ; but when not committed within any State,
the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law
have directed. ·
Treason: § 3. ?-'reason agai~st the ~nited Sta~es, shal) con~i~t only in !~vying
·eonvietion for war agamst them or m adhermg to therr enemtes, glVlng them atd and
treasOn; ·
comfort. No pe~l!on shall be convicted of treason unless ~n ~e testi·
mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confess1on tn open
court.:
Punishment . . The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
·of "treason, but no attainder of.treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture,
Attainder•.
except during the life of the person attainted.
. 'J;'h.e public An.T. IV. § l. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
_acts, ·&c., of the
States· to have tmblic acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And
full faith and the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
credit. acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.( d)
Citizens of the
Sta.tea· entitled . ~ 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all priyileges and
to equal privi. immunities·of citizens in the several States. .
· leges, · . A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
· Fu~itivea
from J~atit:o. · who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shaU, on
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
. . . crime.
.F.igluvea ·· ·No person held to service or labour in one State, under the laws
f'tom
... labour.
. .th~reof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law · or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall
cal An lltiiicbnent under the crimea act of 179o, chap. 9, see. 28, for infracting the law of nations by
oft'ering -violence t(i Ul6 · person of a· foreign minister, is a case "affecting ambassadors and other
. pu~lic . minietero, or con~uls," within the second section of the third article of the Constitution of the
Untte.d· S_tates. The. Un1.t&d Sta.tes v. Ortega, 11 Wheat. 467 ; 6 Cond. Rep. 394.
. (1!): On .th11 origlnal,iurisdiction or the Supreme Court, the following oaaes ho. ve been decided ; Ex partt-
~ea.rnel• 7 Wheat. SS; 5 Cond. llep. 225= U'Cluny "· Snllivnn, 2 Wheat. 369; 4 Cond. Rep. 162. The
C!I(UmluanlnSul'linceCompany v. Wlieelvmght, 7 Wheat. 634; 5 Cond. Rep. 334. United States v. Ham.
ilton 1 .~ _ Dil.l1 •. 17, .Ex :parte· Tobias Watkins, .s Peters, 193. Ex parte ~rune et a.l., 5 Peters 190. United
Sta\esv; Ravara, 2 Dall. 297, Cbqrokee Nation v. The State ofGeorgta, 5 Peters, 1. The State or New
Jersoy ;t~; 'I'he State ·of _ New .York, 5 Peten, 2~4. Elt parte Juan Madrazzo, 7 Peters, 627. The State
. ·()f Rhode lshmd :11,.The, State or Massachusetts, 12 Peters, 607-755. Cohena "·The State of Virginia, 6
, 'Wh8!-l• 264:: : 5·Cond, 'R~p. 90; Osborn o; The Bank of the United Sta.tfle, 9 Wheat. '738 ; 5 Cond; Rep •
. 7~.1 .• . Fowl~r, et al. c. L~ndsey eta\., 3 Dall. 411.
,, .(e)" Vpoplhe . ~pp~Uate powers of the Supreme Court, the. following cases have been decided: United
. States"· Goodwtn,:7. Crancb, 108; 2 Cond. Rep. 434. W1scart v. Dauchy, 3 Dall. 821; 1 Cond. Rep.
144. Unlte:d . States: "·Moore, S Cranch, 159; 1 Cond. Rep. 480. Osborn v. The Bank of the United
Bta:te8~ .9 VV:h~at. - 738: 6 Cond. Rop. 741. <;>wings v. Norwood's Lessee, 6 Crancb, a44; 2 Cond. Rep.
~7Q". ~artin \I•.Honter•s Leseee, 1 Wheat. 304; 3 Cond. Rep. 575. Gordon "· Caldcleugh, 8 Crsncb,
. ~68. ; . 1 Cond_. Rep. ·624.- Es: parte KearMy, 7 Wheat. 38; 6 Cond. Rep. 225; Inglee 11, Coolidge; 2 Wheat.
· 863;. 4 Cond. Rop. 14><5. Gel11ton et al. v. Hoyt, S Wheat. 246; 4 Cond. Rep. 244. Nicholls et al. v.
J.I~gea•:"Ex'r, 1 Peters, 562. Buelv. Viiln Ness·, 8 Wheat. 312 ;· 5 Cond. Rep. 445. Miller'-'· Nicholls, 4
. . · :Wlie.a_c, 31.1 ; :4 Cond. ~ep. 465.. M:mhowa ": ~ane et. at. 7 .Wbeat. 164; 5 Cond. Rep. 265: Houston v •
. 1tf:oore-, 3Wheat. _ :43S; 4Cond. ·Rep. .2!:!6. Wtlhams v. Noms, 12 Wheat. 117; 6 ·e ond. Rep.462. Mont•
.gl)~ery ~;- :Jf;erna.nde7., ~2; Wheat. 1.29; 6 C~nd. Rep. 475. Gibbons v. Ogden, 6 Wheat. 448; 6 Cond.
lt.~f!·_ l~. \Ve!!tOil et al. 11. The Ctty Counc1l 9f Charleston, 2 Peters, 449.
. {d) M1lls tJ,' Dur,ee, 7 Cra1.1ch, 481; .2 C.o od. Rep. 678 . . ·Hampton v. M'Connel, 3 Wheat. 234; 4 Cond,
1\ep. 249 •. Bee "ct of May 26, 17901. chap. 11. Act of Much 27, 1804, cbap.56. ·
ta.ve therefrom The question can never be how much he is discharged lrom; but wbetber be is. dis-
char ed from a~ service by the natural and necessary operation of the State _laws, o~ S~te regulatton~.
11
The~ ueation iB !ot one or quantity and degree, but or withholding or contro1hng the IDCldents of a pOSl·
tiv~~g:;ner 'or a fugitive slave has the same right to take. h!m in a State to whic~ h~ has e!lc.aped or
fled, that he had in the State from which he escaped; and 1~ 18 well known that th1s r1ght to scLzure or
re·capture is·univenally acknowledged in all the slave.holdmg .States. IWd.
.Instrument# 2017026407 Page 200 of 235
I -
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNI'J;'ED STATES.. J9

of
be delivered up on claim the party to ~hom such service or labour
may be due.( a) ·. . .
§ 3. New States may he admitted by the Congress inio this. Union; New States.
but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of Formation of
any other8tate; nor any State b~ formed .by the junction .of two or of new States out
other States.
more States, or parts of States, Wlthout the consent of the legislatures
of the States concerned, as well as. of the Congress. .
The Congress shall have power to dispose of ·and make all needful Congress to
rules and _regulations respectin~ the .terri~ory or o~he~ property belml.ging. ~lsp~s~o:z.era.~d
to the Umted States; and nothmg m thlB Constitution shall be 8o eon~ make ·regula-
s~rued as to prejudice any claims of the Unit~d States, or of any par- · tions respecting
tJcular State. · . the territories
<'i. ~ Th U '1 d g h · or other proper·
'J OJ,. • e m~e tates s aU guarantee to every State in this Union ty of the u. s.
?- rep?bhcan form of go~ern_ment, and shal~ protect each of them against Guaran.tee by ·
mvasion; an~ on apphcat10n of the legislature, 01' of the executive, !!;u~ic:~ ;:,'n:
(when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violenee. of government
ART. V. The Congress, whenever two tpirds of both Houses shall to every State;
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constit~tion, or, on · ~!tee;~~t::~d
the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall fl'om invasion,
call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall and against do·
be valid to all intentfl and purposes, as -part of this Constitution, when mastic .vio·
ratified ~y t~e legislatures. of three fourths .of the several States, or by le~:endmentt
conventLOns .m three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of to Constitution,
ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided, that .no amend;. No State,
ment,_ w h lC · toth e year one-!housand eight hundred sent,
. h rna.¥ b e rnade pnor without itB' con·
shall bo
and eight, shall _m any manner affect .the first_ and fourth clauses in the deprived of an
.ni_nth section of the first article; and that no Stat_e, without its cdnsent, equal suffrage
shall be deprive d of its equal suffrage iu the Senate. in the Senate.
AR-r. VI. · All debts contracted, and en!ragements entered into, before Debts &c.,
~ contra.cted be-
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United fore the adop·
Shtes, under this Constitution, as under the confederation. tion oftheCon-
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shal) be stitution to be
valid against
rnade in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be the u.s.
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
Jaw of the land : and the judges, in every State, shall be bound thereby,
any th_ ing in the Constitution or· Jaws of any State to the contrary not- Th_e--dorurtitu.
tion and laws
withstanding. . of the U.s. or
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- treaties, the
hers of the several State Jegislatnres, and aU executive and J"ndicial supreJPe law of
the land,
officers, both of the United States and of the several States,. shall be Oath or affir·
bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no mation. to np·
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or . tution.
port the Consti· ·
public trust under the United States. No relisriou11
· ART. VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States, sha1J be teet aqua1ifica•
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States .~f3~a~~!~r
so ratifying the same. the poristitut.ion.
Done in ·Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the

seventeenth day if September, in the year of uur Lord one tlwusand
(a) Prig~"· The Commonwealth o.f Pennsylvania. 16 Peters,, 639. The clau.s~ in the Co!lstitu~ion re-
lating to fugitives from labour mamfestly contempiates the eXIstence of a positive, unqualified ngbt on .
the part of the owner of the ;lave, whic~ noS~ ~aw or regul_ati_on can in any way qualjfy, r~gulate,
control, or restrain. Any law or regulation ~htcb .mterrupts, l1m1ts., d.elays, or pos_tpon~s the nghts of
the owner to the immediate command of h1s semce or labour, operates pro tanto, a discharge of tbe
11lave therefrom. The question can never be how much he i.s discharged from; bnt wbetber he is. dis-
charged from any ser~ice· by the natural and neMssary ~perat1~n of the State _laws, o~ S?'te regulation~.
The question is not one of quantity and degree, but of w1tbholdmg or controlling the mctdents of a pOBl·
tive right. . · . . . .
The owner of a fugitive slave has the same nght to ts.ke. ~m m a State to whtc~ h!' has e!!c.aped or
fled, that he had in the State from which he escaped; and 1~ IB well known that tb1s r1gbt to sclZure or
re-capture is· universally acknowledged in all the slave-holdmg _States. IWd.
Instrument# ,2017026407 Page 201 of 235
~- THE CONSTITUTION OF ·Tn:E· UNITED STATES.

se11en. h~ndrul and eignty·seven, and of the indepenclence of the United
.States of America. the twelfth. l1' witness whereof we have· hereunto
· · . subscribed our nizmes.
·,. ..
. ' ·. GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT, and Deputy from Virginia.
New Hampskire;-John Langdon, Nieholas Gilman.

··.·. -.::··. .. · Massachusetts.~Natbaniel Gorham, Rufus King.
·Connecticut.-William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman.
:... New York....,...Aiexander Hamilton.
· New Jersey.-William Livingston, David Brearley, William Paterson,
Jonathan D11-yton. ·
. . Pennsylvania.-Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Miffiin, Robert Morr-is,
George ·clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson,
Gouverneur Morris. ·
. Delaware.-George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jun., John Dickinson,
Richard Bassett, Jacob Br~m. .
·. Maryland.-Jarues 1\'l'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, .Daniel
Carroll.. ·
-Virginia.-John Blair, James Madison, Jun.
. North Carolina.-William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh
Williamson. · .
. Boutk Ct:trolina.-John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
·Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. . · '
Georgia.-.-William Few, Abraham Baldwin.
. Attest: WILLIAM lAcK.soN, &oretm-y.
: ; ; .'
·._,··
·' . . .·
. ·· :
BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS.
/
THE
lPnblic Statutes at large

OF TBE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

FROM THE
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT IN 1789, TO MARCH 3, i845.

AlUlAHG:E:D Ill OBRONOLOGICIAL :olUlEB.
WITH
REFERENCES TO THE MATTER OF EACH ACT AND TO THE SUBSEQUENT ACTS

ON THE SAME SUBJECT,
AND
COPIOUS NOTES OF THE DECISIONS

OF THE
\ttourtG of t~e tllniteb 9tatt»

CONSTR.U"rNG THOSE ACTS, AND UPON THE SUBJECTS OF THE LA.WS.
WITH AN
INDEX 'l'O TilE CON~ENTS OF E.A,;CH VOL U.ME,

.AND A
FULL GENERAL INDEX TO THE WHOLE ·WORK, IN THE CONCLUDING VOLUME.
'XOGE'I'HElt WITU
l!tbe l'.Detlatatron of lnlJepenlJence, tbe. li\ltt£r;bn of eonfebetutfon, anb

tj)e <ltoustttutton of tbe a:nih'll ~tatn ;
AND ALSO,
TABLES, IN THE LAST VOLUME 1 CONTAINING LISTS OF THE AOTS RELATING TO THE J'UiHCIARV 1
' IMPOSTS AND TONNAGE1 THE PUBLIC LANDS1 ETC.
EDITED BY
R I C H A R D P E T E R S, E S Q.,
COUNSELLOR AT LAW.
The rights a.n<llntcre:st oC the United States In the st.ereocype plates :rrom whfeh thls work is printed, are hereby recognised,·
acknowledll'!d, and declared by the publlshC1'8 1 accordln!' to 'he 'l'tO ..Ir'ons of the 'oint reaoluUon ot CongrCBs1 passed March s,tsts.
VOL. VIII.
BOSTON;
'
LITTIJE, BROWN AND COMPANY.
\ S67. ..JI( •. •
Instrument# _20.17026407 Page 203 of 235
:. . . ;. -.- --.
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KF5o
.u.s
trot~
~th SJ-
: ..
-------------------------------~--
Er.. ~red according to act of Congress, in the year 1846, by
CHARLES C. LITTLE & JAMltS BnGwN,
In ihe Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of Ma1!sachueeth
·-· , ·
.•
; .. . .-_
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·. _ ..... .
Instrument# 2 17026407 Page 204 of 235
TREATIES.
---
TREATY-MAKING POWER.
BY the ARTICLES OF CoNFEDERA'l'IO.S of July 8, 1778, the followin«
provisions were made relative to treatiea by the United States:
Article 6, section 1. "No state, without the consent of the United
States, in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive
any embassy from, or enter into any confirmed agreement, alliance-or
treaty with any king, prince or state; nor shall any person holding any
office of profit or trust under the United States or any of them, accept
of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatsoever, from
any king, prince or foreign state; nor shall the United States in Congress
assembled, or any ofthem, grant any title of nobility." Vol. I. 5.
SEc. 2. "No two or more states shall enter into any tre~ty, confe-
deration or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of th~
United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes
for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue."
Vol. I. 5.
Article 9, sec. 1. H The United States in Congress assembled shall
have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace
and war, except in cases mentioned in the sixth article; of sending and
receiving ambassadors, entering into treaties and alliances, provided
that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power
of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such i~posts
and duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from
prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or
commodities whatsoever; of establishing rules for deciding in all cases
what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner
prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States
shall be decided or appropriated ; of granting letters of marque and re-
prisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and
felonies committed on the high seas; and establishing courts for receiving
and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures; provided that
no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said
courts." Vol. I. 6.
SEo. 6. ''The United States in Congress assembled shall never en-
gage in a war nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace,
nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate
the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the
defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills
nor borrow money on the credit of t.he United States, nor appropriate
money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or pur-
chased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a
commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to
the same; nor shall a question on any other point except for aojourning
from day to day, be determined unless by the votes of a majority of thG
United States in Congress assembled." VoL I. 8. ·
THE CoNSTITUTION OF TilE UNITED STATES, article~. section 2, pro-
vides-•l He (the President of the United States) shall have power, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided.
VOL. VIII. 1 A (1)
'fREATIES.
two-thirds of the Senators present concur; l1e shal.l nominate, and by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, appomt ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls, judges of.the Supreme Court, ~nd all otl~er
officers of the United States whose appomtments are not herein otherWISE'
provided for, and w-hich may be established by law." Vol. I_. 17.
· · Article 6. . "This Constitution, and the laws of the Umted States
· which ·shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made or
which shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be
· · the supreme Jaw of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be
· bound thereby, any thing in the con_stitution or laws of any state to the
contrary notwithstanding." Vol. I. 19.
CASES DECIDED IN THE COURTS. OF TilE UNITED STATES, AS TO TilE

OB"LIGATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF TREAT1ES.
The obligation of a treaty, the supreme law of the land, m~st b~ ad-
mitted. The execution of the contract between the two nat10ns 1s to
be demanded from the executive of each nation; but whe~e a treaty
affects the rights of parties litigating in court, the treaty as much binds
those rights, and is as much regarded by the Supreme Court as an act
of Gongress. . United States v. The Schooner Peggy, I Cranch, 103;
1 Cond. Rep. 256.
The termination of a treaty, by war, does not divest rights of pro-
per(y already vested under it. Society for the Propagation of the Gos-
pel v. 'l'he Town of New Ha\·en, 8 Wheat. 464; 5 Cond. Rep. 489.
Nor do treaties, in genera], become extinguished, ipso facto, by war
between the two governments. Those stipulating for a permanent
arrangement of territorial and other national rights, are, at most,
suspended during the war, and revi\·e at the peace, unless they are
waived by the parties, or new and repugnant stipulations are made.
Ibid. ·
Where a treaty is the law of the land, and as such affects the rights
of parties .litigating in court, that treaty as much binds those rights~ and
is as much to be regarded by the court, as an act of Congress. To con-
demn a vessel, therefore, the restoration of which is directed by the
· law of the ]and, though restoration be an executi\·e act, would he a
direct infractiOn of that law, and, of consequence, improper. United
States v. The Schooner Peggy, 1 Cranch, 103 i. I Cond. Rep. 256.
· A treaty, under the sixth article, section 2, of the Constitution, being
the supreme law of the land, the treaty of peace of 1783 operated as a
repeal of aU state laws previously enacted, inconsistent with its provi-
sions. Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dall. 199; I Cond. Rep. 99.
· :When~ver a right grows ~~t of, or is protected by, a treaty, it pre-
valls agamst aU laws, or deCJswns of the courts of the states and who-
. '
el'er ·may have the right under the treaty, is protected. But, if the
person's titl~ is .not afi'ected by the treaty,!f he claims nothing under
the treaty 1 h1s title cannot -be protected by tt.. Ibid.
The st!pulation in a treaty, that ':free ships shall make free goods,"
does not Imply the converse proposition, that enemy's ships shall make
'enemy's goods. 'l'he Nereide, Bennet, Mnster, 9 Cranch, 388; 3 Cond.
-Rep; 439. ·
· A treaty is, in its nature, a contract between two nations not a leuis-
la~ive act. It. does not generally effe~t of itselr the object t~ be acc~m
phshed, especially so far as its operation is infra-territorial; but is carried
.~nto execution by tlle .sovereign _power of the respective parties to the
mstrument. Foster et al. v. Ne~lson, 2 I,eters, 314; United States v.
Arredondo, 6 Peters, 73ii .
.Jn .the United States, n different principle is established. Our Cou-
stJtutlOn declares a treaty to be the law of the Jnnd. It is, wnsequently,
, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · . - -·
TREATIES. .a
to be r~garded i!l courts of justice as equivalent to an act of the legisla-
ture,, ~vhenever It operates of itself, without the aid of any legislative
provtsl~n. .But, when. the terms of the stipulation import a contract,
when e1th~r of the part1es engages to perform a particular act, the treaty
ad~resses Itself to the political, not the jud~cial department; and the
leg1slature must execute the contract; before it can become a rule for
the court. Ibid.
By the ~tipul~tions of .a treaty! are to. be understood its language and ·
apparent mtent10n, mamfested m the mstrument, with a reference to
the contracting parties, the subject matter, and the persons on whom it
is to operate. United States"'· Arredondo et ai, 6 Peters, 710.
A treaty of cession is a deed of the ceded territory, and the sovereign
is the grantee; the act is his, as far as ,it relates to the cession; the
treaty is hts act and deed, and all courts must so consider it: and deeds
are construed in equity by the rules of law. Ibid. 738.
Where a treaty is executed in two languages, each the language of
the respective contracting parties, both parts of the treaty are originals,
and both are intended to convey the same meaning. Ibid.
Where a treaty has been ratified according to the provisions of the
Constitution, it becomes the law of the land; and it is perfectly imma-
terial, whether or not the persons who signed it did or did not transcend
their instructions. Hamilton v. Eaton, North Carolina Cases, 77.
A treaty does not necessarily annul prior statutes, if there is no in-
terference wiLh them. Ibid.
The stipulations in a treaty between the United States and a foreign
power, are paramount to the provisions of the constitution of a particu-
lar state, or the confederacy. Lessee of Harry Gordon v. Kerr et al
1 Wash. C. C. R. 322.
A treaty between the United States and one belligerent, docs not
affect a question of prize, as between two belligerents, where the prize
(captured from the belligerent making the treaty) is brought by the
other belligerent into the ports of the United States; nor is it important
that the capturing vessel was commanded by an American citizen. The
treaty can bind only the parti.es to it; and whatever operation it may
have on the American citizen, indivi~uaUy, it cannot affect the general
question of the validity of prizes made between belligerents. The San-
tissima Trinidad, 1 Brockerib. 0. C. R. 478.
A judgment of a state court, where jurisdiction was acquired, not by
the common law, but by a statute of a state, which, before the rendition
of the judo-ment, had bean virtually repealed by the adoption of a treaty,
was voida"'ble, and not void. Livingston v. Van Ingen, Paine's C. C.
R. 55.
In 1780, the ancestor of the lessors of the plaintiff was indicted, he
beina a British subject, in the Supreme Court of New York, under the
act :r1titled "An act for the forfeiture and sale of the property of persons
who have adhered to the enemies of this state," &c. ; and in October,
1783, a judgment of forfeiture against his estates was rendered. The
treaty of 1783, against any subsequent confiscation, was signed in Sep-
tember, 1783. Held, that the proceedings were void. Ibid.
The stipulations of a treaty are paramount to the provisions of the
constitution of a particular state of the United States. Gordon's lessee
v. J{err, 1 Wash. C. C. R. 322.
Whene\'er a right grows out of or is protected by a treaty, it is
sanctioned against all the laws and judicial decisions of ·the states; and
whoever may have this right is protected. But if the person's title is
not affected by the treaty, if he claims nothing under the treaty, bis
title cannot be protected by the treaty. Owing v. Norwood's lessee,
fi Crunch, :344. 2 Cond. Rep. 275.
The adoption of a tre1ty. with the stipulations of which the provisions
4· TREATIES.
of a state law are inconsistent, is equivalent to the repeal of such law

Les11ee of Fisher v. Harnden, 1 Paine, C. C. R. 55.
. A treaty gqe_s into operation from the date of the signature, if no
· ·other period is-agreed upon between the parties. Lessee of Hylton v
· Brown, 1 Wash; C. c; R. 343.
. The Constitution of the United States confers absolutely on the go-
vernment of the United States the power of making war and of making
'treaties. Consequently that government possesses the power of acquiring
territory; either by conquest or by treaty, The American Insurance
Company v. 356 bales of Cotton, 1 Peters,~.
The usage of the world is, if a nation be not entirely subdued, to
consiqer the holding of conquered territory as a mere military occupa-
tion, until its fate shall be determined at the treaty of peace. If it be
ceded by treaty, the acquisition is confirmed, and the ceded territory
·becomes a part of the nation to which it is annexed, either on the terms
stipulated in the treaty of cession, or on such as its new master shall
impose. On such transfer of territory it has. never been held, that the
relations of the inhabitants with each other are changed. Their relations
with their former sovereign are dissolved, and new relations are created
. between them and the government which has acquired their territory.
'1'he same act which .transfers their country transfers the allegiance of
those who remain in it, and the law which may be denominated political
is necessarily changed, although that which regulates the intercourse and
general conduct of individuals remains in force until altered by the
newly created power of the state. Ibid•
. · .... ; .
~------ -- -- -
.· ·.-. ·_: . .:. .

TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP .
: '. · :Between the. United States of America, and His Imperia•

. _Majesty the Emperor. of Murocco. .(a)
.Janua'rr, 1787. To all Persons to whom these Presents shall come or be made known.
·WHEREAS the United ·states of America, in Congress assembled, by
. their commission bearing date the twelfth day of 1\!ay, one thous~d
seven hundred and eighty-four, thought proper to constitute John Adams.
Senjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson, their Ministers Plenipoten-
tiary; giving· to them, or a majority of them, full powers to confer, treat
and: negooiate ·with the Ambassador, Minister, or Commissioner of his
Majesty the Emper.or of Mor~, cone:r~ing a treaty of amity and
oommerce; ·to make and recetve propos1t1ons for such treaty. and to
oonclude and aign the same, transmitting it to the United States in Con-
gress assembled, for their final ratification; and by one other commU..
sion, bearing date the eleventh day of March, one thousand seven hun-
. dred and eighty-five, did furth~r empower the said Ministers Plenipoten-
.tiliry; or a majority of them, by writing under their hands and seals,
.to appoint such agent· in the said business as they might think proper,
with authority ·under the directions and instructions of the said Minis-
ters, to· commence and prosecute the said negociations and conferences
for the said treaty, provided that the said treaty should be signed by the
said. .Ministers: And whereas we, the said John Adams and Thomas
Jefferson, two of the said Ministers Plenipotentiary (the said Benjamin
Franklin being absent) by writing under the hand and seal of the said
· John Adams at· London, October the fifth, one thousand seven hundred
an~ eighty-five:, and of the said Thomas Jeffer.son ·at Paris, October the
. ·eleventh of the same year, did appoint Thomas Barclay, agent in the
· bqsiness afores~d, giving him the powers th~rein, which, by the said
·secor:td commission, we were authorized to give, and the said Thomas
· Barclay, in pursuance thereof, hath arranged articles for a treaty of
am]ty and commerce between the United States of America, and his
·Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, which articles, written in the Arabie
language, confirmed by his said Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, and
sealed with his royal seal, being translated into the language of the said
.l:T11ited States of America, together with the attestations thereto annexed,
are in th~ follow~ng W!Jrds, to wit :
, ROYAL
SEAL.
: -; In the Name of ALMIGHTY Gon.
. ' . ... . · This is ~ Treaty of Peace a.nd Fri~~dship established between us
and theUmted States of Amenca, wh1eh is confirmed and which we
· have ordered to be written in this book, and sealed with our royal seal,
. at our court. of Morocco, on the twenty-fifth dar of the blessed month
.· of Shahan, m the year one thousand two hundred trusting in God it
•· will remain permanent. '
ARTICLE I.
We declare that both parties have agreed that this treaty, consisting
. :: .. : . -~'(a) By 11 nn act making an appropriation for the purpose ~herein mentioned," passed 1\Iarch 3, 1791,
· . •.· · ·. L~wli,sM.U.S. vct t, 214, tw~nty thoWiand dollars arc appropnated for effecting a negotiation of the treaty
. ,. •'.· .W.tt. oro~; 8eptember 16, 183(i, post; 484.
{100;
•. ·.
fR.EATY WITH MOROCCO. 1787. 101

of twenty-five articles, shall be jnserted in this book, and delivered to Emperor's
the Honorable Thomas Barclay, the agent of the United States, now at consent to the
our court, with whose approbation it has been made, and who is duly treaty.
authorized on their part to treat with us concerning all the matters con·
tained therein. ·
ARTICLE ll.
/
If either of the parties shall be at war with any nation \vhatever, the Neither party
other party shall not take a commission from the enemy, nor fight under shall take com.
their colours. mission from·
the enemy of
ARTICLE III. the other.
If either of the parties shall be at war with any nation whatever, an~ Regulation in
take a prize belonging to that nation, and there shall be found on board case of capo
turos.
subjects or effects belonging to either of the parties, the subjects shall
be set at liberty, and the effects returned to the owners. And if any
goods belonging to any nation, with whom either of the parties shall be
at war, shall be loaded on vessels belonging to the other party, they shall
pass free and unmolested, without any attempt being made io take or
detain them.
ARTICLE IV.
A signal or pass shall be given to all vessels belonging to both parties, Signal or pass
by which they are to be known when they meet at sea; and-ifthe com- to be given to
mander of a ship of war of either party shall have other ships under vessels.
his conv.oy, the declaration of the commander shall alone be sufficient
to exempt any of them from examination.
ARTICLE V.
If either of the parties shall be at war, and shall meet a vessel at sea . How vessels
belonging to the other, it is agreed, that if an examination is· to be shall be ex-
amined in time
made, it shall be done by sending a boat with two or three men only ; of war.
and if any gun shall be fired, and injury done without reason, the
offending party shall make good aU damages.
ARTICLE VI.
If any Moor shall bring citizens of the United States, or their effects, Cit~ens of the
to his Majesty, the citizens shall immediately be set at liberty, and the U. 8. captured,
effects restored; and in like manner, if any Moor, not a subject of these to be released.
dominions, shall make prize of any of the citizens of America, or their
effects, and bring them into any of the ports of his Majesty, they shaU
be immediately released, as they will then be considered as under his
Majesty's protection.
ARTICLE VII.
If any vessel of either party shall put into a port of the other, and Vessels want·
have occasion for provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished ~egr::J:~~~d.to ·
without any interruption or molestation. ·
ARTICLE VIII.
If any vessel of the United States .shaii meet with a di~aster at sea, Provieionin
and put into one of our ports to repa1r, she shall be at hberty to land case of misfor·
and re-load her cargo, without paying any duty whatever. tune.
ARTICLE IX.
If any vessel of the United States shall be cast on shore on any part
of our coasts she shall remain at the disposition of the owners, and no
one shall att~mpt going near her without their approbation, as she is
J2 .
I Instrument# 2017026407 Page 210 of .235
. .
102' TREA'l'Y WITH MOROCCO. 1787.
Regulation in then considered particularly under our prote.ction; · and if any vessel of
case of ship• the. United States shall be forced to put. mto our ports by stress of
. wreck. and . weather, or otherwise, she shall not be compelled to land ~er cargo, but
being _forced shalf remain in tranquility until the commander shall thmk proper to
Into port.
.· :,• proceed on his -voyage.
ARTICLE :X.
.· Vessels pro· · ·'If any '!essel of either ofthe par~ie~ shall have B;D ~ngagement with a
tected in cer• . vessel belonging to any of the Chr1st1an powers w1thm gun shot of the
·cam~ases. forts of the other, the vessel so engaged shall be defended and protecte4
as inuch as
possible until she is in safety ; and if any American vessel
shall be cast on shore on the coast ofWadnoon, or any coast thereabout,
. th~ people belonging to her shall be protected and assisted, until, by
the help of God, they shall be sent to theu country.
ARTICLE XI.
Privile~es ()£
. If we shall be at war with any Christian power. and any of our vessels
vesilels m case sail from the ports of the United. States, no vessel belonging to the
. of WIU'.. ·
enemy shall follow until twenty-four hours after the departure of our
vessels'; and the same regulation shall be observed towards the Ameri-
can vessels sailing from our ports, be their enemies_ Moors or Christians.
ARTICLE XIL
Ships of war If any ship of war belonging to the United-States shall put into any
belonging to of our ports, she shall ·not be ~xamined on any pretence whatever, even
U. S. not to bo though ·she should have fugitive slaves on board, nor shall the governor
. examiped.
or commander of the place compel them to be brought on shore on any
ptetext, nor require any payment for them.
ARTiCLE Xill.
Ships of war If a ship of war of either party shall put into a port of the other and
to bti salut!)d. salute, it. shall be returned from the fort with an equal number of guns,
not with. more or less.
ARTICLE XIV.
Commerce on The com~erce with the United States shall be on the same footing
the footing of as is the commerce with Spain, or as that with the most favoured nation
. the moet til•
.Youred nation. -for the. time being; and their citizens shall be respected and esteemed,
and have full liberty to pass and repass our country and seaports when-
ever they please, without interruption. ·
ARTICLE XV.
Privileges of Merchants of both countries shall employ only such interpreters, and
~erchants. such other persons to assist them in their business, as they shall think
proper. No commander of a vessel shall transport his cargo on board
anoth~r vessel; he shall not be de~ained in port longer than ·he may
think proper; and all persons employed in loading or unloading goods,.
or in any other labour whatever, shall be paid at the customary rates,
1_1ot more and not less. ·
ARTICLE XVI.
of
~R caSe Will'• In case of a war between tbe parties, the prisoners are not to be
pzisoners not to made shwes, but to.be exchanged one for another, captain for captain,
be enslaved,
b.li_t exchanged. officer for officer, and one private man for another; and if' there shall
pr:ove a deficiency on either side, it shall be made up by the payment
of one hundred !Wexican doUars for each person wanting. And it is
agreed that all pnsoners shall be exchanged in twelve months from the
time of their being taken, and that this exchange may be effected by a
. merchant or any ot4er {)erson authorized by either of the parties.
TREATY WITH MOROCCO. 1787. l03
ARTICLE XVll. Alerchants

may buy and
Merchants shall not be compelled to buy or aell any kind of goods sell·all g~
but such as they shall think. proper; and may buy and sell all sorts of except those
merchandize but such as are prohibited to the other Christian nations~ ot
prhohibit~ to
erChrwlian
nations..
ARTICLE XVDL
All goods shall be weighed and examined before they are sent on Goods to be
board, and to avoid all detention of vessels, no examination shall after· examined be~
wards be made, unless it shall first be proved that contraband goods fore sent on
board, and not
have been sent on board, in which ease, the persons who took the con- afrer, unless fD
traband goods on board, shall be punished according to the usage and case of fraud.
custom of the country, and no other person whatever shall be injured,
11or shall the ship or cargo incur any penalty or daJ.Ilage whatever.
ARTICLE XIX.
No vessel shall be detained in port on any pretence whatever, nor be Vessels notte»
obliged to take on board any articles without the consent of the com- be detained.
mander, who shall be at full liberty to agree for the freight of any goods
he takes on board.
ARTICLE XX.
If any of the citizens of the United States, or any persons under their How disputea
protection, shall have any disputes with each other, the consul shall shall be settled.
decide between the parties, and whenever the consul shall require any
~id or assistance from our government, to· enforce his decisions, it shall
be immediately granted to him.
ARTICLE XXI.
of
If a citizen the United States should kill or wound a Moor, or, on How crimes
the contrary, if a Moor shall kill or wound a citizen of the United shall be punish·
States, the law of the country shall take place, and equal justice shall ed.
be rendered, the consul a:ssisting at the trial; and if any delinquent
shall make his escape, the consul shall not be answerable for him iu
any manner whatever.
ARTICLE x.xn.·
If an American citizen shall die in our country, and no will shall How estates
appear, the consul shall take possession of his effects ; and if there !ihall of deceased
citizens shall be
be no consul, tbe effects shall be deposited in the hands of some person disposed of.
worthy of trust, until the party shall appear who has a right. to demand
them ; but if the heir to the person deceased be pre5ent, the property
shaii be delivered to him without interruption ; and if a will shall ap.
pear, the property shall descend agreeable to that will as soon as the
consul shaH declare the validity thereof.
ARTICLE XXIIL
The consuls of the United States of America, shall reside jn any sea- Consals and
port of our dominions that they shall think proper ; and they shall be their privUep.
respected, and enjoy· all the privileges which the consuls of any other
nation enjoy; and if any of the citizens ofthe United States shall eon~
tract any debts or engagements, the consul shall not be in any manner
accountable for them, unless he shall have given a promise in writing
for the payment or fulfilling thereof, without. which promise in wri~ing,
no application to him for any redress shall be made. ·
104 . TREATY WITH MOROCCO. 1787.
ARTICLE XXIV.
. Regulations in If any differences shall arise by either party infri~ging o~ any of. the
CMe of war. articles of this treaty, peace an~ harmony ~hal~ remam nohnthstandmg,
in ·the fullest force, until a fnendly apphcatton shall be made for an
arrangement and until that application shall be rejected, no appeal shall
be made to' arms. And if a war shall break out between the parties,
nine months shall be grante~ to ~II the ~objects of both pa~ti';s, to dis.
pose of their effects and .retire With t~e1r property. And. 1t 1s further
declared that whatever mdulgences, m trade or othennse, shall be
to
granted any of the Christian Powers, the citizens of the United Stat~s
shall be equally entitled to them.
ARTICLE XXV
Duration ot' This treaty shall continue in full force, with the help of God, for fifty
treaty. years.
We have delivered this book into the hands of the heforementioned
Thomas Barclay, on the first day of the blessed month of Ramadan, in
the year one thousand two hundred. .
I certify that the annexed is a true copy of the translation made by
Isaao Cardoza Nunez, interpreter at Morocco, of the treaty be-
tween the Emperor of Morocco and the United States of America.
THOMAS BAltCLAY.
ADDITIONAL AR'fiCLE.
Grace to the only Gon.
Vessels of · I, the under-written, the servant of God, Taber Ben Abdelkack Fen-
U.S. to be pro· nish, do certify, that His Imperial Majesty, my master, (whom God pre·
tected. · serve,) having concluded a treaty of peace and commerce with the
United States of America, has ordered me, the better to compleat it
and in addition of the tenth article of the treaty, to declare. "That if
any vessel belonging to the United States, shall be in any of the ports
of his Majesty's dominions, or within gun-shot of llis forts, she shall be
. protected as much .as possible ; and no vessel whatever, belonging either
to Moorish or Christian Powers, with whom the United States may be
at war, shall be permitted to follow or engage her, as we now deem the
cjtizens of America our good friends."
. . And, in obedience to his Majesty's commands, I certify this declara-
tion' by putting my hand and seal to it, ·on the eighteenth day of Rama-
dan~( a) m the year one thousand two hundred.
The servani of the King; my master, whom God preserve,.
T AHER BEN ABDELKACK FENNISH.
I do certify that the above is a true copy of the translation made at

· '. Morocco, bf Isaac Co~d_oza Nunez, interpreter, of a declaration
. ·made and s1gned by 81d1 Hage Taher Fennish, in addition to the
· treaty between the Emperor of Morocco and the United States of
America, which declaration the said Taber Fennish made by the
. express directions of his Majesty.
THOMAS BARCLAY.
........ ~ -- ·-· ~~-
. ,(o)The Rumadanof the year af the Hogira 1200, eommcnced an the 28th June in the ycilr Of ou 1
· I,.ord 1786. · · , '
TREATY WITH MOROCCO. 1787. 105
Now, KNOW YE, That we, the said John Adams and Thomas Jeffer-
son, Ministers Plenipotentiary aforesaid, do . approve and conclude the
said treaty, and every article and clause therein contained, reserving
the same nevertheless to the United States in Congress assembled, for
thei~ final ratification.
In testimony whereof, we have signed the sarue with our names and
seals, at the places of our respective residence, and at the dates
expressed ·under our signatures respectively.
JOHN ADAMS, (L. s.)

London, January 25th, 1787.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, (L. •·)

Paris, Januar!Jlst, 1787
voJ:.. vm. 14
Sept. 16, 1836. TREATY WITH MOROCCO. (a}

Proclamation
of the President
,of .the U.S., In the name ot God, the merciful ana clement l
an. SO, 1837.
til Abd
..S Errahman m
~ lbenu Kesham, <D
s
~
whom God
exalt!
p?..
PRAISE BE TO Gon !
This is the copy of the Treaty of Peace which we have made w1th
the Americans and written in this book ; affixing thereto our blessed
seal, that, with the help of Go~, it may. remain firm forever.
Written at Meccanez, the c1ty of Ohves, on the 3d day of the month
J umad ellahhar·, in the year of the Hegira 1252. (Corresponding to
Sept. 16. A. D. 18g6.)
· Mutual agree• AaT. 1. We declare that both parties have agreed that this treaty,
ment of the consisting of twenty-five articles, shall be inserted in this book, and de-
parties to the livered to James R. Leib, agent of the United States, and now their
treaty.
resident consul ,at Tangier, with whose approbation it has been made,
and who is duly authorized on their part, to treat with us, concerning
all the matters contained therein.
Neither party ART. 2. If either of the parties shall be at war with any nation what-
to. take oomnus- ever, the other shall not take a commission from the enemy, nor fight
eions from an under their colors.
enemy~
Persons, &.e. ART. 3. If either of the parties shall be at war with any nation what-
· of one parry, ever, and take a prize belonging to that nation, and there shaH be found
captured in an
enemy's veesel, on board subjects or effects belonging to either of the parties, the sub-
to be released. jects• shall ~e set at liberty, and the effects returned to the owners. And
if any goods, belonging to any nation, with whom either of the parties
shall be at war, shall be loaded on vessels belonging to the other party,
they shall pass free and unmolested, without any attempt being made to
.take or detain them.
Vessels to h11ve : ART. 4. A signal, or pass, shall be given to all vessels belonging to
. Passports. both parties, by which they are to be known when they meet at sea;
and· if the commander of a ship of war of either party shall have other
ships under his convoy, the declaration of the commander shall alone
be sufficient to exempt any of them from examination.
Visit of vessels ART. 5. If either of the parties shall be at war, and shall meet a
at sea~
vessel at sea belonging to the other, it is agreed, that if an examination
· i11 to be made, it shall be done by sending a boat with two or three men
only: and if any gun shall be fired,. and injury done, without reason, the
offending party shall make good all damages•
· American citi· . . An.T. 6. If any Moor shall bring citizens of the United States, or
tens and effe('.ts t~eir eff'ects to his Majesty, the citi~ens. shall immediately be set at
to be restored. 1
hberty, and the efFects restored; and~ m hke manner, if any Moor not
a subject of these dominions, shall make prize of any of the citi~ens
----- .... · · · · - ; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(al For "the treaty with Morocco of January 1787, see ante, page 100.
. (484)
TREATY WITH MOROCCO. 1836. ..485
of America or their effects, and bring them into any of the ports of his
Majesty, they Bhall be immediately released, as they will then be con•
sidered as under his Majesty's protection .
.AnT. 7. If any vessel of either party, shall put· into a. port of the Veasels in p()rt
other, and have occasion for provisions or other supplies, they shall be tc> be supplied.
furnished without any interruption or molestation.
ART. 8. If any vessel of the United States, shall meet with a disaster No dntv Jn ·
at sea, and put into one of our ports to repair, she shall be at liberty to CIIB6 of VeBSell
putting in to
land and reload her cargo, without paying any duty whatever. repair. ·
ART. 9. If any vessel of the United States, shall he cast on shore. ~n Stranded vee.
imy part of our coasts,·she shall remain at the disposition of the owners, sels to be pro-
and no one shall attempt going near her without their approbation, as tected. ·
she is then considered particularly under our protection; and if any
vessel of the United States shall be forced to put into our ports by stress
of weather; or otherwise, she shall not be compelled to land her cargo~
but shall remain ip. tranquillity until the commander shall think proper
to proceed on his voyage
ART. 10. If any vessel of either of the parties shall have an engage- Vessels en.
ment with a vessel belonging to any of the Christian Powers, within gaged within
gunshotoffd!
gun-shot of the forts of the other, ·the vessel so engaged, shall be de- to be protectr
fended and protected as much as possible, untiJ she is in safety : and if
any American vessel shall be cast on shore, on the coas.t .ofWadnoon,
or any coast thereabout, the people belonging to her, shall be protected
and assisted, until by the help of God, they shall be sent to their coun-
try.
ART. 11. If we shall be at war with any Christian Power, and any Enemy's vee·
of our vessels sails from the ports of the United States, no vess~l belong- sets not allowecl
ing to the enemy shall follow, until twenty-four hours after the depar• to follow for 24
hours.
ture of our vessels : and the same regulations shall be observed towards
the American vessels sailing from our ports, be their enemies Moors or
Christians. .
ART. 12. If any shjp of war belonging to the United States, shall Ships ot war
put into any of our p9rts, she shall not be examined on any pretence not to be exa-
Dlined in port.
whatever, even though she should have fugitive slaves on board, nor
shall the governor or commander of the place compel them to be brought
on shore on any pretext, nor require any payment for them.
ART. 13. If a ship of war of•either party shall put into a port of the Salutes to be
other, and salute, it shall be returned from the fort with an equal nuni· returned.
her of guns, not more or less.
ART. 14. The co:rremerce with the United States, shall be on the same American com
footing as is the commerce with Spain, or as that with the most favored merce on til"
most favored
nation for the time being; and their citizens shall be respected and footing.
esteemed, and have full liberty to pass and repass our country and sea-
ports whenever they please, without interruption.
ART. 15. Merchants of both countries shall employ only such inter- Employment
preters, and such other persons to assist them in their business, as they of interpreter.,
shall think proper. No commander of a vessel shall transport his cargo &c.
on board another vessel; he shall not be detained in port longer than he
may think proper; and all persons employed in loading or unloading
goods, or in any other labor whatever, shall be paid at the customary
rates, not more and not less.
AnT. 16. In case of a war between the parties, the prisoners are not Exchange o•
to be made slaves, but to be exchanged one for another, captain for cap- prisoners.
tain, officer for officer, and one private man for another; and if there
2Q2
TREATY WITH :MOROCCO. 1836.

sh 3 U prove a deficiency on either side, it shall be made up ~y the pay
ment of one hundred Mexican dollars for each person wantmg. And
it is aareed that all prisoners shall be exchanged in twelve months from
the ti~e of' their being taken, and that this exchange may be effected
by a merchant, or any other person, authorized by either of the parties.
No compulsion ART. 17. Merchants shall not. be eompe\led to buy or sell any kind
1Qbuying or of goods but such as they shall think pro~e~ : and may buy and s~ll. all
selling; sorts of merchandise but such as are proh1b1ted to. the other Chnsttan
nations.
No examina- ART. 18. A11 goods shall be weighed ~nd examined before tl~ey ~re
tion of goods on sent on board; and to avoid ail detentiOn of vessels, no exammat10n
board, except, shall afterwards be made, unless it shall first be proved that contraband
&.c.
goods have been sent on board; in which case, the persons who took
·the contraband· gooda on board,. shall be punished according to the
usage and custom of the country, and no other person whatever shall
be injured, nor shall the ship or · cargo incur any penalty or damage
whatever.
.NG detenlion ART. 19. No vessel shaH be detained in port on any pretence what-
of vessels. ever, nor be obliged to take on board any article without the consent-of
the commander, who shall be at full liberty to agree for the freight of
.any goods he takes on board._
Disputes be· ART. ~0: If any of the citizens of the United States, or any person~
tween Ameri~ under their protection, shall have any dispute with each other, the
canst &c. lo be consul shall decide between the parties; and whenever the consul shall
decided by tho
consul, &c. require any aid, or assistance from our Government, to enforce his deci-
si<>ns, it shall be immediately granted to him.
Killing, &c. AaT. 21. If a citizen of the United States should kill or wound a
punishable by Moor, or, on the contrary, if a Moor shaH kill or wound a citizen of the
the law of the
country. United States, the law of the country shall take place, and equal justice
shall be remfered, the consul assisting at the trial; and if any delinquent
shall make his escape, the consul shaU not be answerable for him in any
manner whatever. ,
Persons dying An'i'. ~. If an American citizen shall die in our country, and no
intestate ; care will shall appear, the consul shall take possession of his effects; and if
of their effects. there shall be no consul, the effects shall be deposited in the hands of
some person worthy or trust, until the party shall appear who has~ a
right to-demand them; but if the heir t<J the person deceased be present,
the property shall be delivered to him without interruption; and if a
will shall appear the property shaH descend agreeably to that will, as
soon as the consul shall declare the validity thereo£
Residence ot' An.T. 23. 'fhe consul of the United States of America, shall reside
consul. [It is in any seaport of our dominions that they shall think proper : and they
tienei'lllly nt shall be respected, and enjoy all the privileges which the consuls of any
l'nngier.]
other nation enjoy : and if any of the citizens of the United States shall
contract any debts or engagements, the consul shall not be in any
manner u~countable for them, unless he shall have given a promise in
writing for the payment or fulfilling thereof; without which promise in
writing, no application to him for any redress shall be made.
No appenlto AnT. 24. If. any differ_ences shall arise by either party infringing on
arms until refu- any of the arttcles of thts treaty, peace and harmony shall remain not-
sal of friendly
urangemcnt. withstanding, in the fullest force, until a friendly application shaH be
made for an arrangement ; and until that application shall be rejected,
no appeal shall be made to arms. And if a war shall break out between
t.he parties, nine months shall be granted to all the subjects of both
parties, to dispose of their elfects and retire with their property. And
CONVENTION WITH PERU~BOLIVIA. lL ~. 487
it is further declared, that whatever indulgence, in trade or otherwise, In case of war,

.
shall be granted to any of the Christian Powers, the citizens of the allowed nine months
to seule
United States shall be equally entitled to them. atfnirs, &c.
ART, 25. This treaty shall continue in force, with the help of God, Treaty to last
for fifty years; after the expiration of which term, the treaty shall con- fift.v years, &c.
tinue to be binding on both parties, until the one shall give twelve
months' notice to the other, of an intention to abandon it; in which
case, its operations shall cease a~ 'the end of the twelve months.
Consulate of the United States of America. }

For the Empire of 11'Iorocco.
TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.
Be it known. Whereas the undersigned, James R. Leib, a citizen
of the United States of North America, and now their resident consul ·
at 'l'angier, having been duly appointed commissioner,. by letters patent,
under the signature of the President and seal of the United States of
North America, bearing date, at the city of Washington, the 4th day
of July A. D. 1835, for negotiating and concluding a treaty of :p_eac;e
and friendsltip between the United States of North America and the
Empire of Morocco; I, therefore, James R. Leib, Commissioner as
aforesaid, do conclude the foregoing treaty and every article and clause
therein contained; reserving the same, nevertheless, for the final ratifica- Final ratiJica.
tion of the President of the United States of North America, by and . tioureservedfoJ
8
with the advice and consent of the Senate. President U. •
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto affixed my signature, and the

seal of this consulate, on the 1st day' of October, in the year of
our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, and of the
Independence of the United States the sixty-first.
JAMES R. LEIB, (L. s.)
GENERAL CONVENTION OF PEACE, FRIENDSHIP,

COMMERCE, AND NAVIGATION,
Between the United States of America and the PerUr · Nov. 13, 1836.
Bolivian Confederation. Ratifications
exch1mged,
May 28, 1838.
THE United States of America and the PeJu-Bolivian Confederation, Proclamation
desiring to make firm and perml;lnent the peace and friendship which of the President
happily subsist between them, have resolved to fix, in a. clear, distinct, of the u. ..
~
Oct. 3, 1838.
and positive manner, the rules which shall, in future, be religiously Peace and
observed between the one and the other, by means of a treaty, or general friendship •.
convention of peace, friendship, commerce, and navigation.
For this desirable purpose, the President of the United States of Negotiators.
America has conferred full powers on Samuel Larned, Charge d' Af-
faires of the said States, near the Government of Peru ; and the
Supreme Protector of the north and ·south Peruvian States, President
of the Republic of Bolivia, encharged with the direction of the foreign
relations of the Pern-Bolivian Confederation, has conferred like powers
on John Garcia del Rio, .Minister of State in the Department of Finance
59TH CONGRESS 2D SESSION

DECEMBER 3, 1906-MARCH 4t 1907
HOUSE DOCUMENTS
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IN 112 VOLUMES i
VOL, 72 '
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WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1907

CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNITED STATES, EXPATRIA-

TION, AND PROTECTION ABROAD.
LETTER
. .
FROM
THE. SECRETARY OF STATE,

SUBl>U:rT[J.IiG
R:E:PORT ON THE SUBJECT OF CITIZENSHI:P, EXPATRIATION, AND

PROTECTION ABROAD,
DECEMBER 20, l906.~Ret'erred to tbe Committee on Forelgll Aftairs and ordered

to be prh1ted.
DEPAR'l'MENT OF STATE.
Washington, Decernber 18, i90(J.
Sm : On the 13th o£ .April, 1906, the Senate passed a joint .resolu-
tion providing for a commisSion to examine into the subjects of
citizenship of the United States, expatriation, and protection abroad;
and to make a report and recommendations thereon, to· be transmitted
to Congress for its consideration. The resolution carried an appro-
priation of $10,000 for the.·expeuse of the commjssion. (S. Res. No.
30, 59th Congress, 1st sessiOn.)
On the 6th of tTune, 1906, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs,
to which aforesaid joint resolution had been referred, reported to the
House ac; follows: · ·
It Is the opinion of the (-ommittee that legislation is required to settl~ some
Qf the embarrassing questhms that aril;e in reference. to citizenship, expatria-
tion, and the protection of American citizens abroad.. The committee, however,
is not convinced of the necessity of having a commissioil to consider these
que~tions or to prellare legi~latlon for submission to Cong~:ess. Such. commis-
sions nre sure to be leisurely, certnln to be costly, and apt to be ineffective.
It seems to the conunlttee that the same end <."<111 be. reached In a more practi-
cal way. More information on these questions cnn be furnislled by those who
hav-e been obliged to denl with them practically than by any commission of
outsiders, howe\·er distinguished. We should be glgd if tbe Secretary of State
would select some of the gentlemen connected with the State Department who
have given special attention to these subjects, ba ve them prepare a report and
propose leglslation tbnt could be considered by Congress at the next session.
'f'he result of such a commission we are confident would be of value. If there
was any sma11 ext)ense for clerl{ hire, etc., lrl . connection with Its work, this
eould, as we undetstand, be defrayed, under the direction of the Secretary of
State, from the general appropriations made by Congress. If a blll remedying
such ev-ils .as may e.."':lst is submitted .a t the beginning of the next session It
shall bm·e the careful attention of this committee, and If its contents are ap-
proved we will .m ake every endeavor to have lt promptly enacted into law.
( Rept. No. 4784, 5.9th (long., 1st ses.~. ) ·
Pursuant to this sugg-~stion of the Committee on Foreign A.ffaiz:s,
Mr. James H. Scott, sohc1tor for the Department of State, Mr. David
·:t ~· w ~ .•., _,.
! • ' '· .,. ~
'-~ ':-~·- ; ~~~d· ~(~·;. (1 ( )Q_ i.(~
tJi)'
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CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNITED STA.TES 1 EXPATRIATION, ETC. 459

CHAI'TEB. ¥.-Temporary provisions;
ART. 1. Aliens who have acquired real estate, who have had chil-
dren born to- them in Mexico, or who have held any public office,
being those referred to in sections X, XI, and XII of article 1 of this )
law, are bound to declare within six months aft~r .the promulgation
of this law, provided they have not done so previously, to the civil.
authorities of their place of residence whether they wish to acquire
:Mexican citizenship or to retain their own. In the former case they
·must imme(~iately ask. for ·their ce:--tificate of natp.ral_ization in the
form prescr1bed m article 19 of th1s law. If they fa1l to make the
declaration in question, they shall be considered Mexicans, except in
those cases where there has been an official declaration on this ·point.
. ART. 2. Colonists residing in the coun_try, being those referred to
m the last sentence of article 28 of this law, shall declare 1n the
manner prescribed by the preceding article under what nationality
they wish to be classed, and if it should be the Mexican, they shall
also ask for their certificate of naturalization, as prescribed by the
preceding article.
ART. 3. The Executive, in issuing. the necessary regulations for the
execution of this law shall be careful to give the proper directions
in order that the local authorities, so far as they are concerned, may
duly execute it. ' ·
[Signed] JuAN Jos.E BA.z, Deputy, President.
[Signed] PEDRO SANCHEZ CASTR{), Senator, President.
[Signed] RoBERTo NuxEz, Deputy, Secretary.
[Signed] GILDARDO GO~rnz, Senator, Secretary.
Wherefore, I order it to be printed, published, circulated,, and duly
executed.
Given in the national palace of Mexico, }lay 28, 1886.
PoRFIRIO DIAz.
To Citizen IGNACIO MA:niSCAL,
Secretary of State and of tile
Depm.'tment of Foreign. RelatioruJ.
In communicating it to you for your information and for the
necessary purposes, I assure you of my great consideration.
. MARISCAL.
MORocco.
Mr. Philip, charge d'affaires, to J!r. Root, Secretary of State, August
3, 1906. .
AMERICAN LEGATION'
Tangier, August 3, 1906.
Sm:
* * * • * ~ *
. :,rhere are, ?trictly_ speaJdng, no Moroccan laws relatini to citize:g-
ship of Moonsh subJects m Morocco. The fundamental . a.ws of this
non-Christian country are based entirely upon the lslamitic code, no
part of which treats of the subject of citizenship~
460 .C iTIZENSHIP OF THE UNITED STATES, EXPATRIATION, ETC.
There are; however1 numerous treaties and conventions between the

various Christian countries and the Moorish EmpireJ by means of
which citizenship in this country is defined; but, as I understand,
f;fm
o thet~:ve:;:;Fo!?iJdf:
ey . tme to~a l . . .·
~~:;fo~t~a}ij)~ot t~e: there-
· t 11 · n 1r .h mes i w1ll desire
fore confine thew remarks to general conaitions _existing; which may
possibly be of some use in connection with the information desired.
( 1) Citizenship in Morocco may be said to be governed by the laws
pertaining to the same in other countries, with the exception that all
persons residing jn Morocco who can Ddt prove foreign citizenship
or protection are considered ipso jure as Moorish subjects.
(2 and 3) Moorish subjects losttheir nationality-only by becoming
na~uraliZftd in~ or pr?tected by, another country having treaty re-
lations with the Moonsh Empire.
It was established by the Convention of Madrid, concluded July 3,
1880, as follows :
ARTICLE XV.
Any sub1ect of i\Iorocco who has been naturalized in a foreign country,

and who s1m.H return to Morocco. shall. after bavlng remained for a length
of time ggual to that which . shall have been regularly neeessorv for him to
obtafn such naturalization. choose between entire submission to the laws of
the Empire . and the obligation to ouit Morocco. unless it shall be proved. that
his naturalizatton in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the
Go\•ernr.rient of Morocco.
Foreign naturalization heretofore acquired by subiects of Morocco accord'-'
!ng to the rules established by the laws 0 t each country. shall be continued
to betm as regards an Its effects without ·any restr.lctloii,
The above ruling has never yet been acted upon, and should this
at any time be contemplated seriously, a large number of naturalized
people; American and others, residing in MoroccO; would be affected
thereby. . . .
(4 and 5} .Residence in foreign parts doe£; not affect the nation-
ality of Moorish subjects, and the Moorish Government has no
1Deans of protecting its subj¢cts permanently residing in other coun-
tries, ·with the exception of a so-called Moorish consul at Gibraltar
and a Moorish agent at Cairo; E~.
I am, etc.,
HoFFMAN PHILIP.
NETHERLANDS.
[Enclosures in despatcb !rom Mr. Hill, minister to the Netherlands, August 81, 1906.1
[Translut;fon. J
LAW OF DEC:E~I:UER 12, 1892, REGARDING NETHERLANDS CITIZENSHIP AND

. RESIDENTS HIP.
[O.tlleh1l Gazette No. 26S.J
In the name of Her Majesty 'Wilhelmina, by God's grace Queen of

We, Emma, Queen Dowager, Regent of the Kingdom, make lmown
the Netherlands, Princess of .Orange-Nassau, etc~ ·
to all 'Yhom it may concern,, that; . . . .
Havmg taken mto consideration. that 1t IS desirable to establish
some general provisions concerning Netherlnnds nationality in sub-
.,
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B
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stamp that bears the date November 16, 1934.
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OF REPRESENTATIVES ·
OF THE
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. :n lte.~. ::1
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THIRD DAY OF JANUARY, 1933 .
PART IY
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· HOUSE OF REPRESENT.ATIVEB 4861

Ml-. Pews moved thai the vote b7 which Resolution No. SO :pa.saed
the. Horue. btt recol16ideEed.
Mr. Forrest BI!Condecl the motion.
Tlle motion was agreed to.
M:r. P.et.em .moved .that this .reolution be J&id upon the table.
Ths motion WWI agreed. to~
Mr. Witldn called up resolution No. 15.
Tl!e resoltitiPn was read .as Jollowa:
In the BOilB!l ol .Reprt31!Dtative&, .Ap:rill7, 1933.
Many SOII/l and daagllt81'1J of that proqd arid handsome raae whiah
inspired the IUClhiteoture o! Northern A.!rlca li.lld. carried into Spain
the m1laence. Ol ita a.rtistia temperament have become citfma· of tiWl
Nation.
In the City olP.hiladelphla .tbero emta a Moorish•.American
Society made np .of. MoOn! w.ho have found here the end ol their
quilri ior a l!ome and ol the ehildren of thbse who journeyed here
from thtJ plains ol llforoaco. · ·
T1iia Society hu dcnze much to bring aboat .s thorough a&.orption
by thue people ot·thOf!e. principles which' are neceesat,y to make them
good . .A.muicm. cltizlml.
These Moorlsh-.Amerl~ have since being here m.issed tba use o!
the· titles !II1d name ll!liiexatioD.J tha.t 'Were Jio !alliilia:r at :home !II1d
wblah .are ased in acamiance 'Witll the dcctrines of the religioll.l .faith
to 'lt'hiah they are a!iherenta therefore be it
Rei!Olved. Tllai: tbii'Ilouse commends the. Moorish-.Amerlcan. So!!iety
ol F.hlladelp:hia !or the eillcient aemce Jt b11.11 l'endered the Nation
in bl'ingiDg about a speedy and thorough A.mer.leanizatio.n ol il!I!IIB
Jonna:r Moon aiu~ that in accordance' with tllo £allen :right of l'&-
ligions independimc11 paraiiteed every citizen we reco,IJilizl! .also the
right of these .,l!eople to U1!8 the name affixes El or .AH. ox- .I!!oc or
·iiii£otb:Fr'·prma''of'""Si1Jifj;to~wh1clr· the;rhavu--!rerato!ore- been- a().
IWBtl1med to uae or which thi!r mav herealte~cauir-!! the r:lgb.t
ton&!!.
· On the question,
Will the Honse adopt the resolution 1
rt waa adopted.
.\fr. Root otlered the following resolution which wllll

considered and adopted.
. . . . -- ._
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July 31, 2012 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 85727

The United States is the world leader Majesty's Dominions, or within Gunshot of on these issues includes data sharing,
in textile research and development. his Forts, she shall he protected as much as law enforcement partnerships, im-
American companies and universities possible and no Vessel whatever belonging proved capabilities to ov'ersee strategic
are developing new textile materials either to Moorish or Christian Powers with checkpoints, and joint efforts to termi-
whom the United States may be at War,
such as conductive fabric with shall be permitted to follow or engage her, as nate terrorist organization financing.
antistatic properties and high-tech tex- we now deem the Citizens of America our It is important to extend our warm
.tiles that monitor movement and heart good Friends. congratulations to His Majesty King
rates. A further indication of the early and Mohammed VI as well as to the people
When consumers in the United States close relationship between the United of Morocco on the anniversary of the
and around the world demand our prod- States and Morocco can be seen in a Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which
ucts, we deliver. letter President George Washington set the stage for continued and sus-
The United States textile industry is wrote to Sultan Mohammed III on De- tained engagement between our two
the third leading exporter of products cember 1, 1789. President Washington countries.
worldwide. In fact, recently total tex- wrote:
tile and apparel exports reached a It gives me pleasure to have this oppor-
record $22.4 billion. tunity of assuring your majesty that I shall
ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS
This legislation makes sense plain not cease to promote every measure that
and clear. Why shouldn't our national may conduce to the friendship and harmony
policies support American companies which so happily subsist between your em-
REMEMBERING JOHN W. MAHAN
and workers? pire and these . . . This young nation, just • Mr. BAUGUS. Mr. President, today I
We should be in the business of cre- recovering from the waste and desolation of wish to recognize a remarkable Mon-
ating policies that reward hard work- long war, has not, as yet, had time to acquire tanan and American. John W. Mahan,
ing Americans who work hard every riches by agriculture or commerce. But our or Jack as we all knew him, died peace-
day rather than supporting a Tax Code soil is beautiful, and our people industrious
and we have reason to flatter ourselves that
fully on Independence Day, July 4, at
and trade policies that help big compa- we shall gradually become useful to our his home in Helena, MT. He was my
nies send U.S. jobs overseas. friends. neighbor and friend. I ask my col-
Right now, the stakes couldn't be leagues in the Senate to join me in
higher. United States relations with Morocco
have strengthened in the decades and honoring Jack and offering condolences
That is why the Wear American Act to his family and loved ones.
and supporting American workers is so centuries following the historic treaty.
For example, during World War I, Mo- The Fourth of July was a fitting day
important. for this World War II veteran and life-
rocco was aligned with the Allied
forces, and in 1917 and 1918, Moroccan long national veterans' advocate to
U.S.-MOROCCO PEACE AND soldiers fought valiantly alongside leave this world. Majority leader Mike
FRIENDSHIP TREATY United States Marines at Chateau Mansfield, a veteran of World War I,
Mr. CASEY. Mr. President: I would Thierry, Mont Blanc, and Soissons. once said that Jack Mahan "has done
•During World War II, Moroccan na- more for the veterans of Montana and
like to take this occasion to extend
congratulations to His Majesty King tional defense forces aided American the nation than any other man I
Mohammed VI and the people of Mo- and British forces in the region. Mo- know."
rocco on the 225th anniversary of the rocco hosted one of the most pivotal Jack was born into a family dedi-
Treaty of Peace and Friendship be- meetings of the Allied leaders in World cated to national service. His father,
tween the United States and the King- War II. In January 1943, United States John Senior, served as the national
dom of Morocco. President Franklin Roosevelt, British commander of the Disabled American
Negotiations for this treaty began in Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Veterans as a brigadier general. John
1783 and the draft was signed in 1786. Free French commander Charles De Senior later served as Montana's adju-
Future Presidents John Adams and Gaulle met for 4 days in the Casablanca tant general. Jack's mother lola served
Thomas Jefferson were the American neighborhood of Anfa to discuss strat- as president of the American Legion
signatories. The treaty was then pre- egy against the Axis powers. It was Auxiliary in Helena.
sented to the Senate, which ratified it during this series of meetings that the After the .Japanese attack on Pearl
on July 18, 1787, making it the first Allies agreed to launch their conti- Harbor, Jack enlisted in the Navy Air
treaty to receive U.S. Senate ratifica- nental counter push against Axis ag- Corps. Jack went on to bravely serve as
tion. gression through a beach head landing a dive bomber pilot in the Pacific dur-
The treaty represented the second on the French Atlantic coast. ing World War II.
time that Morocco and the United Following Morocco's independence in After the war, Jack took the lead on
States affirmed diplomatic relations 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower tackling challenges facing his fellow
between the two countries. It is also communicated to King Mohammed V World War II veterans in Montana and
worthy of mention that that Sultan, that "my government renews its wish- across the country.
Mohammed III, was the first head of es for the peace and prosperity of Mo- Jack fought for bonuses for WWII
state, and Morocco the first country, rocco." The King responded by reas- veterans-a practice that was done
to recognize the new United States as suring President Eisenhower that Mo- after WWI to help get returning troops
·an independent country in 1777. rocco would be a staunch ally in the back on their feet.
The Treaty of Peace and Friendship, fight against the proliferation of com- Although, the Montana Supreme
whose anniversary we commemorate munism in the region. Court declared these "bonus" pay-
this month, provided for the United The United States Agency for Inter- ments unconstitutional, Jack worked
States' diplomatic representation in national Development, USAID, and its with veterans groups and Montana offi-
Morocco and open commerce at any predecessor agencies, as well as the cials to build popular support and even-
Moroccan port on the basis of "most Peace Corps, have been active in Mo- tually secured an "honorarium" pay-
favored nation." lt also established the rocco since 1953. Currently, there are ment instead of a "bonus." Jack's
principle of non-hostility when either more than 200 volunteers in Morocco "honorarium," paid for by a 2-cent tax
country was engaged in war with any working in the areas of health, youth on cigarettes, raised $22 million for
other nation. development, small business and the World War II veterans. In today's dol-
Most importantly, the treaty pro- environment. lars, that is $226 million.
vided for the protection of U.S. ship- Following the September 11, 2001 at- In the late 1950s, Jack led the way in
ping vessels at a time when American tacks, Morocco was one of the first na- establishing the veterans hospital at
merchant ships were at risk of harass- tions to express its solidarity with the Fort Harrison, west of Helena.
ment by various European warships. United States and immediately re- Again, Jack worked with Montanans,
The treaty specifically stated: newed its commitment as a strong ally veterans groups, and Members of Con-
If any Vessel belonging to the United to combat terrorism. Cooperation be- gress to raise $5.4 million to begin the
States shall be in any of the Ports of His tween the United States and Morocco first phase of building for the hospital.
United States Department of State
Treaties in Force
A List of Treaties and
Other International
Agreements of the
United States in Force
on January 1, 2013
This publication lists treaties and other international agreements of the United States on record in the
Department of State on January 1, 2013, which had not expired by their own terms or which had not been
denounced by the parties, replaced, superseded by other agreements, or otherwise definitely terminated.
Compiled by the Treaty Affairs Staff,

Office of the Legal Adviser,
U.S. Department of State.
Treaties in Force as January 1, 2013
Foreword
Treaties in Force is prepared by the Department of State for the purpose of providing information on treaties and other
International agreements to which the United States has become a party and which are carried on the records of the Department of
State as being in force as of its stated publication date, January l, 2013. With respect to treaties and agreements in force as of
January 1, 2013, information regarding status is up to date as of the date indicated as authoritative.
The electronic edition of Treaties in Force may be updated periodically throughout the year on the Treaty Affairs webpage. It
is presented in Adobe Acrobat PDF and/or IITML format, which allow text searches and printing of the entire document or
selections from it.
The print edition of Treaties in Force is published annually in limited quantities to meet the needs of certain users who are not
able to consult the on-line version. The print edition lists only those treaties on record at the time of publication as being in force for
the United States on January 1 of each year. Because the print edition is only updated annually, the electronic edition, in most cases,
will better reflect the current status of U.S. treaties and international agreements.
Arrangement
Treaties in Force is arranged in two sections. Section 1 includes bilateral treaties and other international agreements listed by
country or other international entity with subject headings under each entry. Arrangements with territorial possessions of a country
appear at the end of the entry for that country. In some cases, treaties and international agreements applicable to a territory prior to
its independence are included in the entry for that country on the basis of its assumption of treaty obligations upon becoming
independent, as noted at the beginning of the entry for that country. For convenience, some treaties and agreements concluded with
countries whose name or statehood status has changed continue to be listed under the name in use at the time the agreement was
concluded, if the title of the treaty or agreement has not been formally amended.
S~tion 2 lists multilateral treaties and other international agreements to which the United States is a party, arranged by
subject. The depositary is the authoritative source for a current list of parties and information on other matters concerning the status
of the agreement, and status information often changes. Information is provided on the depositary for the agreement in question, and
contact infornmtion, including an Internet site is provided for the depositary where available.
Scope
Treaties in Force uses the tern1 "treaty" in the generic sense as defined in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, that
is, an international agreement "governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related
instruments and whatever its particular designation." The term "treaty" as a matter ofU.S. constitutional law denotes international
agreements made by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate in accordance with Article II, section 2 of the
Constitution of the United States. In addition to such "treaties", this publication covers international agreements in force that have
been concluded by the Executive (a) pursuant to or in accordance with existing legislation or a prior treaty; (b) subject to
congressional approval or implementation, and/or (c) under and in accordance with the President's constitutional powers.
Treaties in Force includes those treaties and other international agreements entered into by the United States which, as of the
specified date, had not expired by their own tefDlS, been denounced by the parties, replaced or superseded by other agreements, or
otherwise definitely terminated. Certain agreements, particularly those concerned with World War II and the inlmediate postwar
period, which contain continuing provisions or which have not been clearly terminated in their entirety are included even though
operations under the agreements may have ceased. While all efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of this publication, the
presence or absence of a particular agreement, as well as the details cited regarding a listed agreement, should not be regarded as
determinative of the status of the agreement. Some categories of agreements, such as those implementing certain other agreements,
are deliberately omitted from this publication even though they constitute binding international agreements. If there is a question
about the status or details of a particular agreement, the text of the agreement itself always should be consulted in the first instance.
Please bring any suspected errors or omissions to the attention of the Office of Treaty Affairs at the U.S. Department of State.
Bilateral Treaties in Force as Jannary 1, 2013

MOROCCO -DEFENSE MOROCCO- TAXATION
A:ilfeement regarding grants under the Foreign Ag;.eement regarding the consolidation andre- NARCOTIC DRUGS
Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, or succes- scheduling of certain debts owed to, guaranteed
by, or insured by the United States Government
:.\g;.~mcnt regarding joint cooperation in
sor legislation, and the furnishing of defense fighting against international terrorism,
articles, defense services and related ttaining, and its agencies, with annexes.
omanized crime, and the illicit production,
including pursuant to the United States Interna- Signed at Rabat March I. /988.
Entered brio forr.'e April 11. 1988. trafficking and abuse of narcotics.
tional Military Education and Training (IMET)
NP Sign<'li at Rabat February /0, 1989.
Program. Enlerr?d Into fmre Febuary 10. 1989.
Exch<mge ofnates at Rabat Ag;...-ement regarding the consolidation andre- TIAS 12029.
July 21 and Na••ember 24, 2006. scheduling of certain debts owed to, guaranteed
Entered into force NOlwnber 24. 2006.
NP
by, or insured by the United States Government PEACE CORPS
and its agencies, with annexes.
Signed at Rabat August 21, /989. Aiecment relating to the establishment of a
ECONOJJUC AND TECHJV7CAL Entered into force &plt!1nber 15, 1989. Peace Corps program in Morocco.
COOPERATION NP Exchange ofnotes at Rabat Febntory 8 and 9, /963.
Entered into force Febroary 9, /963.
Agr~~;;~nt providing for economic, technical, Asrecment regarding the consolidation and 23 UST 209; TIAS 7297.
and related assistance. rescheduling or refinancing of certain debts Amendment
Exchange ofnotes at Rabat April 2. 1957. owed to, guaranteed by, or insured by the United March I 0, 1972 (23 UST 209; TIAS 7297).
Entered into force April 1, /957. States Government and its agencies, with
8 UST 459: TIAS 3799; 288 UNTS 157. anne.xes. PEACE TREATIES
Amendment Signed at Rabat Fehroary 14. 1991.
May 19, 1958(9UST923; TIAS 4054; Eniered /nJoforre.MarcJJ29.1991. Treaty of peace.·•
317 UNTS 354). NP Signed at Meceanez September 16, 1836.
Mill;mium Challenge Compact, with annexes. Entered into force January 28, 183 7.
A;ieement regarding the consolidation and 8 Stat. 484; TS 244-2; 9 Bevans I 286.
Signed at Tetoum: Aug!ISI 3/, 2007. rescheduling or refinancing of certain debts
Entered into force September /5, 2008. Note
owed to, guaranteed by, or insured by the United -.-Extrntmilnriol jllrisdiction in Moroc:u> relinquished by
TIAS 08-9152. States Government and its agencies, with the United Stares Octobcr 6, 1956.
Ag~;;yfor International Development annexes.
November7, 1975 (28 UST 57; TIAS 8464). Signed at Rabat August 24, 1992. POSTAL 1JfATTERS
Jmre 14, 1976 (28UST 1479; TIAS 8518). Entered into forre October 12, 1992.
NP Int;~ational express mail agreement, with
EDUCATION detailed regulations.
Investment incentive agreement.
Signed at Rabat and Washington March 18 mul
A!ieemcnt establishing a Binational Commis- Signed at Washington March Jj, 1995. May 11, 1988.
Entered into force September 22,1999. Entere<i into fan::e June I, 1988.
sion for Educational and Cultural Exchange.
TIAS
Signed a/ Marrakech Febroary 12, /982. TIAS 11588.
Entered into farce May 20, 1981.
TIAS I0407; 34 UST 1180. JNTERNA T/ONAL CRIMINAL COURT SCJEJ'ITIFIC COOPERATION
A~~ent regarding the surrender of persons to Ag~ment on science and technology
E1l•/PLOYMENT the International Criminal Court. cooperation, with annexes.
A~ement relating to the employment of Signed at N<~l' York September 24, 2003. Signed at Rabat NOlY!Il:ber 14, 2006.
Entered into force N01•ember 19, 2003. Entere4 inta force Febmary 8, 2012.
dependents of official government employees.
TIAS 03-1119.
Exchange afnates at Rabat FehntOr;· 27 and TIAS 12-208.
Apri/2, 1992.
Elllered into force April 2, 1992. I.NVESTJJfEl'IT SEISJJUC OBSERVATIONS
TIAS
Tre~ty concerning the encouragement and A~ment regarding the development and
reciprocal protection of investments, with operation of a seismic monitoring station in the
ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION protocol. Kingdom of Morocco.
Ag;~~~ent for cooperation in the Global Learn- Signed at WashilrgtonJrtly12, 1985. Signed at Rabat Decenrber 31. 1008.
ing and Observations to Benefit the Environ- Entered into force May 29, 1991. Entered into force Dectw:bt-,- 31, 2008.
TIAS
ment (GLOBE) Program, with appendices. TIAS 08·1231.
Signed at Rabat March 2 7, 1996.
Entered into farce March 2 7, 1996. JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE SPACE COOPERATION
TIAS 12739.
Co~~ention on mutual assistance in criminal A~ment concerning the use ofBen Guerir Air
matters. Base as a space shuttle emergency landing site.
FINANCE Signed at Rabat October 17, 1983. Signed at Rabat and Washington January 2/
:Ag;.eement regarding the consolidation and Enteredintoforr:eJto~e13, 1993.
and 7.8, 1987. ·
T1AS Entered intofOT<'<•January 7.8, 1987.
rescheduling of certain debts owen to,
guaranteed by or insured by the Unitcn States T1AS 12209.
Government and its agencies, with annexes. JJfAPPING
Signed at Rabat Der:ember 30, 1983. Agreement concerning mapping, charting and TAXATION
E111ered into far<>!- Fehroary 10, 1984.
TIAS 11015;:!022UNTS73.
ge<lde..«y cooperation. c~;.vention for the avoidance of double taxation
Signed at Rabat April29, 1982. and the pre1•ention of fiscal evasion with respect
:Ag;.eemcnt regarding the consolidation and Enter<'li into force April 29, 1982. to taxes on income, with relatcn notes. •
rescheduling of certain debts owed to, 34 UST 987; TIAS 10386.
Signed at Rabat August/, /977.
guaranteed by or insurcn by the United States Memorandum of agreement concerning Entered into force December30, 1981.
Government and its agencies, with annexes. hydT?graphic surveys and nautical charting. 33 UST 2545; TIAS 10194.
Signed at Rahat December 13, 1985, and Signed at Rabat Non>mber 20, 1985.
Fehmary 13, 1986. .
A!ieemcnt interpreting certain articles of the
Ent<ved into force November 20. 1985. convention of August 1, 1977 (fiAS 10194).
Entf!l·ed intoforceJanuory 21, 1986. TIAS 11210.
NP Signed at Wasl:ingtan and Rabat October 15, /979,
and a/ Rabat April/7, /981.
Entered into farce December 30, 198/.
33lJST2672; TIAS 10195.
202
United States Department of State
Treaties in Force
A List of Treaties and
Other International
Agreements of the
United States in Force
on January 1, 2016
\
This publication lists treaties and other international agreements of the United States on record in the
Department of State on January 1, 2016, which had not expired by their own terms or which had not been
denounced by the parties, replaced, superseded by other agreements, or otherwise definitely terminated.
Compiled by the Treaty Affairs Staff,

Office of the Legal Adviser,
U.S. Department of State
Treaties in Force as of January 1, 2016
Foreword
Treaties in Force is prepared by the Department of State for the purpose of providing information on treaties and
other international agreements to which the United States has become a party and which are carried on the records of the
Department of State as being in force as of its statedpublication date, January 1, 2016.
The electronic edition of Treaties in Force may be updated periodically throughout the year on the Treaty Affairs
we\Jpage. It is presented in Adobe Acrobat PDF, which allows text searches and printing of the entire document or
selections from it
The print edition of Treaties in Force is published annually in limited quantities to meet the needs of certain users
who are not able to consult the on-line version. The print edition lists only those treaties and international agreements on
record at the time of publication as being in force for the United States on January 1 of each year. Because the print edition
is only updated annually, the electronic edition, in most cases, will better reflect the current status of U.S. treaties and
international agreements.
New features in tile 2016 version of Treaties in Force

The 2016 edition of Treaties in Force reflects several changes from the last full edition of Treaties in Force published in
2013. Treaties are listed in this edition according to a new, streamlined category system that organizes treaties by subject
matter. To aid \vith the transition, a category crosswalk table listing the new categories alongside their older counterparts
appears on page iii.
For multilateral treaties with depositaries, lists of parties have been omitted. Current lists of parties for these treaties can be
obtained from the depositary for the treaty in question. Each listing in this edition includes the identity of the depositary
and, where available, an internet site address for depositary information.
This edition also reflects changes in format and listing practice for particular categories of instruments. Of note, in order to
avoid confusion as to their legal character, this edition omits a number of non-binding instruments regarding defense
cooperation that have been included in prior editions. In addition, this edition includes listings of certain project-specific
agreements for economic and technical cooperation concluded by the U.S. Agency for International Development only
since 2006. Additional information about the scope of Treaties in Force is contained later in this Foreword.
Armllgement
Treaties in Force is arranged in two sections. Section I includes bilateral treaties and other international agreements
listed by country or other international entity ·with subject headings under each entry. Arrangements with territorial
possessions of a country appear at the end of the entry for that country. In some cases, treaties and international agreements
applicable to a territory prior to its independence are included in the entry for that country on the basis of its assumption of
treaty obligations upon becoming independent, as noted at the beginning of the entry for that country. For convenience,
some treaties and agreements concluded with countries whose name or statehood status has changed continue to be listed
under the name in use at the time the agreement was concluded, if the title of the treaty or agreement has not been forn1ally
amended.
Section 2 lists multilateral treaties and other international agreements to which the United States is a party, arranged
by subject The depositary is the authoritative source for a current list of parties and information on other matters
concerning the status of the agreement, and status information often changes. Information is provided on the depositary for
the agreement in question, and contact information, including an Internet site is provided for the depositary where available.
·- -
,.------ - - -- - -- - - - · - - - -
-
Treaties in Force as of January 1, 2016
Scope
Treaties in Force uses the tenn "treaty" in the generic sense as defined in the Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties, that is, an international agreement "governed by intemationallaw, whether embodied in a single instrument or in
two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation." The term "treaty" as a matter of U.S.
constitutional law denotes international agreements made by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate in
accordance with Article II, section 2 of the Constitution of the United States. In addition to such "treaties", this publication
covers international agreements in force that have been concluded by the Executive (a) pursuant to or in accordance with
existing legislation or a plior treaty; (b) subject to congressional approval or implementation, and/or (c) under and in
accordance with the President's constitutional powers.
Treaties in Force includes those treaties and other international agreements entered into by the United States which,
as of the specified date, had not expired by their own terms, been denounced by the parties, replaced or superseded by other
agreements, or otherwise definitely tenninated. Certain agreements, pa1ticularly those concerned with World War II and
the immediate postwar peliod, which contain continuing provisions or which have not been clearly terminated in their
entirety are included even though operations under the agreements may have ceased. While all efforts are made to ensure
the accuracy of this publication, the presence or absence of a particular agreement, as well as the details cited regarding a
listed agreement, should not be regarded as determinative of the status of the agreement. Some categories of agreements,
such as those implementing certain other agreements, are deliberately omitted from this publication even though they
constitute binding international agreements. If there is a question about the status or details of a particular agreement, the
text of the agreement itself always should be consulted in the fu·st instance. Please bring any suspected e1rors or omissions
to the attention of the Office of Treaty Affi!irs at the U.S. Depmtment of State.
ii
I
Bilateral Treaties in Force as of January 1, 2016

MOROCCO
FOREIGN ASSISTANCE SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL
COOPERATION
Agreement providing for economic, technical, and related
assistance. Agreement on science and technology cooperation, with
Exchange ofnotes at Robal Ap7·i/2. 1957. annexes.
Entered intoforr:eApril2, 1957.
Signed at Rabat November 14, 2006.
8 UST 459; TIAS 3799; 288 UNTS 157. Entered illto force February 8, 2012.
Amendment: TIAS 12-208
May 19, 1958 (9 UST 923; TIAS 4054; 317 UNTS 354).
Millennium Challenge Compact, with annexes. SPACE

Signed at Tetouan August 31, 2007.
Entered into force September 15, 2008. Agreement concerning the use ofBen Guerir Air Base as a
TIAS 08-915.2. space shuttle emergency landing site.
Signed at Rabat and Washington January 2I and 28, 1987.
Entered i11to force January 28, 1987.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ' TIAS 12209
Agreement regarding the surrender of persons to the

International Criminal Court TAXATION
Signed at New York September 24, 2003.
Entere4 into force November 19, 2003. Convention for the avoidance of double taxation and the
TIAS03-1119 prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income,
with related notes.*
Signed at Rabat August I, 1977.
LAW ENFORCEMENT Entered imoforce December 30, I98I .
33 UST2545; TM.S 10194
Convention on mutual assistance in criminal matters.
Signed at Rabat October 17, 1983. Agreement interpreting certain articles of the convention of
Entered into force June 23. 1993. August l, 1977 (TIAS 10194).
TIAS Signed at Washington and Rabat Oc;tober 25, I979, and at
Rabat April IT, 198!.
Agreement regarding joint cooperation in fighting against Entered illto forc.e December 30, 198I.
international terrorism, organized crime, and the illicit 33 UST 2672; TIAS I 0195
production, trafficking and abuse of narcotics. Note:
Signed at Rabat Feb111ary 10, 1989. * With reservation and undeiStanding.
Entered into force Febmary 10, 1989.
TIAS 12029
TRADE & INVESTMENT
PEACE Treaty concerning the encouragement and reciprocal
protection of investments, v.ith protocol.
Treaty of peace.* Signed at Washington July 22, I985.
Signed at Meccanez September 16, 1836. Entered into farce May 29, I99I .
Entered into force January 28, 1837. TIAS
8 Stat. 484; TS 244-2; 9 Bevans 1286
Note: The United States-Morocco free trade agreement, with
'" E.-..trah:rritmial jurisdiction in Morocco relinquished by the United annexes.
States October 6, 1956. Signed at Washington June I5. 2004.
Entered into force January I, 2006.
TL4.S
POSTAL 1WATTERS
International express mail agreement, with detailed TRANSPORTATION
regulations.
Signed at Rabat and Washington March 18 and May 11, 1988. Memorandum of agreement on technical assistance with the
Entered into force June I, I988.
Federal Aviation Administration, with annex.
TJAS 11588 Signed at Rabat Apri/I8, I983.
Entered into force April 18, I983.
TIAS 10702; 2005UNTS 175
Air transport agreement, with annexes.

Signed at Rabat October I 0, 2001.
Entered into force August 19, 2002.
TIAS 13165
306

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Instrument# 2017026407 Page 1 of 235

In Official Records of Larry Crane CircuiUCounty Clerk

PULASKI CO , AR FEE $1185.00

~ffibatlitof 2"~ Jlefault 3'(ubgment, 'jforfeiture, l\igbt to jforedos-ure

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(A) Arkansas Secretary of State's Notary Public Report of Good Standing

(D) Notary's Certificate of Default & Collateral Estoppel by Silence

(E) Notary's Certificate of Service

(F) Notary's Certificate of Service Addendum

(OJ 'Joint Resolution of'.f~~

(S) Science Frontiers Online article about the 'American Pygmies'

·. ·.. ;_,_ .....:;.._·.:.: .. . ... ·-~ ..

PLEASE SEE CONTINUANCE ON THE NEXT PAGE

Notary Public Name: JANICE JAMES Commission#: 12384139

Email Address 1: Email Address 2:

Business Phone: Home Phone:

Commission Start Date Commission Expiration

Address Information 0 Out of State Notary Employed in AR

Employer Address: NONE

Notary Status: Good Standing eNotary Designation: N/A

#of Previous eNotary

Status Change History

Filing# Date of Filing Old Status New Status Comment

15683640001 10/18/2011 10:30:43 Pending Good

9/20/2011 10:23:50 Comment Legacy Comments: 12384139

Arkansas Secretary of State, 1401 W. CapitJ>J~enu~~%:1RI6tbi~~~Sm,AR 72201 . Phone: 501-682-3409 Website:

~ffi~abtt of 2nll J)efauU 3Tubrunent, jforfetture, l\tgbt to jforedofure anb 1Ltqutbatton

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1. RECEIVED ON.JANUARY 9!!!, 2017,

NOTARY'S z!!!! CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE

6. RECEIVED ON JANUARY 4!!!, 2017,

NOTARY'S 2.!!!! CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE

Notary: Commission ExpiresR·?.LXY/ COUNTY~~

, NOTARY'S 2!!!! CERTIFICATE OF DEFAUlT & COllATERAl ESTOPPEl BY SilENCE

{1J}otarp's ~ertificate of Jlefault & ~ollateral Qf!stoppel bp $;ilence}

1. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 25!1!, 2015,

NOTARY'S CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE

via Certified Mail No.: 7012 1010 0001 0282 4229,

NOTARY'S CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE

12. RECEIVED ON SEPTEMBER 22!!.!!, 2015,

Notary: j C\ t) l C e_.. Commission Expires:9/WJ/a / COUNTY:~U {a£)](0

NOTARY'S CERTIFICATE OF DEFAULT & COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL BY SILENCE

Instrument# 2017026407 Page 28 of 235

.fiotarp'11 ~erttft.cate of ~erbi.ce

1. United States President

2. United Nations Secretary General

3. United States Attorney General

4. United States Department of the Treasury/IRS UCC Contract Trust Dept.

5. State of Arkansas Attorney General

6. United States Secretary of State John Kerry, US Department

7. Organization of American States Secretary General

NOTARY'S CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

Organization of American States

8. Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco

9. Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See

10. Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain

11. Embassy of Republic of France

a total of Seventy-Six (76) pages to recipients,

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1. State of Arkansas Attorney General

Arkansas Secretary of State, 1401 W. CapitJ>J~enu%:1RI6tbi~Sm,AR 72201 . Phone: 501-682-3409 Website: