M2 Final Submission

M A DDI E BA R K
A RT 3 020
A M E R ICA N A RCHI T EC TU RE
Room 1 Design
You will start by walking into the room and feeling like you stepped back in time. There will be
displays on both your left and right, with a joining feature on the far back wall. The wall on your
left will have displays from the pueblo people. The right wall will have display from the colonial
American people. The back wall will have large 3D displays of the homes being spoken about.
The left will show the pueblo homes features, such as the walls made of earth mixed with water
and straw. Then on the right will be Georgian colonial home features with wood with clapboard
or shingle cladding walls. Each display will be a glass box holding artifacts and materials from
each group. The wall will be lined with the story of the people, the history, and religion they
both brought forward. The story and history will be told more in depth and closer to today’s
time period as you walk further back into the room towards the homes. There will be manikins
showing what they people looked like and wore from both groups, and they will be strategically
placed by the 3D homes and throughout the floor. Each manikin will have a button beside it that
you can press to hear the story of that person’s life. The back wall featuring the homes will have
descriptions of what the interior looked like and which part of the home were used for. The
entrance and exit will be the same door, with a title across the top stating the years to which
these groups were in.
Room 1: Taos Pueblo
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-buildings-of-the-taos-
pueblo-this-native-american-village-has-been-90263280.html
http://chambersarchitects.com/blog/pueblo-architecture-
taos-new-mexico/
Taos Pueblo, in Taos, New Mexico around the 1000’s AC.
Room 1: Georgian Colonial
http://sweethousedreams.blogspot.com/2017/05/daboll-
homestead-1750-georgian-colonial.html
https://www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/georgian/

Groton, CT, Georgian Colonial 1750.

Room 1: Difference in Buildings
Even though both homes were made during different times, both are still remarkable buildings. There are truly
some major differences, not only in the looks, but the materials used and elements inside the building as well.
The native American home was made primarily of adobe, in other words, earth mixed with water and straw. The
material was made into forms or they created bricks. Then the whole structure was covered with many layers of
mud. The building was actually many homes put together. They were connected by walls but didn’t have
connecting doorways. Approximately 150 people would live in the building as well, it wasn’t just for a single
family. For the Georgian Colonial home, many materials commonly used were wood with clapboard or shingle
cladding. Some Georgian homes also used brick or stucco. The construction was pretty basic, nothing too
extreme. Mostly rectangular in style, lots of symmetry with the doors and windows, and even in the interior
layout. These homes would be primarily for a single family, with visitors on occasion. The circulation of people in
the Taos Pueblo would start in the central common room, or central plaza. It would then connect to the family
rooms, which sprouted out from the central plaza. And each pueblo would typically have 2 or more kivas, or
ceremonial rooms. The Georgian colonial style home would have a central hall, but other rooms going out from it
on either side and up on the second floor if present. The home was usually two rooms deep. There were not a lot
of details added to the Taos Pueblo homes, as that was not the concern of the people at the time. There typically
were not many windows and doors were non-existent, as you would typically enter through the roof at the time.
The Georgian colonial home though was typically covered in rich details. There were decorative crowning,
paneled doors, and decorative pilasters. Walls were typically covered in wall paper, and there were elaborate
banisters and hand carved cornices. There were many features to Georgian colonial homes that made them stand
out and could make them even be considered as masterpieces. The Taos Pueblo homes were typically basic in
nature, as there were not many resources found in the location they were created. Mostly a desert land,
everything was simply made and used. For the Georgian colonial homes, there were a lot more materials to
choose from being in a dense forest type of land. This helped created all the details that go into the homes.
Room 1: Comparison and Contrast
The Taos Pueblo people had their own unique ways of doing things before the colonizers came
around. The pueblos were mainly engaged in farming and in hunting and gathering. There was a
point to which the culture relied on domesticated or wild foods and was primarily a matter of
the people proximity to water. Some of the domesticated resources were more or less abundant
throughout the culture area, including corn (maize), beans, squash, cotton, turkeys, and dogs.
There were also ceremonies for rain and growth of every person, animal, plant, and
supernatural beings. All were considered significant to the pueblo people. There weren’t many
visitors for the people, but everyone, even children, had a role to play in the tribe. The men
worked outside the home and the women took care of the home and children. For the colonial
people in America, they were less in-tune with what the earth had to offer and were more about
what religion and duties had been brought over from Europe. Most people were considered
Christians, although many had their own ways of practicing it. Many were actually persecuted
due to their other religions which caused the need to have rules and reforms. There was more
complication when astrology, alchemy and witchcraft came into play. The colonial people were
more inclined to have visitors, whether it be neighbors or people of importance. There were also
staff people, called slaves. They did chores and helped around the house. This played an
important role in history and even still today.
Room 1
https://andreaonvacation.com/national-museum-of-the-american-
indian-washington-dc/
http://www.stegenherald.com/vivestegen/centre-for-french-colonial-
life-debuts-this-weekend/article_fe984968-47ee-11e8-b25e-
03971a7eb329.html
Room 2 Design
The design for room two will be similar to the design for room one. It will have one side of the
room be the Greek Revival style and the other side will be the Queen Anne style. But for this
room, you will be able to walk into the home itself. You will see the front fascade of the homes
and you enter into them and see how the first room on the first floor of the home would look
like. You will be able to see the details of the styles from the outside and part of the inside. You
will see the large, detailed staircase for the Greek revival style, and a large front tower or turret
for the front room. On the inside, you will be able to see different artifacts from the time period.
You will see manakins doing something to demonstrate what sort of took place in the homes
during the 19th century. On the walls and on some stands you will see descriptions of how the
life was of the people and the history behind the style of home. As you walk farther back into
the home, or room, you will notice more and more details of the house and on the walls will be
murals showing how other rooms of the homes would look. There will be only the one entrance
and exit for each house so you don’t confuse which house you are in.
Room 2: Greek Revival
https://www.thoughtco.com/house-style-guide-american-home-4065233
https://www.curbed.com/2016/8/25/12640116/old-house-for-sale-greek-
revivial

Greek Revival Style in Saratoga, NY. 1820’s.

Room 2: Queen Anne
https://architecturestyles.org/queen-anne/
https://www.oldhouseonline.com/articles/the-charm-of-queen-anne-
houses
Queen Anne Style, San Antonio, TX, 1880’s.
Room 2: Difference in Construction
Both styles of buildings were popular during the 1800’s, and both are beautiful and unique in their
own way. The Greek Revival style is quite different than that of the Queen Anne style. The Greek
Revival style has some distinct characteristics. It typically has large, tall columns in the front and the
house is typically white with a low-pitched roof to accompany it. It usually will have rectangular
symmetry as well which mimics the Greek architectural style. And inside there is usually a large and
extravagant staircase. Bold, simple moldings were also popular for this style, as well as having heavy
cornice and decorative pilasters. The Queen Anne style on the other hand, is a bit more decorative
and detailed. It is typically seen with having steeply pitched, irregular roof shapes. They also have a
dominant and multiple gables. It is normal for this style to have patterned shingles, bay windows, and
very decorative ornamentation. On some occasions, the Queen Anne style will also have columns.
This style is also common for having a tower or turrets attached, and one of the “hallmark” features
of this style are the differing wall textures. Most of the time, the Greek Revival Style homes are made
of stucco and wood, but they also occasionally use stone to create the home. For the Queen Anne
Style, it was typical for patterned brick or stone, wood shingles and clapboard, slate, and sometimes
terracotta panels to be used for making the homes. So both styles use wood, but other than that,
they are pretty different in the materials used for each style. The Greek Revival style also had most of
the great rooms, such as the kitchen, dining, living, and such all on the first floor of the house for
ease, where as the second floor would have the bedrooms and study rooms. For the Queen Anne
style, it was typical for the formal rooms to be at the front of the house, as well as having two ways
getting in and out of a room. Very good for flow and lots of people. Both styles are mostly during the
same period of time but have two totally different ways of design.
Room 2: Comparison and Contrast
Since both these styles were prominent during the same time period, they have some things in
comparison with each other, but their backgrounds somewhat contrast each other. The Greek Revival
style was essentially a waning, which happened after the War of 1812 from the British influence, the
style was basically an expression of “America’s triumphant sense of destiny and the sense that our
newly formed nation was the spiritual descendant of Greece, birthplace of democracy,” (Wentworth).
Greek Revival even became known as the national style. For the Queen Anne style, the peak period of
it was 1880–1900 , although the style stuck around in popularity for another decade. The style was
named and popularized in England by the architect Richard Norman Shaw, and the term inaccurately
implies ideas from the reign of Queen Anne. During both styles’ periods of popularity, there was
major westward expansion due to the growing population and cities sizes. There were also social
classes that people were put into, the upper, middle, and lower/working class. This determined how
people lived, worked, and interacted. Concerning politics, American voters weren’t limited to the
Republican and Democratic parties; the political system was made up of multiple parties that had a
wide range of beliefs and ideologies and enjoyed various levels of success and notoriety. Also during
the 19th century, there was the huge movement to abolish slavery. There was the civil war during the
1860’s to fight for the rights of slaves. There were also movements to help the women in America, as
they did not have many rights. The women’s rights movement was started in 1848 and fought to get
women the rights they deserve such as voting and better jobs in the workforce.
 Room 2
http://www.imagesusa.co/greek-revival-interior-design/

https://www.thisoldhouse.com/ideas/queen-anne-budget
Room 3 Design
This room design will be similar to the other two room designs from the previous assignments.
The room will be split in two, one half will show the Chrysler building and the other will show
the Pfeiffer building. The walls of the room will be different from each other. They will still be
showing the inside of the building, but the Chrysler building will be almost like your looking out
from one of the top floors. The wall will show a mural of the city around it. For the Pfeiffer
Chapel, you will be looking at the unique tapestry stones on the walls, just like that of the
chapels. You again will be seeing some manakins sitting in the chapel, taking place during a
sermon, and the manakins in the Chrysler building will be working just as they were when it first
opened. The story and details of each building will be on written on stands around the rooms,
along with artifacts and other added details of people stories. The race for the sky will be
mentioned for the Chrysler building, and the background of Frank Lloyd Wright will be
mentioned for the Pfeiffer Chapel. You will enter and exit through the same entrances.
Room 3: Modern American
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture
https://www.archdaily.com/551053/how-3d-printing-is-saving-a-frank-lloyd-wright-
treasure/5422c87bc07a80aa17000085-how-3d-printing-is-saving-a-frank-lloyd-wright-treasure-
photo
Pfeiffer Chapel, 1941, Lakeland, FL, Frank Lloyd Wright,
Modern American
Room 3: Skyscraper
https://www.historylists.org/architecture/list-
of-20-most-spectacular-art-deco-skyscrapers-
in-the-us.html
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/chr
ysler-building/422

Chrysler Building, 1930, NYC, William Van

Alen, Skyscraper
Room 3: Difference in Construction
These two buildings are pretty different in the way they were constructed, and their styles don’t
exactly line up. But both are just as important as the other and are designed in such a beautiful way.
Pfeiffer Chapel has some unique features to it. The walls are made of a special concrete block called
tapestry block. The tapestry blocks have small squares of colored glass embedded in them, creating
moving spots of red, blue, and amber on a sunny day. There is also a large skylight above which
creates much of the natural light in the building. It is centered on a two-story congregational space.
The hall is split down the center by a large skylight whose clear glass provides a view up into the bell
tower, which was the major vertical landmark on the campus. The chapel’s upper galleries open onto
balconies that show great views of the campus and landscape. The Chrysler building was made up
of20,961 tons of structural steel; 391,881 rivets; 3,826,000 bricks; and 3,862 windows. There was a
crazy amount of construction that went into the making of the Chrysler building. The Pfeiffer chapel
was built to be exactly that, a chapel. There is not much else that has taken place in the building. The
Chrysler building is a skyscraper that was built during the “race for the sky”, a race to see who would
make the tallest skyscraper. Although it was quickly surpassed by the empire state building, it is still
known as the greatest display of art deco in New York City. Both buildings are known for their
exceptional designs, and for the creators themselves. The Pfeiffer Chapel was designed by Frank Lloyd
Wright, a famous architect and designer. The Chrysler building was designed and built by automobile
tycoon Walter Chrysler, famous for his Chrysler corporation.
Room 3: Comparison and Contrast
Industrialization expanded in the United States faster than ever before during the 1880 to the
1930’s. Industrialization, meaning manufacturing in factory settings using machines plus a labor
force with unique, divided tasks to increase production, stimulated urbanization, meaning the
growth of cities in both population and physical size. This made for many people to move to
cities for jobs, but also expand farther westward to create new jobs. The industrialization
movement was what made the Chrysler building possible. Fascism was developed as a solution
to perceived social and economic problems from a certain perspective. The rise of it in America
was a multi-faceted process that happened over time and was actually a part of a larger trend in
the 20th century that included other nations as well. Fascism combined revolutionary anti-
capitalism and nationalism and was heavily influenced by the thinking of French philosophers.
During the 20th century, the number of countries possessing the basic political institutions of
representative democracy increased significantly. The decades from the 1890s into the 1920s
produced reform movements in the United States that resulted in major changes to the social,
political, cultural, and economic institutions. Movements for socialism, woman suffrage, and
rights for African Americans, immigrants, and workers opposed the rhetoric of the United States
as a just and equal democratic society for all its members.
 Room 3
http://fscchapel.com/annie-pfeiffer-chapel/

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/chrysler-building-
lobby.html
Room 4 Design
This room will be fairly unique compared to the other room designs. The room will be divided by
a glass wall to mimic the glass exterior of both buildings. On the left side will be the Seagram
building, and the right will have the Lever House Building. There will be blue-green glass on the
side for the Lever House building, and regular glass “windows” on the Seagram building side.
Both sides will have steel columns placed in the room, mostly for looks rather than structural
support. In front, right as you walk in each room, there will be a model showing the different
plazas that both buildings have. There will be stands that will tell what exactly the different
floors entail, and what occupies them. There will be mannequins to show what they people
looked like and dressed like during that time period. There will also be artifacts from the
buildings that line the walls, along with stands that tell stories from the people of the time
describing their role in the building or maintaining of the particular building. On the walls will be
murals showing the New York City skyline. It will be almost as if you stepped into the building
and are looking out from the inside.
Room 4: International Style
Lever House, New York City, NY, 1952, international style, Gordon Bunshaft and
Natalie de Blois

https://rfr.com/properties/property/
390-park-avenue/

http://www.boweryboyshistory.com
/tag/lever-house
Room 4: International Style
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/sea
gram-building/3529

https://issuu.com/fallonwalton8/docs/publicati
on_seagram_single

Seagram Building, New York City, NY, 1958,

international style, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,
Kahn & Jacobs
Room 4: Difference in Construction
Both buildings can be found in NYC, NY and play a large roll in the international style upbringing. Both
are rather large skyscrapers, and although they look similar, the intent for each building was different.
The Seagram building stands 515 feet tall with 38 stories. This building combines a steel moment
frame and reinforced concrete core for lateral stiffness. The concrete core shear walls extend up to
the 17th floor, and diagonal core bracing (shear trusses) extends to the 29th floor. “It was the first tall
building to use high strength bolted connections, the first tall building to combine a braced frame
with a moment frame, one of the first tall buildings to use a vertical truss bracing system and the first
tall building to employ a composite steel and concrete lateral frame,” (Architectuul.com). The Lever
House building is 307 feet tall and is 21 stories. It is made of blue-green glass and stainless-steel
mullions, and it was one of the first glass-walled International Style office buildings in the country.
Both buildings set the architectural style for skyscrapers in New York for several decades. The
Seagram Building’s Architects, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Kahn and Jacobs, designed the building in a
way as to give people the impression that they were looking at the pure functional utility of the
building. This is one of the reasons that the building is considered a masterpiece of functional
aesthetics. The Lever House building design had both an economical and aesthetic purpose. A two-
story horizontal block containing an open court occupies the entire site. The horizontal block is lifted
off of the ground plane by piers except for a small enclosed portion, providing a public plaza
underneath and a threshold between the exterior and interior of the building. The Seagram Building
also has a plaza that occupies nearly half of the Seagram's property and is constructed of pink
Vermont granite slabs and edged by low, green marble boundary walls. Both structures are
magnificent and are a couple of jewels in New York City.
Room 4: Comparison and Contrast
The first car automobile was created in the 1800’s in Germany and France. But Americans
quickly took over the industry in the 20th century. Henry Ford innovated mass-production
techniques that became standard, and Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerged as the “Big
Three” auto companies by the 1920s. These companies would come to shape the automotive
industry for years to come. The automobile became the lifeforce of the petroleum industry, one
of the chief customers of the steel industry, and the biggest consumer of many other industrial
products. The technologies of these ancillary industries, particularly steel and petroleum, were
revolutionized by its demands. The bigger the production of cars, the more they filled the cities.
Places like New York City became very overcrowded quickly as the cars took up most of the
space on the roads. This pushed for other means of transportation as well, such as subways and
trams. Taxis were also created as to lessen the overcrowding with carpooling. The automobile
helped create better means to get to work, or to get the major buildings in the city. They also
created a rise in the making of hotels, restaurants, roads and highways. There were lots of
benefits to the creation of the automobile.
 Room 4
https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/28/at-lever-
house-the-public-is-always-welcome-except-this-sunday/

http://www.coloredfilms.com/6460R-green-ice-reflective-
window-film.aspx
Exterior Design
The exterior of the museum will be an interesting one. The front steps to enter the museum will
be of different colored stone or granite. The color of the stone will change when the light from
the sun hits them, just as it does in the Humana Building. The front of the building will be facing
east and the back of the building facing west, this was you can see the steps change color as the
day progresses. The front of the building will have large windows and there will be plenty of light
entering the building from all sides. The roof will have solar panels to provide energy for the
building. One either side of the building, there will be small garden areas for people to sit and
relax in, filled with park benches and even a playground. The roof will also collect water and will
have a drainage system that will lead a majority of the water to the grassy garden areas. The
building itself will be built with sustainable materials, and a few steel columns, to match that of
the Humana and DEC center buildings. The exterior of the building should make people wonder
what other styles of buildings are out there, and how can a building be designed well while still
being sustainable.
Exterior: Postmodern Style
Humana Building, Louisville, KY, 1982, Micheal Graves,
Postmodern architecture

https://insiderlouisville.com/ec
onomy/aetna-to-buy-humana-
for-37-billion-2/

https://www.architectmagazine
.com/project-gallery/humana-
building-6740
 Exterior: Green Architecture
DEC Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2013, Shepley Bulfinch, Green http://wordpress.philau.edu/today/2014/06/19/dec-center-earns-
Architecture leed-gold-certification-for-sustainability/
http://wordpress.philau.edu/today/2014/09/23/philau-names-the-
lawrence-n-field-dec-center-for-real-estate-entrepreneur/
Exterior: Difference in Construction
These buildings were built closer to todays time period, and they have lots of offer. The Humana
building is postmodernism style and has some interesting features. It is a building made up of 525,000
sq ft and is 26 stories high. It was inspired by the Chicago Tribune tower competition in the 1920s.
The building consists of lots of stone materials such as grey, pink, and red granite, and then steel as
well. The more than 33,000 pieces of granite used came from several different countries, including
Finland, Brazil, Angola, India, and Sardinia. The tapestry-like colors of the building seem to shift with
the changing light of the day, and at night floodlights keep the building a highlight of the Louisville
skyline. The DEC Center Building is a 40,000 square-foot space that houses the Kanbar College of
Design, Engineering and Commerce, which has an award-winning curriculum that forges
collaborations between designers, engineers and entrepreneurs. The building features a two-story
central forum with audio-visual equipment; digital media center; seminar rooms with high definition
projection; and fully equipped industrial work spaces, perfect for students to learn on and become
successful in their careers. Some of the features earned the DEC Center a LEED gold rating, mostly
because the building includes a stormwater management system, heat-reducing green roof, water-
efficient faucets and toilets, solar pre-heat of hot water, energy-efficient lighting, partial geothermal
power from the University’s first geothermal well, and the solar veil to control heat. The Humana
Building has a three-part design. The six-story lower portion, which is related on the exterior to the
adjacent cast-iron buildings, houses a cafeteria and the executive offices in addition to the lobby. The
other offices are housed in the body of the building, and the top of the Humana Building has a
conference center, a theater, a health center, and a spacious projecting porch. The DEC building is one
of two sustainable designed buildings on the campus. Very important to the community and campus.
Exterior: Comparison and Contrast
Technology made some huge advancements over the years, but none has made such impacts as
the technologies created during the 1970s and after. Many different objects were made for
different reasons, and many of the inventions have been updated and are still used today.
Technology such as the floppy disk, digital watch, Walkman’s, and email were all created in the
1970s and helped make the world progress into big and better things. These and other
technology have influenced the way the buildings were designed. The DEC Center has the audio-
visual equipment and a digital media center for the students and faculty to use and advance
careers. The Humana Building used some of the technology as well, such as the computer and
email, which played a huge part in the stability of the company. Sustainable design, or green
building, has become very important over recent years as well. “Green building is a concept that
starts with the understanding that the built environment can have profound effects, both
positive and negative, on the natural environment, as well as the people who inhabit buildings
every day. Green building is an effort to amplify the positive and mitigate the negative of these
effects throughout the entire life cycle of a building,”(USGBC.org). The DEC Center was given a
LEED gold rating. LEED acts as a outline for decision-making for projects, rewarding best
practices and innovation and recognizing good building projects with different levels of LEED
certification. Green building can really help our future become cleaner and brighter.
 Exterior
https://living.thebump.com/care-rough-granite-stairs-
13901.html

https://www.pinterest.com/erdosmark4/garden-
design/?lp=true
Works Cited:
“ABOUT.” Taos Pueblo, Croma, 2018, taospueblo.com/about/.
“Georgian Style (1700-1830).” Tudor Style Houses Facts and History | Guide to Architectural Styles |
Home Remodeling
& Architecture in Maryland (MD), Virginia (VA), Washington, DC, Blue Corona, 29 June 2015,
www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/georgian/.
“Georgian, 1700-1780.” Historic Portsmouth Architecture, Wordpress.com, 21 Aug. 2015,
historicportsmoutharchitecture.wordpress.com/architectural-styles/georgian/.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Pueblo Architecture.” Encyclopædia Britannica,
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1 Oct. 2015, www.britannica.com/technology/pueblo-architecture.
Pauls, Elizabeth Prine, and Laura Thompson. “Southwest Indian.” Encyclopædia Britannica,
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 5 Jan. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Southwest-Indian.
“Religion in Colonial America: Trends, Regulations, and Beliefs.” Facing History and Ourselves, Facing
History and Ourselves, 2018, www.facinghistory.org/nobigotry/religion-colonial-america-trends-
regulations-and-beliefs.
Works Cited:
Craven, Jackie. “House Style Guide to the American Home.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 27 May 2018, www.thoughtco.com/house-style-
guide-american-home-4065233.
Team, Glogster. “[2015] William Allen: Greek Revival House.” Www.glogster.com, 2007, edu.glogster.com/glog/greek-revival-house-
47359328/2c8d4r9v4cw?=glogpedia-source.
“Queen Anne.” Architectural Styles of America and Europe, Wordpress.com, 20 Nov. 2011, architecturestyles.org/queen-anne/.
Gustafson, Katherine. “A New Old Greek Revival.” Restoration & Design for the Vintage House | Old House Online, 28 Nov. 2017,
www.oldhouseonline.com/articles/new-old-greek-revival.
Baldwin, Deborah. “Inside Job: A Queen Anne's Seamless Addition.” This Old House, This Old House Ventures, LLC, 8 May 2017,
www.thisoldhouse.com/ideas/inside-job-queen-annes-seamless-addition.
“Queen Anne Style (1880-1910).” Tudor Style Houses Facts and History | Guide to Architectural Styles | Home Remodeling & Architecture
in Maryland (MD), Virginia (VA), Washington, DC, Blue Corona, 29 June 2015, www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/queen-anne/.
Smith, Isaac. “Social Classes of the 1800s.” Prezi.com, 18 Oct. 2012, prezi.com/dncq5tohqavz/social-classes-of-the-1800s/.
“Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century.” Norwich University Online, Norwich University, Oct. 2017,
online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/masters/history/resources/articles/major-american-political-parties-of-the-19th-century.
“Slavery in America.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2018, www.history.com/topics/black
-history/slavery.
Works Cited:
Jones, Lucy D. “My Florida History.” Frank Lloyd Wright's Annie Pfeiffer Chapel, Blogger.com, 9 May
2009, myfloridahistory.blogspot.com/2009/05/frank-lloyd-wrights-annie-pfeiffer.html.
“Chrysler Building .” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 2000,
www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/chrysler.html.
“Florida Southern College.” SAH Archipedia, Society of Architectural Historians, 2013, sah-
archipedia.org/buildings/FL-01-105-0040.
Rees, Jonathan. “Industrialization and Urbanization in the United States, 1880–1929.” Oxford
Research Encyclopedia of American History, Oxford Index, 8 June 2017,
americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-
9780199329175-e-327.
“The Rise of American Fascism.” Rationalrevolution.net, 28 Sept. 2010,
www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/rise_of_american_fascism.htm
Bloomsbury.com. “Fascism.” Bloomsbury Publishing, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2017,
www.bloomsbury.com/us/fascism-9780826482815/.
Works Cited:
“Seagram Building.” Seagram Building | Architectuul, Architectuul, 2018,
architectuul.com/architecture/seagram-building.
“Lever House.” SOM, SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL LLP, www.som.com/projects/lever_house.
“The Seagram Building.” The Seagram Building - Famous Buildings and Architecture of New York City,
DesignBook Mag, www.designbookmag.com/seagrambuilding.htm.
“Seagram Building and Plaza.” Seagram Building and Plaza | The Cultural Landscape Foundation,
Cultural Landscape Foundation, 2001, tclf.org/landscapes/seagram-building-and-plaza.
“AD Classics: Lever House / SOM.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 26 May 2010, www.archdaily.com/61162/ad-
classics-lever-house-skidmore-owings-merrill.
“Automobile History.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2018,
www.history.com/topics/inventions/automobiles
Cromer, George C., and Christopher G. Foster. “Automobile.”Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 18 Jan. 2018, www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/History-of-the-
automobile.
Works Cited:
“Humana.” Michael Graves Architecture & Design, 2018,
www.michaelgraves.com/portfolio/humana-building/.
“Humana Building.” SAH Archipedia, Society of Architectural Historians, 2013, sah-
archipedia.org/buildings/KY-01-111-0033.
“DEC Center Earns LEED Gold Sustainability Certification.” Jefferson Today, Thomas Jefferson
University, 2017, wordpress.philau.edu/today/2014/06/19/dec-center-earns-leed-gold-
certification-for-sustainability/.
“What Is Green Building?” U.S. Green Building Council, USGBC, 2018,
www.usgbc.org/articles/what-green-building.
Forrest, Conner. “Tech Nostalgia: The Top 10 Innovations of the 1970s- Page 8.” TechRepublic,
CBS Interactive, 2018, www.techrepublic.com/pictures/tech-nostalgia-the-top-10-innovations-
of-the-1970s/8/.