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ON THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHORELINE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND

ITS IMPACT ON TIDAL STABILITY IN THE PRESENCE OF GROINS USING FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AT MUTTUKADU ESTUARY

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp. 912–922, Article ID: IJCIET_09_06_104
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

ON THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHORELINE

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND ITS
IMPACT ON TIDAL STABILITY IN THE
PRESENCE OF GROINS USING FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AT MUTTUKADU ESTUARY
K. Ayyappan
Research Scholar, Department of Harbor and Ocean Engineering
AMET University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

K. Thiruvenkatasamy
Professor, Department of Harbor and Ocean Engineering
AMET University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT
The severe erosion problems in the Coast of Muttukadu (Kovalam) threaten both
the population and properties. Most of the locations in the East coast of India, are
especially vulnerable. A coastal defense method using groin system was introduced in
order to reverse the present erosional trend. In the present study, shoreline changes in
the presence of groins using measurements and Satellite Images. The cause behind the
work is a prevention of removal of sandbar operation due to considerable erosion and
siltation problems which causes the sediment deposition near and inside the
backwater entrance which in turn in causes the tidal instability. The scope of this
study helps in understanding the dynamics of the beach based on results of the field
work, utilizing the field sediment data. The comparison of field investigation and
satellite image was performed by Dumpy Level and GPS measurements.
Key words: Morphological Changes; Groin system; Field Measurements,
Hydrodynamics, Sediment Transport.
Cite this Article: K. Ayyappan and K. Thiruvenkatasamy, On the Hydrodynamics of
Shoreline Morphological Changes and its Impact on Tidal Stability in the Presence of
Groins using Field Measurements at Muttukadu Estuary, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp. 912–922
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION
Coastal structures such as groins, seawalls, breakwaters, jetties, etc. contributes in
modification of the Beach Morphology and Shoreline (Elmoustapha et al., 2007) and also

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 K. Ayyappan and K. Thiruvenkatasamy

their significant impact on dynamics of the coast such as waves, currents, etc. and
stabilization of the Shoreline (Elsayed and Mahmoud, 2007). The changes in the coastline and
coastal processes due to the construction of groins, jetties, breakwaters, and harbors are
brought out by Bakker (1968); Komar (1998); and Cuadrado, Gomez, and Ginsberg (2005).
Physical and numerical models are used to study the effects of shorelines caused by the Groin
parameters (Elmoustapha et al., 2007; Elsayed and Mahmoud, 2007; Kokpinar et al., 2007;
Ozolcer and Komurcu, 2007; Ozolcer et al., 2006). The erosion/accretion trend changes
accordingly due to the construction of hard structures along the coast, either for development
of ports and harbors or for protecting the coast from erosion. The shore protection structures
which are designed to trap longshore sediment in order to build a protective beach are called
groins, retarding erosion of the existing beach, or preventing down drift point such as a harbor
or inlet from longshore drift reaching these points. The accumulation of sand is caused by the
modification of the long shore sand transport due to the groins and result in mostly on the up
drift side, and erosion of sand on the down drift side. The rate at which sediment is supplied
and removed from the shore also causes erosion and accretion along the shoreline. The beach
profile is affected significantly due to the cross-shore sediment transportation. The beach
profile perpendicular to the shoreline has characteristic features that reflect the action of
littoral processes. Three major factors that contribute to the Mean grain size of the sediment
are wave energy level, nature of the source sediment and general offshore slope (Komar,
1998). At any given location and time, The mean grain size indicates the
erosional/depositional environment of the area and reflects the stability of the beach. Erosion
is marked by the increase in mean size while deposition decreases the mean size (Chauhan, et
al., 1988). Field measurements on waves, tides, currents and beach geomorphology at
spatiotemporal scales are made (Mishra P et al., 2011; Mohapatra M and Mohanty; 2004). A
seasonal minor port Gopalpur along the eastern coast of India is undergoing infrastructural
development for making it to a major open-coast port. Shoreline significantly changed in the
last two decades due to the construction activity along the shorefront (Mohanty P K, et.al
2012; Sundar V and Sarma S; 1992 ). The hard engineering solutions such as concrete
protection methods which are designed to trap the sediment in order to build a protective
beach, preventing sedimentation of inlet, erosion of beaches invariably fails and causes
various irreversible situations by altering the coastal geomorphology in the Indian Coast such
as progression of coast on up-drift side whereas erosion, recession of the shoreline on down-
drift side and accumulation of sediment (Rao V R, et al., Sarma K and Reddy B, 1988; Mishra
P, et al., 2001; Sanilkumar V et al., 2006). In this present study, an analysis on the
hydrodynamic shoreline change due to impact on groins at Muttukadu (Kovalam), along the
East Coast of India.

2. STUDY AREA
Muttukadu backwater is situated (latitude 12° 46'N and longitude 80° 18'E) in Kovalam
Region, 36 km South of Chennai along the South-East coast of India. Muttukadu backwater is
a bar built estuary; between March and September, it is separated from the sea by the
Sandbar. The sandbar erodes during the period October to December due to the inundation by
water from the upper reaches, and connection with the sea is restored. The backwater is used
for fishing and boating activities which covers an area of 0.87 km2. The backwater opens into
the Bay of Bengal at its Eastern end by a narrow opening varying from a few to 330 m in
width and it extends to about 15 km in a North-South direction with ranges in width of 800m
to 1050m (Fig.1). The Maximum depth at the center of estuary 2 m, while most of the other
areas the depth is 1 m or less. The Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC)
constructed a boathouse at Muttukadu to encourage tourism activities which make Muttukadu
backwater as a favorite picnic spot and a center for water sports such as boating and

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 On the Hydrodynamics of Shoreline Morphological Changes and its Impact on Tidal Stability in the
Presence of Groins using Field Measurements at Muttukadu Estuary

windsurfing. The livelihood of the economically disadvantaged people of the fishing village
depends on small-scale fishing in the backwater.

Figure 1 Location of Study area

3. METHODOLOGY
The Wave field for the East coast regions, a wave rider buoy (Latitude: 11.87 N and
Longitude: 79.84 E) is used to measure wave data, from October 2016 to April 2017 (period
of seven months) recorded at interval of 30 minutes by Indian National Centre for Ocean
Information Services (INCOIS) Hyderabad, was used for analysis the wave characteristics of
Muttukadu (Kovalam) along the Chennai Coast. Coastal profiles are usually measured
perpendicular to the shoreline and may be near shore profiles, shelf profiles or beach profiles
(CERC, 1998). To measure the beach profile different methods are used. The elevation varies
with distance is shown by the beach profiles which are two-dimensional vertical sections. In
this study, 2 transects along the coastline of the study area were identified Northern and
southern groins sides of Muttukadu (Kovalam). Dumpy level and GPS were used to carry out
beach profile surveys during October 2017 to April 2018 in order to compare and identify the
changes in the beach profiles. The cross-sections of the beach profiles of the 2 transects which
were surveyed for the 7 months are compared, using trapezoidal rule the erosion and accretion
quantities were estimated, beach profile survey depicted in Fig.2 & Fig3.

Figure 2 Beach profile measurement Muttukadu (Kovalam)

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 K. Ayyappan and K. Thiruvenkatasamy

Figure 3 Damages of Road Erosion Muttukadu (Kovalam)

Using the Dumpy level and GPS (Global Position System), beach profile data were
collected. These profiles extended from the reference line through the top of the berm to a
water line around 60m and data measured each 5m interval. Data collected were reduced to
chart datum by applying tide correction based on the tide tables for the Chennai coast. Using
the polythene bags sediment samples were collected at 2-meter water depth in Northern and
Southern groins side for sampling in the nearshore regions. A mechanical sieve shaker was
used for the grain size analysis and values were obtained. The water depths were corrected for
tidal variation. Further details were measured groins structure (length and width), satellite
images along the coastal stretch of Muttukadu (Kovalam) and identified from field survey.
The details of structures existing along the Muttukadu (Kovalam) presented in table 1.

Table 1 Groins details along the Muttukadu (Kovalam) coast, groins are numbered from Northern and
Southern Sides (source: field measurements)
Sl. Structure Latitude Longitude Length
No Details (m)
1 Groin 1 12 48’32.48”N 80 14’52.16”E 50
2 Groin 2 12 48’28.60”N 80 14’52.28”E 70
3 Groin 3 12 48’25.37”N 80 14’52.14”E 85
4 Groin 4 12 48’19.53”N 80 14’54.55”E 180
5 Groin 5 12 48’10.20”N 80 14’58.84”E 185
6 Groin 6 12 47’40.94”N 80 15’00.80”E 65
7 Groin 7 12 47’34.64”N 80 15’02.55”E 85
8 Groin 7 12 47’28.49”N 80 15’05.97”E 108

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data collected by Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)
Hyderabad by the wave rider buoy (Pondicherry), from October 2016 to April 2017 is used in
the present hydrodynamic analysis. Measured wave data during the observation period from
October 2016 to April 2017 in month wise is presented in Table 2. Fig.4 to Fig.8 shows wave
parameter variation from October to April (2016 to 2017).

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 On the Hydrodynamics of Shoreline Morphological Changes and its Impact on Tidal Stability in the
Presence of Groins using Field Measurements at Muttukadu Estuary

Table 2 October to April (2016 to 2017) measured wave characteristics of Puducherry wave rider
buoy East coast of Muttukadu (Kovalam) Chennai, Tamilnadu (Source: INCOIS)
Monthly Significant Wave Height (m) Mean wave Period (s) Peak Direction (Deg)
Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean
October 1.3 0.33 0.66 8.14 3.63 5.62 173 43.6 130.17
November 1.5 0.36 0.83 7.85 3.36 4.66 165.9 42.2 97.35
December 2.38 0.29 0.97 10.21 2.99 4.81 174.4 43.6 95.77
January 1.64 0.45 0.95 6.35 3.47 4.55 142 54.8 93.47
February 1.6 0.27 0.65 6.58 2.9 4.26 215.15 52 114.19
March 1.4 0.21 0.60 6.69 2.7 3.87 202.5 46.40 121.55
April 1.31 0.36 0.68 8.76 3.19 4.17 227.81 56.2 118.01

Significant Wave Height (Hs)

Wave Height in (m)

2.5

1.5

0.5

Figure 4 Variation of wave height with Date/time (October to December 2016)

Significant Wave Height(Hs)

1.8
Wave Height in (m)

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Figure 5 Variation of wave height with date/ time (January to April 2017)

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 K. Ayyappan and K. Thiruvenkatasamy

Wave Mean Period (s)

Wave mean Period (s) 12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Figure 6 Variation of wave mean period (s) with date/time (October to December 2016)

Wave Mean Period (s)

Wave mean period (s)

10

Figure 7 Variation of wave mean period (s) with date/ time (January to April 2017)

Figure 8 Variation of Wave Direction (Deg) with date/time (October to April 2016 -2017)

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 On the Hydrodynamics of Shoreline Morphological Changes and its Impact on Tidal Stability in the
Presence of Groins using Field Measurements at Muttukadu Estuary

Maximum wave height of 2.38m, Maximum means wave period of 10.21(s) and Peak
direction 227.81◦ was recorded, during the observation period, November and April. From the
results, it can be inferred that the characteristics of wave parameter from the month of January
to April 2017 (fair weather) are found to be normal along Muttukadu (Kovalam) coastline and
during the North East monsoon period (October to December) it is abnormal and also
frequently hit by cyclone for the past ten years in the East Coast region of Chennai.
The predominant breaker wave types are plunging and collapsing at the locations in the
study area. Net sediment transport direction is predominately Northwards, however during
strong winds and storms, the local sediment transport can change direction towards the south
when waves approach from NE-E. The status of beach morphology is analyzed in Muttukadu
(Kovalam) Northern and Southern Groins side through beach profile survey. All the levels
were adjusted to Mean Sea Level(M.S.L.) and related to the phase of the tide. The place of
transect was fixed with GPS and manual paint (yellow color) marking in groins through
recognized permanent reference station at groins Muttukadu (Kovalam) Northern and
Southern sides. Beach profiles surveyed during these seven months for the two transects are
compared and presented in Fig.10 & Fig. 11. Length of shoreline changes and quantities of
erosion and accretion from the cross-sections of the beach profiles are calculated using
trapezoidal rule have been presented in Table1.

Beach Profile - Northern Groins Side

2.5 October
Beach Elevation w.r.t MSL

2 November
1.5 December
1
January
0.5
(m)

0 february

-0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 march
-1 April
Cross - Shore Distance (m)

Figure 10 Beach Profile at Transect 1 Northern Groins Side (During October to April along the East Coast of
Muttukadu, Kovalam)

2.5 Beach Profile - Southern Groins Side

Beach Elevation w.r.t.MSL

2
october
1.5 November
1 December
(m)

0.5 January
february
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 march
-0.5
April
-1
Cross-Shore Distance (m)

Figure 11 Beach Profile at Transect 2 South Groins Side (During Month of October to April along the
East Coast of Muttukadu, Kovalam)

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 K. Ayyappan and K. Thiruvenkatasamy

The cross-section of the beach profile- transect 1&2 located on the Northern and Southern
side of the Muttukadu (Kovalam), are shown in Fig.10 & Fig.11. The coast is accreting and
the magnitude of accretion is compared in the two transects are presented in Table 3 for the
study period.

Table 3 Shoreline Changes and Volume of sediment changes

Beach profile Volume m3/m
Erosion Accretion Net Gross
Transect 1(Northern -33.95 10.52 -23.43 -46.86
Side)
Transect 2 -10 39.8 29.8 59.6
(Southern Side)

Sediment size distribution along the coastal region of Muttukadu (Kovalam), using the
sediment sample collected from the beach surface/seabed, the sediment characteristics can be
determined. Beach samples, collected during field investigation, have been analyzed for
different seasons in order to find the mean size for both the locations. The fractions retained in
each mesh were weighed. The sediment size distribution along the Muttukadu is given in
Table 2. Sediment size distribution analyses show that the median particle sizes vary 0.093
mm and 0.138 mm and the beach composed mainly of fine sand and sediment distribution
presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Sediment Distribution – Muttukadu (Kovalam)

S.No Season Sample location Median Particle Types of sand
size
1 North East monsoon 0 m water depth 0.096mm Fine sand
2m water depth 0.083mm Fine sand
2 Fair Weather 0 meter 0.116mm Fine sand
2m water depth 0.122mm Fine sand

The accretion has to take place naturally; since the Muttukadu Lake is located in the
southern side. Similarly; the Tamil Nadu State Government authorities are dredging, the
mouth continuously to keep the Muttukadu Lake mouth open to the inlet of freshwater flow
due to the frequent closing of mouth taking place. The groins act as an obstacle for the
movement and deposition of marine sediments results in coastline accretion in the southern
side. This has been confirmed earlier by various studies along the East coast and also
worldwide (Vernon Harcoart, 1881; Spring, 1919; Johnson, 1957; Cornick, 1969; Shepard
&Wanless, 1971; Komar, 1998; Sahadevan, 1996). The erosion has started on the Northern
side due to the construction of groins Muttukadu (Kovalam), and is clearly shown by the
beach profile transect 1 and satellite images. In forthcoming years, it is possible that erosion
will take place further North. The accretions in the Southern side are clearly demonstrated by
beach profile transect 2. If the erosion is to continue at this rate, it would make these villages
vulnerable for getting washed away, under these, when this region is hit by a big storm or a
cyclone.

5. COMPARISON OF SATELLITE IMAGES

The comparison of satellite images of Google earth before and after the construction of the
Southern breakwater is shown Fig.12. Considerable accretions in the South side can be seen
clearly. There was a minimum depth available at the entrance channel (from the color of the
image) indicated by the 2016 and 2018 image. The sediments were deposited near the

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 On the Hydrodynamics of Shoreline Morphological Changes and its Impact on Tidal Stability in the
Presence of Groins using Field Measurements at Muttukadu Estuary

southern side and the deposition kept on increasing, it is clear in the 2018 satellite images and
sediment was eroded in the Northern side of Muttukadu (Kovalam) before and after the
construction of the breakwater. The shoreline is drifted towards the South. Hence it is seen
that construction of groins without proper study could increase the sediment transport as in
the case of Muttukadu(Kovalam).

Figure 12 Before and after construction of Groins structure Muttukadu (Kovalam)Source: (Google Earth)

6. CONCLUSIONS
Hydrodynamic field measurements and data analysis have been carried out to assess the
impact of a groin system on the Muttukadu (Kovalam) coast. Using field measurements for
the parameters, viz, beach profiles, laboratory sediment analysis, wave data, sediment
transportation and shoreline morphological changes under the action of waves have been
performed in the sandy beaches of Muttukadu (Kovalam) coast. The present hydrodynamic
analytical results will be useful in calculating shoreline changes due to erosion and
sedimentation process.
In the present analysis, it is observed that severe erosion occurs in Northern side and
accretion is noticed in the Southern side of the Muttukadu (Kovalam) coast. This will affect
more in future, and, hence, immediate mitigation measures have to be implemented.
Necessary coastal structures such as groins, detached breakwaters may be introduced after
proper analysis and design. This study shows that the north side of Muttukadu (Kovalam)
coast is getting eroded. Therefore, proper protection measures have to be designed. It is
concluded that a long-term monitoring is necessary to plan for an effective coastal defense in
this sensitive coastal belt. The alignment of harbor breakwater and groins or other coastal
structure and the direction of littoral drift would certainly depend upon the wave direction.
The ever-increasing exploration of ocean reserves requires continues observation of ocean
wave climate for efficient near shore and offshore operation. This field measurement and
analysis will serve as one of the generic analysis for comparison with numerical studies.

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 K. Ayyappan and K. Thiruvenkatasamy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Department of Harbor and Ocean Engineering, AMET
University. Chennai. Authors are also thankful to the Indian National Centre for Ocean
Information Service (INCOIS), Hyderabad for provided the wave data.

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