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Abstract - This paper presents a new digital signal processing PCC voltages in order to establish the reference currents that
(DSP) algorithm based on wavelet transform (WT) in order to control the SAPC operation. The load current components that
calculate compensating current of shunt active power produce the non-active powers are eliminated upstream of the
compensator (SAPC). The proposed algorithm depends on the PCC with the use of the SAPC [8].
highly resolution approach which has been presented
An electrical power theory, with identification and
previously by the authors to calculate the electrical power
components defined in IEEE STD 1459-2010 in case of non- quantification of the non-active powers, is needed for the
sinusoidal and un-balanced voltage and current waveforms. optimum implementation of the selective compensation
The presented algorithm relies on the advantage of discrete method [8]-[10]. The reference currents that control the
wavelet transform (DWT) in order to calculate the phasors selective SAPC outputs can then be established. Recently,
(magnitude and phase angle) of fundamental frequency the IEEE STD 1459-2000 was reviewed originating the
component of voltage and current waveforms. Also it is using IEEE STD 1459-2010 with several corrections [11]. IEEE
the advantage of discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) in STD 1459-2000 represents the unique reference generally
harmonic analysis of non-sinusoidal waveforms in order to accepted to measure the electric power in non-ideal
calculate RMS values of integer harmonics. The developed
environments [12], [13]. It suggests a set of definitions for
algorithm is tested with the synthesised waveforms and
obtained results are compared with results of the other electric power measurements under any conditions for
methods. single phase and three phase systems which are calculated
based on the fundamental positive sequence voltage and
Keywords - Compensating current; Discrete wavelet transform current. IEEE standard 1459 establishes that fundamental
(DWT); Discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT); electrical positive sequence active power (P1+) is the only useful
power components; IEEE STD1459-2010; shunt active power power [12], [14]-[16]. Maximum efficiency in the electric
compensator. network is reached when only the fundamental positive
sequence active current (I1+a) is demanded and the voltages
I. INTRODUCTION at the PCC only contain the fundamental positive sequence
The increased use of static power converters such as voltage (V1+) [17]. In this work, the authors introduce a new
single phase, three phase rectifiers and a large number of wavelet transform (WT) based digital signal processing
power electronics based equipments generate considerable (DSP) algorithm in order to calculate the compensating
disturbance and pollution in the distribution power system. current of the SAPC in addition to the non-active powers in
Single phasing operation and the three-phase unbalanced accordance to the definitions of electrical power
loads cause a significant amount of neutral current flow, components defined in IEEE standard 1459-2010. This
which is undesirable. Due to unbalanced and nonlinear work relies on the highly resolution approach presented by
loads, the source currents drawn from the supply are the authors [18], [19].
unbalanced and distorted. These currents produce nonlinear
voltage drops across the feeders, which result in the polluted II. SAPC BASICS
voltages at the supply point of the utility [1], [2]. Hence it
is required to compensate the unbalance, harmonic and An SAPC can be considered as a three phase ac current
reactive component of the load currents under various source controlled by some reference currents [8]. SAPCs
supply voltage conditions [2]. Shunt, series, and hybrid are connected to the customer installation at PCC between
active compensators are developed to improve electric quality power network and customer installation as shown in Fig.1.
in non-efficient electric systems [3]-[5]. Shunt active power The addition of an SAPC to the customer electric
compensators (SAPC) are preferred in low voltage installation improves the power quality of its installations and
distribution systems [6], [7]. An SAPC is equivalent to a has effects in the electric bill [20]. The SAPC is supplying the
controlled three-phase ac current source that operates by load current components that are responsible for the
improving the quality of the electric distribution systems existence of the power quantities different from P1+ [20].
upstream from the point of common connection (PCC). The SAPC output currents (compensating currents) have to
currents downstream of the PCC are sensed together with the achieve supply currents containing only the load current
Power components for three phase systems with non- D. Effective Apparent Power Resolution
sinusoidal and unbalanced conditions are defined in IEEE The fundamental positive sequence apparent power (S1+),
STD 1459-2010 [11]. In this standard a virtual balanced the fundamental effective apparent power (Se1) and the
circuit assumes that it has exactly the same power losses as fundamental unbalanced power (Su1 ) are given by:
375
S1 3V1 I1 the load, the fundamental effective apparent power Se1 and
(10) the non-fundamental effective apparent power SeN. After an
SAPC connection, only P1+ flows from the power network.
Se1 3Ve1 I e1 (11) The remaining power flows SeN, SU1 and Q1+ are delivered by
the SAPC. Following IEEE Standard 1459, the SAPC
Su1 Se1 ( S1 )2
2 output currents must be those that flow through the load and do
(12) not contribute to P1+. For the full compensation of the non-
efficient currents, the SAPC compensating currents of each
The current distortion power (DeI), voltage distortion power phase, in the time domain, are calculated as follows[8], [17],
(DeV ) and harmonic apparent power (SeH )are given by: [20], [22]:
a
iZ SAPC (t ) izload (t ) iz1 (t ) (21)
DeI 3Ve1 I eH +a
(13) where iz1 is active component of supply current and
calculated using the following expression:
DeV 3VeH I e1 (14)
SeH 3VeH I eH
a
iz1 (t ) 2 I1 cos 1 sin t V 1 z1
(22)
+
(15) where φV1 represents the phase shift angle between the
The non-fundamental effective apparent power (SeN ) is fundamental voltage of phase R (VR1) and V1+. φz1+
defined as: represents the positive sequence phase shift angle in each
(16) phase (φR1+ = 0ᵒ for phase R, φS1+ = -120ᵒ for phase S, and
SeN DeI DeV SeH
2 2 2
φT1+ = +120ᵒ for phase T ). Fig. 3 shows the phasor
The effective apparent power (Se) is defined as: representation of V1+ and I1+ in the R-S-T system
coordinates. A flowchart explaining the method followed for
Se Se1 SeN
2 2 (17) the calculation of iz1+a (t) and iZSAPC (t) is represented in Fig.
4. The load currents and the line-to-neutral voltages at PCC
The harmonic distortion power (DeH )is defined as: are measured and stored in an array after their conversion
to digital format. A DFT is applied to the acquired values
DeH SeH PH
2 2
(18) in order to obtain the fundamental frequency components.
E. Power Factors The positive-sequence current and voltage are calculated
The fundamental positive sequence power factor (PF1+) using the symmetrical components transformation as follows
can be defined as the following ratio: [8], [17]:
P
PF1 1
(19)
1
I1
3
V1 1 a a 2 VR 1 VS 1 VT 1
3
T
(24)
STD.1459 where a =1ej(2π/3) , with the modulus of the load positive-
IEEE Std.1459-2010 defines the fundamental positive- sequence current obtained from (23) and the argument of
sequence active power as the only power that ideally should the positive-sequence voltage at PCC obtained from (24), the
compensating currents of each phase are calculated in the
exist in electric systems, since it represents the useful active
time domain as indicated in (21) and (22). These
power transferred to the load [8], [17], [20], [22]. The load
compensating currents are the reference currents for the
fundamental positive-sequence active current is defined as
current control algorithm.
follows:
a
I1 I1 cos 1 (20) T
V1+
I1+a
Maximum efficiency is reached only when I1+a flows through ϕv1+
the power network lines and the voltages at the PCC only +
R
Ɵ1
contain V1+. Under these conditions, the effective apparent
power Se is equal to P and equal to P1+. The effective power I1+r
I1+
factor PFe and the fundamental positive-sequence power
factor PF1+ are equal to 1. The power terms in a compensated S
ϕv1+
system are represented in Fig. 2. Without the SAPC, the
power network has to deliver all of the powers consumed by Fig. 3. Positive-sequence current components.
376
PCC voltages Load currents level using DWT and DWPT algorithms as shown in tables
III and IV. The mother wavelet used in this algorithm is
Sample/ Hold+ ADC
(vR,S,T , i
db40.
R,S,T load )
Sample PCC line voltage and load current six
DFT 1 signals using suitable sampling frequency
(VR1,VS1 ,VT1 , IR L1 , IS L1,IT L1 )
estimation to extract the magnitude and phase angle of 11 2
150 1.5
145 1
140
2
170 1 . 5
165 1
160
fundamental frequency components of voltage and current 13
waveforms for each phase at PCC. It also adopting DWPT TABLE II. VALUES OF CURRENT SIGNALS
to decompose voltage and current waveforms for each phase h Ia
Ib
Ic
1 10
10 9
105 8
180
values and active power of all individual harmonic contents. 5 2
140 1 . 5
135
1
130
Thus electrical power components defined in IEEE STD 7 2
130 1 . 5
125
1
120
2
1 . 5
25 1
1459-2010 for non-sinusoidal and unbalanced three phase 9 30 20
11 2
140 1.5
135 1
130
power systems can be calculated for all individual frequency 13 2
160 1 . 5
155
1
150
decomposition level (0-120 Hz) and decomposed up to fifth 30 3600-3720 (HZ) 61st
31 3720-3840 (HZ) 63rd
377
Table V indicates the calculated power components for 50
Current (A)
synthesized voltage and current waveforms of non-
0
sinusoidal and unbalanced power system at PCC using
DWT approach. Fig. 6a shows the supply line current signal
-50
before the connection of SAPC. After the connection of the 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time (s)
SAPC at PCC the line current upstream PCC is shown in 5
DFT
Current (A)
Fig. 6b using the proposed DWT approach and existed DFT DWT
approach. The SAPC line compensating current using 0
proposed DWT approach and existed DFT approach is
shown in Fig. 6c. As a result the power components -5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
upstream from PCC change to the values given in tables VI Time (Sec)
20
and VII using DFT and DWT based approaches DFT
Current (A)
DWT
respectively. Fig. 7 indicates the calculated electrical power
0
components using the proposed approach before and after
SAPC operation.
-20
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time (Sec)
TABLE V. POWER COMPONENTS USING DWT
Fig.6. (a) Load line current, (b) Calculated supply line current after
connection of SAPC using DFT and DWT approaches, (c) Calculated
Ve= 9.804 V Ve1= 9.036 V VeH= 3.806 V compensating line current of SAPC using DFT and DWT approaches.
Ie= 9.804 A Ie1= 9.036 A IeH= 3.806 A 300
Before SAPC
+ + + ᵒ 275
V1 =3.428 V I1 =2.617 A θ1 = 23.867 After SAPC
250
Se=288.403 VA Se1=244.947 VA SeN=152.242 VA 225
Q1+= 10.889VAR +
PF1 =0.916 75
50
25
TABLE VI. POWER COMPONENTS USING DFT 0
Se Se1 SeN Su1 SeH P1 PH DeI Dev DeH
Ve= 9.808 V Ve1= 9.036V VeH= 3.796 V Fig.7. Comparison between power components before (left) and after (right)
Ie= 2.566 A Ie1= 2.565 A IeH= 0.001 A SAPC operation.
V1+=3.481 V I1+=2.751 A θ1+=-13.282ᵒ
The simulated results after connection of SAPC at PCC
Se=75.764 VA Se1=69.450 VA SeN=29.421 VA
demonstrate the followings: (a) SAPC eliminates or reduces
Su1=63.229 VA SeH=0.002 VA S1+=28.728 VA significantly all useless power components different from
P1=47.580 W PH=0.001 W P1+=27.963 W P1+ which drawn from the supply as indicated in table VII
DeI=0.000 VA Dev=29.407 VA DeH=0.000VA and Fig. 7. (b) Since SAPC operates by delivering currents
+
Q1 =-6.600 VAR PF1+=0.973 to the electric system, no variations are detectable in the
PCC voltages as indicated in tables V, VII. (c) The supply
currents include mainly active component Ia+ and SAPC is
TABLE VII. POWER COMPONENTS USING DWT responsible for all current terms related to power
V e = 9.807 V V e1 = 9.039V V eH = 3.807 V
magnitudes different from P1+as indicated in Fig. 6. (d) Q1+
is reduced significantly and supply is not required to supply
I e = 2.575 A I e1 = 2.575 A I eH = 0.000 A
it, in addition to PF1+ increased as indicated in tables V and
V 1 +=3.456 V I 1 +=2.815 A θ 1 +=-13.273 ᵒ VII. (e) Comparing the proposed approach with the existed
S e =75.766 VA S e1 =69.828 VA S eN =29.409 VA DFT based approach, it provides similar results for
S u1 =63.436 VA S eH =0.000 VA S 1 + =29.185 VA compensating current of SAPC and supply current
P 1 =47.582 W P H =0.000 W P 1 + =28.410 W calculations as indicated in Fig. 6. (f) Calculations of
D eI =0.000 VA D ev =29.409 VA D eH =0.000VA required electrical power components for design process of
+
Q 1 =-6.688 VAR +
PF 1 =0.974
SAPC using proposed approach are more accurate than
existed DFT approach. This is due to the advantage of the
highly resolution approach presented previously by the
authors in order to calculate electrical power components, as
indicated in tables VI and VII.
378
VII. CONCLUSIONS [11] IEEE standard definitions for the measurement of electric power
quantities under sinusoidal, non-sinusoidal, balanced, or unbalanced
conditions, March. 2010. IEEE Std. 1459-2010.
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addition to the calculation of the non- useful power sinusoidal, balanced or unbalanced conditions, ” IEEE Trans. Ind.
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