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The Basics of Electrical Bus Protections (Overcurrent, Differential and Undervoltage) - on photo
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( p),
Two other items are indicated in the diagram. One is the direction of CTs.
If current I1P flows in the primary towards the primary spot mark,
simultaneously output current I1Swill flow out of the CT at the secondary
spot mark.
One can picture the current going in as I1Pand out as I1Sinstantly reduced
in size by a factor of 2000/5. The second point to note is the CT ratio
(2000/5 A). This is standard notation that 2000 Amps in the primary will
produce 5 Amps on the secondary.
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p y p p
system, as the other phases are identical.
Note that the current flow in the overcurrent relay is equal to the difference
(where differential relay gets itís name) in the input currents. In this case
they are equal and the differential current is zero.
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If the fault is of high enough magnitude to pickup the overcurrent relay the
differential protection will operate to trip breakers X and Y, plus block any
reclosure ofthese breakers, initiate breaker failure protection and any other
actions required by that specific protection zone.
Figure 3 shows the current directions for the most severe fault, an internal
bus fault fed from both ends of the bus. If you consider the figure carefully
you will notice that any number of breakers or transformers could be
added to the bus. Care would have to be taken to ensure the CT ratios
and spot marks were correct and that the secondary circuits were added in
parallel.
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y j p
and B bus protection.Refer to previous Figure 2 for configuration.
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p pp
off the bus.
The overcurrent backup relay will see the total current supplied to
the bus, whereas the differential relay only sees the difference
between supply current and load current as discussed previously. The
relay settings for overcurrent backup protections are somewhat difficult and
usually employ an instantaneous and timed component.
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pp p p pp y
The timed overcurrent setting has to coordinate with all of the loads
fed from the bus to allow the separate protections (Zone L1, L2 in Figure
9) to operate first.
Bus phase to ground faults are far more common than phase to phase or
three phase faults. They are generally due to breakdown of insulation
by some foreign material or moisture. Due to the severe affect on the
connected loads as well as structural damage, these have to be
instantaneously cleared from the electrical system.
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y g , g
to a system is restored. Loads are usually introduced slowly to allow the
generator to stabilize its power production before more loads are placed
on the generator (there are thermal limits on rates of loading/unloading
ofturbine-generators anyway, which help in this situation).
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g p , g
relay contacts will open. In this type of protection, there will also be a
time delay built in (usually by a timer) to prevent operation during
voltage transients (i.e., if the voltage is quickly restored, the trip will
not occur).
The voltage drop and time delay are chosen such that re-energizing the
load will not result in excessive demands on the system.
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