Mindset for IELTS, Book 2, Unit 7, Listening, p.

141
Education systems

mindset a set of attitudes or fixed ideas that somebody has and that are often difficult
to change
SYNONYM MENTALITY
a conservative mindset
the mindset of the computer generation
Tip 04
04
Teacher’s note
- This exercise requires students to do a diagram completion task.
Tell students to listen to the lecture and complete the gaps using only one or two
words.
- As stated in the previous exercise, remind students to study the diagram
carefully before attempting to complete the task.
Play the recording more than once if needed.
Alternative
- In pairs, ask students to predict the missing information before you play the
recording.
Answers
post- prefix (in nouns, verbs and adjectives) after
a postgraduate a post-Impressionist
the post-1945 period
1 Academic
academic adj [usually before noun] connected with education, especially studying in
schools and universities
The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.
high/low academic standards an academic career
vocational adj connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in
order to do a particular job
vocational education/qualifications/training
2 Further education / FE
further education [uncountable] (abbreviation FE) (British English) education that is
provided for people after leaving school, but not at a university
college of further education (also CFE) (British English) a college for students over
the age of 16, providing courses that lead to an A level or vocational qualification.
sixth form n [usually singular] (British English) the two final years at school for
students between the ages of 16 and 18 who are preparing to take A levels (=
advanced level exams)
Sue is in the sixth form now.
qualification [countable, usually plural] (British English) an exam that you have
passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed
academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications
 a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification
He left school with no formal qualifications.
to acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications
3 University 4 Employment
employment [uncountable, countable] work, especially when it is done to earn
money; the state of being employed
to be in paid employment full-time/part-time employment
conditions/terms of employment
vocational adj connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in
order to do a particular job
vocational education/qualifications/training
qualification [countable, usually plural] (British English) an exam that you have
passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed
academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications
a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification
He left school with no formal qualifications.
to acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualificationso
5 Apprenticeship
apprenticeship U C a period of time working as an apprentice; a job as an apprentice
She was in the second year of her apprenticeship as a carpenter.
He had served his apprenticeship as a plumber.
Script
employment [uncountable, countable] work, especially when it is done to earn
money; the state of being employed
to be in paid employment full-time/part-time employment
conditions/terms of employment
aged adj [not before noun] of the age of
They have two children aged six and nine.
volunteers aged between 25 and 40
apprenticeship U C a period of time working as an apprentice; a job as an apprentice
She was in the second year of her apprenticeship as a carpenter.
He had served his apprenticeship as a plumber.
traineeship C a period when someone is trained in the skills needed for a particular
job
Traineeships help businesses develop the talented workforce required
to succeed.
There are two paths ...
path (pl. paths) (also pathway) a plan of action or a way of achieving something
a career path the path to success
academic adj [usually before noun] connected with education, especially studying in
schools and universities
The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.
high/low academic standards an academic career
 vocational adj connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in
order to do a particular job
vocational education/qualifications/training
qualification [countable, usually plural] (British English) an exam that you have
passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed
academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications
a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification
He left school with no formal qualifications.
to acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications
mainly adv more than anything else; also used to talk about the most important reason
for something
SYNONYM CHIEFLY, PRIMARILY
They eat mainly fruit and nuts.
‘Where do you export to?’ ‘France, mainly.’
A level (also advanced level)[countable, uncountable] a British exam taken in a
particular subject, usually in the final year of school at the age of 18
You need three A levels to get onto this university course.
What A levels are you doing? I'm doing maths A level.
aim [intransitive, transitive] to try or plan to achieve something
He has always aimed high (= tried to achieve a lot).
aim for something We should aim for a bigger share of the market.
aim at something The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in
unemployment.
aim to do something They are aiming to reduce unemployment by 50%.
aim at doing something They're aiming at training everybody by the end of
the year.
vocational adj connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in
order to do a particular job
vocational education/qualifications/training
qualification [countable, usually plural] (British English) an exam that you have
passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed
academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications
a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification
He left school with no formal qualifications.
to acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications
... offered by the Business and Technology Education (or BETEC for short) ...
for short using a short form
Her name’s Alexandra, or Alex for short.
profession [countable] a type of job that needs special training or skill, especially one
that needs a high level of education
the medical/legal/teaching, etc. profession
to enter/go into/join a profession
(British English) the caring professions (= that involve looking after people)
He was an electrician by profession.
 engineering the activity of applying scientific knowledge to the design, building and
control of machines, roads, bridges, electrical equipment, etc.
The bridge is a triumph of modern engineering.
engineering (also engineering science) the study of engineering as a subject
a degree in engineering
computing U the fact of using computers
to work in computing to study computing
educational/network/scientific computing
computing power/services/skills/systems
... to continue to academic studies...
academic adj [usually before noun] connected with education, especially studying in
schools and universities
The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.
high/low academic standards an academic career
studies [plural] (formal) a particular person’s learning activities, for example at a
college or university
to continue your studies
sixth form n [usually singular] (British English) the two final years at school for
students between the ages of 16 and 18 who are preparing to take A levels (=
advanced level exams)
Sue is in the sixth form now.
specialist adj [only before noun] having or involving expert knowledge of a particular
area of work, study or medicine
specialist magazines
You need some specialist advice.
a specialist consultant in cancer genetics
sixth-form college (in Britain) a school for students over the age of 16
alternatively adv used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility
The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can
organize your own transport.
A level (also advanced level)[countable, uncountable] a British exam taken in a
particular subject, usually in the final year of school at the age of 18
You need three A levels to get onto this university course.
What A levels are you doing? I'm doing maths A level.
further education [uncountable] (abbreviation FE) (British English) education that is
provided for people after leaving school, but not at a university
college of further education (also CFE) (British English) a college for students over
the age of 16, providing courses that lead to an A level or vocational qualification.
route (to something) a particular way of achieving something
the route to success
There are a number of routes to qualifying as a social worker.
(on the one hand…) on the other (hand)… used to introduce different points of
view, ideas, etc., especially when they are opposites
 On the one hand they'd love to have kids, but on the other, they don't want to
give up their freedom.
vocational adj connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in
order to do a particular job
vocational education/qualifications/training
qualification [countable, usually plural] (British English) an exam that you have
passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed
academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications
a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification
He left school with no formal qualifications.
to acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications
... will typically go to a Further Education college ...
typically adv used to say that something usually happens in the way that you are
stating
The factory typically produces 500 chairs a week.
A typically priced meal will be around $10.
qualify [intransitive] to reach the standard of ability or knowledge needed to do a
particular job, for example by completing a course of study or passing exams
How long does it take to qualify?
qualify as something He qualified as a doctor last year.
... a specified learning environment ...
specify to state something, especially by giving an exact measurement, time, exact
instructions, etc.
specify something Remember to specify your size when ordering clothes.
specify who, what, etc… The contract clearly specifies who can operate the
machinery.
specify that… The regulations specify that calculators may not be used in the
examination.
vocational adj connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in
order to do a particular job
vocational education/qualifications/training
qualification [countable, usually plural] (British English) an exam that you have
passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed
academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications
a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification
He left school with no formal qualifications.
to acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications
... such as a National Vocational Qualification (or NVQ for short)
for short using a short form
Her name’s Alexandra, or Alex for short.
apprenticeship U C a period of time working as an apprentice; a job as an apprentice
She was in the second year of her apprenticeship as a carpenter.
He had served his apprenticeship as a plumber.
 traineeship C a period when someone is trained in the skills needed for a particular
job
Traineeships help businesses develop the talented workforce required
to succeed.
... get to work with experienced staff and gain job-related skills
gain something to gradually get more of something
to gain confidence/strength/experience
I've gained weight recently.
They earn a wage, although this is typically less than a ‘regular’ employee
typically adv used to say that something usually happens in the way that you are
stating
The factory typically produces 500 chairs a week.
A typically priced meal will be around $10
regular adj happening or doing something often
a regular customer/churchgoer/reader/user
Professional athletes make regular appearances on TV.
They study towards a qualification related to the job
qualification [countable, usually plural] (British English) an exam that you have
passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed
academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications
a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification
He left school with no formal qualifications.
to acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications
Completing sentences
05
Teacher’s note
- This task requires students to listen to a text and then complete sentences by
choosing the correct word.
With weaker groups have students read the sentences in pairs and ask them to
say what they are about whole class.
Get them to highlight the words they have to choose from each time.
With some very weak students you may need to clarify the meaning of some of
the choices (What is provisional/conditional?)
conditional (on/upon something) depending on something
conditional approval/acceptance
Payment is conditional upon delivery of the goods (= if the goods are not
delivered, the money will not be paid)
He was found guilty and given a conditional discharge (= allowed to go free
on particular conditions).
a conditional offer (= that depends on particular conditions being met)
Opposite unconditional
provisional adj arranged for the present time only and likely to be changed in the
future
SYNONYM TEMPORARY a provisional government
 provisional arrangements
Answers
1 five
register [transitive, intransitive] to record your/somebody’s/something’s name on an
official list
register something to register a birth/marriage/death
register something in something The ship was registered in Panama.
register somebody + adj. | register (somebody) as something She is
officially registered (as) disabled.
register (with somebody/something) to register with a doctor
register (at/for something) to register at a hotel
admission [uncountable, countable] the act of accepting somebody into an institution,
organization, etc.; the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization
Hospital admission is not necessary in most cases.
admission to something countries applying for admission to the European
Union
2 statement
personal statement a written description of your achievements and interests,
included as part of an application for a job or a place at university or college
In the personal statement, applicants have the opportunity to explain why they
believe they should receive the scholarship.
3 reference
reference C a letter that is written by someone who knows you, to describe you and
say if you are suitable for a job, course, etc.
My old headteacher said he would write/give me a glowing (= very
good) reference.
4 conditional
conditional (on/upon something) depending on something
conditional approval/acceptance
Payment is conditional upon delivery of the goods (= if the goods are not
delivered, the money will not be paid)
He was found guilty and given a conditional discharge (= allowed to go free
on particular conditions).
a conditional offer (= that depends on particular conditions being met)
Opposite unconditional
provisional adj arranged for the present time only and likely to be changed in the
future
SYNONYM TEMPORARY a provisional government
provisional arrangements
5 confirm
confirm to make a position, an agreement, etc. more definite or official; to establish
somebody/something firmly
confirm something After a six-month probationary period, her position was
confirmed.
 confirm somebody as something He was confirmed as captain for the rest of
the season.
confirm somebody in something I'm very happy to confirm you in your post.
renew something to emphasize something by saying or stating it again
SYNONYM REITERATE, REPEAT
to renew an appeal/a request/a complaint, etc.
Community leaders have renewed calls for a peaceful settlement.
6 clearing
clearing [uncountable] (in Britain) the system used by universities to find students for
the places on their courses that have not been filled shortly before the beginning of the
academic year
She got into university through clearing.
You can apply for a place through the clearing system.
Script
Mr. Green: ... help you with your application ...
stand for sth (no passive) (not used in the progressive tenses) to be an abbreviation or
symbol of something
‘The book's by T.C. Smith.’ ‘What does the ‘T.C.’ stand for?’
admission [uncountable, countable] the act of accepting somebody into an institution,
organization, etc.; the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization
Hospital admission is not necessary in most cases.
admission to something countries applying for admission to the European
Union
set sth up to create something or start it
to set up a business
A fund will be set up for the dead men's families.
account an arrangement that somebody has with a company that allows them to use
the Internet, send and receive messages by email, etc.
an Internet/email account
Mr. Green: ... how many offer the course you want ... to have some back-up in case you
don’t get into your first choice.
reputation U C the opinion that people have about what somebody/something is like,
based on what has happened in the past
to earn/establish/build a reputation
to have a good/bad reputation
reputation (as something) She soon acquired a reputation as a first-class
cook.
reputation (for something/for doing something) I'm aware of Mark's
reputation for being late.
backup U C extra help or support that you can get if necessary
The police had backup from the army.
We can use him as a backup if one of the other players drops out.
a backup power supply
 get into sth / get yourself/sb into sth to reach a particular state or condition; to make
somebody reach a particular state or condition
He got into trouble with the police while he was still at school.
Three people were rescued from a yacht which got into difficulties.
She got herself into a real state (= became very anxious) before the interview.
Amanda: I’m doing A levels in ...
A level (also advanced level)[countable, uncountable] a British exam taken in a
particular subject, usually in the final year of school at the age of 18
You need three A levels to get onto this university course.
What A levels are you doing? I'm doing maths A level.
biochemistry [uncountable] the scientific study of the chemistry of living things
Mr. Green: ... there are seven good choices I could give you ...Imperial College in
London is very good
Imperial College London a leading British college for the study of science, in South
Kensington, London. It was established in 1907 as part of London University but
became an independent institution in 2007. It offers courses in such subjects as
science, medicine, engineering and business, as well as providing opportunities for
scientific research. It also has its own nuclear reactor at its research station at Silwood
Park, near Ascot.
go for sth to choose something
I think I'll go for the fruit salad.
plus prep as well as something/somebody; and also
We have to fit five of us plus all our gear in the car.
Opposite minus
... the maximum number you can put on your application is five. How about Durham,
Sheffield and Exeter?
Amanda: I’ll look at those ... I’ve always found that difficult.
personal statement a written description of your achievements and interests,
included as part of an application for a job or a place at university or college
In the personal statement, applicants have the opportunity to explain why they
believe they should receive the scholarship.
Mr. Green: ... Well, just be honest. I can help you phrase it ...
phrase [transitive] to say or write something in a particular way
phrase something (+ adv./prep.) a carefully phrased remark
phrase something as something Her order was phrased as a suggestion.
note sth down to write down something important so that you will not forget it
SYNONYM JOT
The police officer noted down details of the burglary.
write sth up to record something in writing in a full and complete form, often using
notes that you made earlier
to write up your notes/the minutes of a meeting
They had to do a survey of the island and write up their findings.
reference C a letter that is written by someone who knows you, to describe you and
say if you are suitable for a job, course, etc.
 My old headteacher said he would write/give me a glowing (= very
good) reference.
Mr. Green: ... and your predicted grade ...
send sth in to send something by post/mail to a place where it will be dealt with
Have you sent in your application yet?
Mr. Green: Well, UCAS processes your application and sends it on to each university ...
process something to deal officially with a document, request, etc.
It will take a week for your application to be processed.
provisional adj arranged for the present time only and likely to be changed in the
future
SYNONYM TEMPORARY a provisional government
provisional arrangements
confirm to make a position, an agreement, etc. more definite or official; to establish
somebody/something firmly
confirm something After a six-month probationary period, her position was
confirmed.
confirm somebody as something He was confirmed as captain for the rest of
the season.
confirm somebody in something I'm very happy to confirm you in your post.
conditional (on/upon something) depending on something
conditional approval/acceptance
Payment is conditional upon delivery of the goods (= if the goods are not
delivered, the money will not be paid)
He was found guilty and given a conditional discharge (= allowed to go free
on particular conditions).
a conditional offer (= that depends on particular conditions being met)
Opposite unconditional
definite (that…) sure or certain; unlikely to change
Can you give me a definite answer by tomorrow?
Is it definite that he's leaving? a definite offer of a job
come through (of news or a message) to arrive by telephone, radio, etc. or through an
official organization
A message is just coming through.
... they get sent to the school here and the universities.
Mr. Green: No, they’ll contact UCAS about their offer. If you meet the predicted
grades , they’ll usually confirm your original offer ...
confirm to make a position, an agreement, etc. more definite or official; to establish
somebody/something firmly
confirm something After a six-month probationary period, her position was
confirmed.
confirm somebody as something He was confirmed as captain for the rest of
the season.
confirm somebody in something I'm very happy to confirm you in your post.
renew something to emphasize something by saying or stating it again
 SYNONYM REITERATE, REPEAT
to renew an appeal/a request/a complaint, etc.
Community leaders have renewed calls for a peaceful settlement.
Amanda: ... I hope that doesn’t happen.
Mr. Green: ... a place at any of your chosen universities ...
take sth off to have a period of time as a break from work
I've decided to take a few days off next week.
alternatively adv used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility
The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can
organize your own transport.
clearing [uncountable] (in Britain) the system used by universities to find students for
the places on their courses that have not been filled shortly before the beginning of the
academic year
She got into university through clearing.
You can apply for a place through the clearing system.
Mr. Green: ... to fill remaining places on their courses and it’s a second chance for
students to get into another university if they didn’t succeed with any of their chosen
ones.
safety net a system to help those who have serious problems and no other form
of help
The welfare system was set up to provide a safety net for the poor.
come to sth (no passive) to reach a particular situation, especially a bad one
The doctors will operate if necessary—but it may not come to that.
Who'd have thought things would come to this (= become so bad)?
Amanda: ... I’ll complete my application ...
Mr. Green: Glad to help ...
Following conversations
06
Teacher’s note
- As demonstrated in the previous exercise, it is very important that students are
able to follow a conversation and they are not confused all the extra information.
Tell students to listen to this conversation and choose the correct set of notes for
1-5.
Simplify the task for weaker students by focusing their attention on the choice of
possible answers each time.
confused adj unable to think clearly or to understand what is happening or what
somebody is saying
People are confused about all the different labels on food these days.
He was depressed and in a confused state of mind.
Answers
direction [countable, uncountable] the general way in which a person or thing
develops
The exhibition provides evidence of several new directions in her work.
I am very unhappy with the direction the club is taking.
 It's only a small improvement, but at least it's a step in the right direction.
tutor (especially British English) a teacher whose job is to pay special attention to the
studies or health, etc. of a student or a group of students
his history tutor He was my personal tutor at university.
She's in my tutor group at school.
1a
seminar a class at a university or college when a small group of students and a
teacher discuss or study a particular topic
Teaching is by lectures and seminars.
a graduate seminar a seminar room
2b
tutorial a period of teaching in a university that involves discussion between an
individual student or a small group of students and a tutor
The total number of hours spent in lectures, tutorials and practicals varies
according to the course of study.
3a
assignment [countable, uncountable] a task or piece of work that somebody is given
to do, usually as part of their job or studies
You will need to complete three written assignments per semester.
She is in Greece on an assignment for one of the Sunday newspapers.
one of our reporters on assignment in China
4a 5b
reference C a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of
writing, showing you where particular information was found
Script
check on sb/sth to make sure that there is nothing wrong with somebody/something
I'll just go and check on the children.
Terry: ... I know it’s to discuss things together ...
typically adv used to say that something usually happens in the way that you are
stating
The factory typically produces 500 chairs a week.
A typically priced meal will be around $10.
lecture theatre a large room with rows of seats on a slope, where lectures are given
Each tiered lecture theatre has a capacity of 70–80 people.
Dr. Harris: ... it’s a one-way form of learning ... review your notes following the
lecture ...
set sth out to present ideas, facts, etc. in an organized way, in speech or writing
He set out his objections to the plan.
She set out the reasons for her resignation in a long letter.
seminar a class at a university or college when a small group of students and a
teacher discuss or study a particular topic
Teaching is by lectures and seminars
a graduate seminar a seminar room
fit in to be suitable or right in a particular situation
 fit in with sth Industry observers believe a sell-off would fit in with the
company's new strategy.
Dr. Harris: It could come at any time once ... usually up to ten of you ...
tutorial a period of teaching in a university that involves discussion between an
individual student or a small group of students and a tutor
The total number of hours spent in lectures, tutorials and practicals varies
according to the course of study.
space sth out to arrange things with a wide space between them
The houses are spaced out in this area of town.
Mothers were being advised to try to space out their pregnancies.
check on sb/sth to make sure that there is nothing wrong with somebody/something
I'll just go and check on the children.
tutor (especially British English) a teacher whose job is to pay special attention to the
studies or health, etc. of a student or a group of students
his history tutor He was my personal tutor at university.
She's in my tutor group at school.
Dr. Harris: and at times that might mean you have ...
at times sometimes
He can be really bad-tempered at times.
The rain will become heavy at times in the afternoon.
tutorial a period of teaching in a university that involves discussion between an
individual student or a small group of students and a tutor
The total number of hours spent in lectures, tutorials and practicals varies
according to the course of study.
work out to be the result of a calculation
These figures work out differently each time I add them.
The safe load for a truck of this size works out at nearly 20 tons.
generally adv in most cases
SYNONYM AS A RULE
I generally get up at six.
The male is generally larger with a shorter beak.
continuous adj happening or existing for a period of time without interruption
Recovery after the accident will be a continuous process that may take several
months.
Stop smoking and you will see a continuous improvement in your health.
Dr. Harris: ... we tend to assess you over the first two years through ...
overall adj [only before noun] including all the things or people that are involved in a
particular situation; general
the person with overall responsibility for the project
There will be winners in each of three age groups, and one overall winner.
Dr. Harris: On all undergraduate courses ... and while there’s no upper limit ...
upper limit the largest possible quantity
Terry: So I should aim for ...
 reference C a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of
writing, showing you where particular information was found
banking U the business activity of banks
She's thinking about a career in banking.adv
ideally adv perfectly; in the most suitable way
She's ideally suited for this job.
widely adv to a large degree; a lot
Standards vary widely.
Dr. Harris: ... but we expect a minimum of five sources which are academic journals ...
journal a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or profession
a scientific/trade journal the British Medical Journal
clear sth up to solve or explain something
to clear up a mystery/difficulty/misunderstanding
Dr. Harris: Glad to be of help ...
Exam skills
07
Teacher’s note
- This example exam task practises sentence completion.
Tell students to complete questions 1-5 with no more than two words.
Suggest that students should read the sentences carefully and try to predict
possible answers before they listen.
Answers
1 Postgraduate Certificate
PGCE the abbreviation for ‘Postgraduate Certificate in Education’ (a British
teaching qualification taken by people who have a university degree)
2 Master ... Science 3 research degree
A doctorate (research degree) is the highest degree awarded by universities in the
UK.
PhD (also Ph.D. especially in North American English) the abbreviation for ‘Doctor
of Philosophy’ (a university degree of a very high level that is given to somebody
who has done research in a particular subject)
to be/have/do a PhD Anne Thomas, PhD
4 company internship
internship a period of time during which a student or new graduate gets practical
experience in a job, for example during the summer holiday/vacation
an internship at a television station
profession [countable] a type of job that needs special training or skill, especially one
that needs a high level of education
the medical/legal/teaching, etc. profession
to enter/go into/join a profession
(British English) the caring professions (= that involve looking after people)
He was an electrician by profession.
5 graduate fair
 potential adj [only before noun] that can develop into something or be developed in
the future
SYNONYM POSSIBLE potential customers
a potential source of conflict
the potential benefits of European integration
Script
first-class U the highest standard of degree given by a British university
Jessica: ... I couldn’t have done it without all your help.
Dr. Ross: ... will always be in high demand
in demand wanted by a lot of people
Good secretaries are always in demand.
Dr. Ross: ... you want to teach before starting your degree course. In your case though,
your main route iinto teaching would be ... That’s another year of study ...
route (to something) a particular way of achieving something
the route to success
There are a number of routes to qualifying as a social worker.
PGCE the abbreviation for ‘Postgraduate Certificate in Education’ (a British
teaching qualification taken by people who have a university degree)
Jessica: ... but I feel Ihave more studying ...
be up to sb to be somebody’s duty or responsibility; to be for somebody to decide
It's not up to you to tell me how to do my job.
Shall we eat out or stay in? It's up to you.
Jessica: ... Actually, I’ve often thought of doing a research degree.
A doctorate (research degree) is the highest degree awarded by universities in the
UK.
PhD (also Ph.D. especially in North American English) the abbreviation for ‘Doctor
of Philosophy’ (a university degree of a very high level that is given to somebody
who has done research in a particular subject)
to be/have/do a PhD Anne Thomas, PhD
Dr. Ross: ... need to fund yourself ...
internship a period of time during which a student or new graduate gets practical
experience in a job, for example during the summer holiday/vacation
an internship at a television station
specialization (in something) C a particular area of work, study or business which
somebody spends more time on than on other areas
After completing the course, they select a specialization in specific fields such
as metal, woodworking or textiles.
sector a part of an area of activity, especially of a country’s economy
the manufacturing sector
service-sector jobs (= in hotels, restaurants, etc.)