An Elevator is designed to carry workers and materials to height of 40 meter.

It is estimated that
at least 10 workers with material load of 12 KN should be hoisted at a speed of 0.5 m which
s
should be attained in the first 0.4s. If the recommended steel wire rope is 619 with the wire
diameter of 2.5mm. Determine the factor of safety. Use following data:
Wire diameter ( d w ) = 0.063d
Cross – sectional area of rope, A = 0.38d 2
Tensile strength for wire rope = 435 d 2
Modulus of elasticity for wire rope, E = 84 GPa.

Given Data:
L = 40m
12000
Mm = kg
9.81
V = 0.5 m
s
t = 0.4s
d w = 2.5mm and d w = 0.063d
A = 0.38d 2
S ut  435d 2
E = 84 103 N
mm 2

Solution:
1. Wire rope data :

dw 2.5
Wire rope diameter, d    39.68mm or 40mm
0.063 0.063
Cross – Sectional area of rope, A = 0.38d 2  0.38  (40) 2  608mm
Tensile strength of wire rope, Fu = 435d 2  435  (40) 2  696000 N

2. Determination of tensile load on wire rope :

Assume average mass of each worker, M w  80kg .

Mass of wire rope of length 40m,
M r = Cross-Sectional area  Length  Density
= 608 106  40  8000  194kg or 195kg

Total mass,
 M = Mass of material + Mass of ten workers + Mass of wire rope
12000
= M m  10M w  M r   10  80  195  2218.25kg
9.81
Acceleration of elevator,
V  0 0.5  0
f    1.25 m 2
t 0.4 s
Tensile load on wire rope,
Ft = Total load to be lifted + Accelerating force
= M .g  M . f  2218.25  9.81  2218.25 1.25  24533.85 N

3. Selection of shear diameter :

For 619 class wire rope, recommended sheaves diameter is,

D  45d  45  40  1800mm

4. Determination of fatigue strength of wire rope :

Select wire rope with a designation of 1770. Hence, Sut  1770 N

mm2
For avoiding fatigue failure of wire rope,
Pba
 0.0014
S ut
Pba  0.0014  Sut  0.0014 1770  2.38 N
mm2
Fatigue strength of each wire rope is,
P  D  d 2.38 1800  40
Ft  ba   85680 N
2 2

5. Determination of factor of safety based on fatigue strength :

Ff 85860
Nf    3.49
Ft 24533.85

6. Determination f bending load :

The bending load on wire rope is,

E  dw 84 103  2.5  608
Fb  A  70933.33N
D 1800
7. Determination of factor of safety based on static strength :
 Fu  Fb 696000  70933.33
Ns    25.48
Ft 24533.85

Design a crank hook for lifting capacity of 5 tones. It is made from forged steel and has a
triangular section. Take permissible tensile stress as 80 N/𝑚𝑚2 . Use data design book to
standardize the dimension of hook.
Given:
P= 5000 × 9.81 = 49.05 𝜎𝑡 = 80 N/𝑚𝑚2

1. Parameters of crane hook:

a) Bed diameter (C) :
Let C = bed diameter, mm

b) Throat of hook (J) :

J = 0.75 C, mm

c) Depth of cross-section (h):

Let us take, h = 0.9 C, mm

d) Width of cross- section (𝑏𝑖 ) :

.𝑏𝑖 = 0.65 h = 0.65 × 0.9C = 0.585C, mm
For triangular cross-section, 𝑏𝑜 = 0

e) Parameters of cross-section:
𝑅1 = 0.75h = 0.75 × 0.9C = 0.675C, mm
.𝑅2 = 0.125h = 0.125 × 0.9C = 0.1125, mm
.𝑂1 𝑂2 = 0.125h = 0.1125C, mm

f) Radii of intrados and extrados :

𝑅𝑖 = 0.5C, mm
.𝑅𝑜 = 𝑅𝑖 + h = 0.5C + 0.9C= 1.4C, mm
 g) Cross- sectional area (A) :
1 1
A = 2 h𝑏𝑖 = 2 × 0.9C × 0.585C = 0.263𝐶 2

h) Radius of neutral axis (𝑅𝑁 ) :

For triangular section, 𝑏𝑜 = 0
𝑏𝑖 +𝑏𝑜
2
ℎ 𝑏𝑖ℎ /2
.𝑅𝑁 = 𝑏𝑖 𝑅𝑜 −𝑏𝑜 𝑅𝑖 𝑅
= 𝑏𝑖𝑅𝑜
[( ℎ
)𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡(𝑅𝑜 )−(𝑏𝑖 −⁡𝑏𝑜 )] [ ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑅𝑜 /𝑅𝑖 )−𝑏𝑖 ]
𝑖
(0.585𝐶×0.9C/⁡2
= 0.585𝐶×1.4C
[ 0.9𝐶
log⁡(1.4𝐶/0.5𝐶)−0.585𝐶]
= 0.748C, mm

i) Radius of neutral axis (𝑅𝐺 ):

ℎ(𝑏𝑖 +2𝑏𝑜 ) ℎ 0.9𝐶
𝑅𝐺 = 𝑅𝑖 + = 𝑅𝑖 + 3 = 0.5C +
3(𝑏𝑖 +𝑏𝑜 ) 3

= 0.8C, mm

i) Distance between centroidal axis and neutral axis (e):

e = 𝑅𝐺 - 𝑅𝑁 = 0.8C – 0.784C = 0.052C, mm

2. Resultant stresses:

M = P𝑅𝑁 = 49050 × 0.748C = 36689.4C, N-mm

ℎ𝑖 = 𝑅𝑁 - 𝑅𝑖 = 0.748C – 0.5C = 0.248C, mm
ℎ𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜 - 𝑅𝑁 = 1.4C – 0.748C = 0.652C, mm

The inner stresses at inner surface is,

𝑃 𝑀ℎ 49050 36689.4𝐶⁡×0.248𝐶
𝜎𝑖 =𝐴+ 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑖 = 0.263𝐶 2 + 0.263𝐶 2 ⁡×0.052𝐶⁡×0.5𝐶
𝑖

1.865⁡×⁡105 13.306⁡×⁡105
= +
𝐶2 𝐶2

15.171⁡×⁡105
𝜎𝑖 = N/ 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶2
 The resultant stress at outer surface is,
𝑃 𝑀ℎ 49050 36689.4𝐶⁡×0
𝜎𝑜 =𝐴+ 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑜 - + 0.263𝐶 2 ⁡×0.052𝐶⁡×1.4𝐶
𝑜 0.263𝐶 2

1.865⁡×⁡105 12.494
= -
𝐶2 𝐶2
−⁡10.629
𝜎𝑜 = N/ 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶2

3. Diameter of bed (C) :

The maximum tensile stress induced in the crane hook is the inner surface and is given
by,
1.5.171⁡×⁡105
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑡 = 𝐶2

1.5.171⁡×⁡105
84 = 𝐶2

C = 134.39 mm or 135 mm

4. Dimension of crane hook :

C = 135 mm
J = 0.75 C = 0.75 × 135 = 101.25 mm or 101.5 mm
h = 0.9C = 0.9 × 135 = 121.5 mm
𝑏𝑖 = 0.65h = 0.65 ×121.5 = 78.975 mm or 79 mm
𝑅1 = 0.675C = 0.675 × 135 = 91.125 mm or 91.5 mm
𝑅2 = 0.125C = 0.125 × 135 = 16.875 mm or 17 mm
𝑅𝑖 = 0.5C = 0.5 × 135 = 62.5 mm
𝑅𝑜 = 𝑅𝑖 + h = 62.5 + 121.5 = 184 mm

From design data book, the standard dimension selected are:

C = 136.8 mm
h = 154.8 mm
J = 104.4 mm
𝑏𝑖 = 104.4 mm.
Design the crane hook of a hoisting block for a maximum load lifting capacity of 10 ton. The
material for hook is forged for which permissible tensile stress may be taken as 120 N/𝑚𝑚2 .
Choose most suitable cross section for the hook.

Solution=

Given data,

P=98.1 KN;

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 120 N/𝑚𝑚2

The modified triangular section is used for hook.

1. Parameters of crane hook :

(i) Bed diameter (C) :
Let, C= bed diameter, mm
(ii) Throat of hook (J):

J=0.75C, mm

(iii) Depth of cross-section (h)

Let us take, h=0.9C, mm
(iv) Width of cross-section (𝑏𝑖 )

𝑏𝑖 = 0.65ℎ = 0. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟗𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟓, 𝒎𝒎

For triangular section, 𝒃𝒐 =0

(v) Parameters f cross-section :

𝑹𝟏 = 0.75h = 0.75×0.9C = 0.675C, mm
𝑹𝟐 = 0.125h = 0.125×0.9C= 0.1125C, mm

𝑶𝟏 𝑶𝟐 = 0.125h = 0.1125C, mm

(vi) Radii of Intrados and extrados:

𝑹𝒊 = 0.5C, mm
𝑹𝒐 =𝑹𝒊 + h = 0.5C + 0.9C = 1.4C, mm
(vii) Cross-sectional area (A) :
 𝟏 𝟏
A = 𝟐h𝒃𝒊 = 𝟐⁡× 0.9C × 0.585C = 0.263𝑪𝟐 , 𝒎𝒎𝟐

(viii) Radius of neutral axis (𝑹𝑵 ) :

For triangular section, 𝒃𝒐 =0,
𝒃 +⁡𝒃
( 𝒊⁡ 𝒐 )𝒉 𝒃𝒊𝒕 ⁄𝟐
𝟐
𝑹𝑵 = 𝒃 𝑹 −𝒃 𝑹 𝑹
= 𝒃𝒊 𝑹𝒐
[⁡(⁡ 𝒊 𝒐 𝒐 𝒊 )𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒆 ( 𝒐 )−(𝒃𝒊 −𝒃𝒐 )] [
𝒉
𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒆 (𝑹𝒐 ⁄𝑹𝒊 )⁡−⁡𝒃𝒊 ]
𝟐 𝑹𝒊

(𝟎.𝟓𝟖𝟓𝑪×𝟎.𝟗𝑪)⁄𝟐
Or 𝑹𝑵 = (𝟎.𝟓𝟖𝟓×𝟏.𝟒𝑪) = 0.748C, mm
[ 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒆 (𝟏.𝟒𝑪/𝟎.𝟓𝑪)⁄𝒃𝒊 ⁡𝑪]
𝟎.𝟗𝒄

(ix) Radius of neutral axis (𝑹𝑮 ) :

𝒉(𝒃𝒊 +𝟐𝒃𝒐 ) 𝒉 𝟎.𝟗𝑪
𝑹𝑮 = 𝑹𝒊 + = 𝑹𝒊 + 𝟑 = 0.5C + = 0.8C, mm
𝟑(𝒃𝒊 +𝒃𝒐 ) 𝟑

(x) Distance between centroidal axis and neutral axis (e) :

e = 𝑹𝑮 - 𝑹𝑵 = 0.8C – 0.748C = 0.052C, mm
2. Resultant stresses :
M = P𝑹𝑵 = 98100 × 0.748C = 73378.8, N-mm
⁡𝒉𝒊 = 𝑹𝑵 - 𝑹𝒊 = 0.748C – 0.5C = 0.248C, mm
𝒉𝒐 = 𝑹𝒐 - 𝑹𝑵 = 1.4C – 0.748C = 0.652C, mm
The resultant stress at inner surface is,
𝑷 𝑴𝒉 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟖.𝟖⁡𝑪−𝟎.𝟐𝟒𝟖𝑪 𝟑.𝟕𝟑⁡×⁡𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟐𝟔.𝟔𝟏𝟐⁡×⁡𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝝈𝒊 ⁡= 𝑨 + 𝑨𝒆𝑹𝒊 = 𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟑𝒄𝟐 + 𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟑𝑪𝟐 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟐𝑪×𝟎.𝟓𝑪 = +
𝒊 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐

𝟑𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟐⁡⁡×⁡𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒐𝒓⁡𝝈𝒊 = N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑪𝟐

The resultant stress at outer surface is,

𝑷 𝑴𝒉𝒐 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟖.𝟖⁡𝑪−𝟎.𝟔𝟓𝟐𝑪 𝟑.𝟕𝟑⁡×⁡𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟐𝟒.𝟗𝟖𝟖
𝝈𝒐 ⁡= - = 𝟐
- = -
𝑨 𝑨𝒆𝑹𝒐 𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟑𝒄 𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟑𝑪𝟐 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟐𝑪×𝟏.𝟒𝑪 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
−𝟐𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝟓
𝒐𝒓⁡𝝈𝒐 = N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑪𝟐

3. Diameter of bed (C) :

The maximum tensile stress induced in the crane book is at the inner surface and
is given by,
𝟑𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟐⁡⁡×⁡𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝝈𝒊 = 𝑪𝟐
 𝟑𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟐⁡⁡×⁡𝟏𝟎𝟓
120 = 𝑪𝟐

C = 159.01 mm or 160 mm

4. Dimension of crane hook :

C = 160 mm
J = 0.75 C = 0.75 × 160 = 120
h = 0.9 C = 0.9 × 160 = 144 mm
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝒃𝒊 = 0.65 h = 0.65 × 144 = 93.6 mm or 94 mm
𝑹𝟏 = 0.675 C = 0.675 × 160 = 108 mm
𝑹𝟐 = 0.125 C = 0.125 × 160 = 20 mm
𝑹𝒊 = 0.5 C = 0.5 × 160 = 80 mm
𝑹𝒐 = 𝑹𝒊 +h = 80 + 144 = 244 mm
FIND THE MAIN DIMENSION OF A CAST IRON DRUM FROM THE FOLLOWING
DATA FOR WINDING ROPE.
MAXIMUM LOAD TO BE LIFTED =40KN.
DIAMETER OF WIRE ROPE =14m.
LIFTING HEIGHT = 10m.
DURM DIAMETER =30.ROPE DIAMETER .
ALLOWABLE STRESS FOR CAST IRON =25mpsa.
NUMBER OF FALLS =4.
USE TWO MOVABLE SHEVES.
𝑾𝑻 = 𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
d = 32 m
d = 14 mm
H = 2.7× 𝟏𝟎𝟑 mm
I=2
P = 576mm
𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 33N/𝒎𝟐
(1). DIMENSION OF ROPE DRUM:
WALL THICKNESS OF ROPE DRUM 𝑫𝑰 = D- 2t = 576-40 = 536m.
FLAGE DIAMETER OF ROPE DRUM 𝑫𝑭 = D+6d =576+192 = 768m.
NOM OF GRROVES ON ROPE DRUM PRE ROPE SYSTEM :
𝑯𝒊 𝟐.𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟐
𝝉𝒈 = ⁡ 𝑨𝑫 + 𝑳 = + 2 = 4. 98.
𝑿⁡𝟓𝟕𝟔

DIAMETER OF GROOVE ON THE ROPE DRUM

𝒅𝒈 = 3.2d = 324.2 = 35.2 mm.

MINIMUM CLERANCE BETWEEN ROPES

𝑪𝒓 = 3mm.
PITCH THE GROOVE ON THE ROPES DRUM
 𝑷𝒈 = 𝒅𝒈 + 𝑪𝒓 = 35.2 + 3 = 38.2 mm.

LENGTH OF THE ROPE DRUM

𝟐𝑯𝒊 𝟐×𝟐.𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟐
L = (⁡ 𝑨𝑫 + 𝟕)⁡𝑷𝒈 ⁡ = + 7 = 495.39 mm = 500mm.
𝝅×𝟓𝟕𝟔

LOAD ON ROPE DRUM :

𝑭𝒅 ⁡𝑫 𝑭𝒅 ⁡⁡𝟓𝟕𝟔
𝝉 =⁡ = 8× 𝟏𝟎𝟔 =
𝟐 𝟐

𝑭𝒅 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟖⁡𝑵

STRESS IN ROPE DRUM :

𝟖𝑭 𝑪⁡𝑫 𝟖×𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟕.𝟕𝟖×𝟓𝟎𝟎×𝟓𝟕𝟔
BENDING STRESS 𝝈𝒃 = 𝝅(𝑫𝟒𝒅−𝒅𝟒 ) = = 0.74 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 .
𝝅(𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟒 −𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟒 )

𝑭𝒅 /𝑵𝒓 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟕.𝟕𝟖/𝟏
CRUSHING STRESS 𝝈𝑪 = = = 36.36 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 .
𝑷𝒈 ⁡⁡𝒕 𝟐𝟔×𝟑𝟖.𝟐

𝟏𝟔𝑭 ⁡𝑫 𝟏𝟔×𝟖×𝟓𝟕𝟔××𝟏𝟎𝟔
TORSIONAL STRESS 𝒅
𝝉 = ⁡ 𝝅(𝑫𝟒 −𝒅𝟒) = = 0.832 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 .
𝝅(𝑫𝟒 −𝒅𝟒 )

MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE STRESS

𝟐
(𝝈𝒃 − 𝝈𝑪 )
=√ + ⁡ 𝝉𝟐
𝟐

(0.74−36.36)2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ + ⁡ 0.8522 = 35.63 > 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 .
2

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙

HENCE ROPE DRUM IS UNSTABLE IS AGAINST SHEAR FAILURE.