193

Chapter seven stair

design

7 Stair design
Introduction:

Staircase is an inclined structural system for movement from one level to another.
Since it is stepped, it is called staircase. Stairs are constructed to provide access to
the different floor levels, within buildings. They consist of a number of steps
arranged in series. Most of stairs are designed as supported one-way slabs.

Definitions:

1. Going (G): The horizontal distance of the upper surface of a step.

2. Rise (R): The vertical distance between horizontal of two consecutive
Steps.
3. Waist (h): The least thickness of the stairs slab.
4. Landing: The horizontal platform which is usually provided at the
beginning and the end of series of steps.
5. Flight: Comprised of a number of steps provided between two
consecutive landing.

Figure (8-1): particulars of stairs

 194
Chapter seven stair
design

For the purpose of analysis and design, stairs may classify in two groups:

1) Stairs spanning transversely characterize by:

2)
a) Stairs simply supported at each side by a wall or beam.
b) Stairs cantilevering from a wall or beam at one side only.
c) Stairs cantilevering across a central sloping beam.
2) Stairs Spanning Longitudinally:

Supported at the top and bottom of the flight and are unsupported along the
sides.
Figure (8.2), which shows four common supporting systems of typical staircase
involving two flights, the supporting elements may be:
1) Beams provided at the top and bottom of the actual stairs
As shown in Fig.(8.2.a), Naturally these beams must be supported in some
manner.
3) Beams or walls provided at both outside edges of the landings
As shown in Fig.(8.2.b), A beam is usually available at the edge of the floor
landing, but a special beam or wall has to be provided at the edge of the
intermediate landing.
3) Landing slabs which span transversely and are supported by beams
or walls at their outsider edges
As shown in Fig.(8.2.c), Normally, beams are available at the two edges of
the floor landing, but special provision has to be provided at edge of the
intermediate landing.
4) A combination of a beam, or a wall, at one edge and transversely
supported slab the other edge
As shown in Fig. (8.2.d)
 195
Chapter seven stair
design

Figure

Types of stairs:

There(8-2): Common
are several supporting
types systems
of stairs, which of longitudinally
depend mainly on thesupported
function ofstairs
the
building; the most common types are as follows:

1- Single flight stairs: the structural behavior of a flight of stairs is similar to that
of a one-way slab supported at both end.
2- Double flight stairs: it is more convenient in most buildings build the staircase
in double flight between floors. The types commonly used are quarter-turn,
and closed or open-well stairs.
3- Three or more flight of stairs: in some cases, where the over all dimension of
the staircase are limited, three of four flights may be adopted. Each flight will
be treated separately, as in the case of double-flight staircase.
4- Cantilever stairs: it used mostly in fire-escape stairs, and they are supported
by concrete walls or beam.

The stair steps may be of the full-flight type, projecting from one side of the
wall, the half-flight type projecting from both sides of supporting walls, or of
the semi-spiral type. In this type of stairs, each step acts as cantilever, and the
main reinforcement is placed in the tension side of the run and the bars are
 196
Chapter seven stair
design

anchored within the concrete wall. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

is provided in the transverse direction.

For the structural analysis of the stairs each flight is treated as a single flight
and is considered supported on two or more beams, the landing extends in
transverse direction between two supports and is design as one way slab.

In the case of open-well stairs, the middle part of the landing carries a full
load, whereas the two ends parts carry half-loading only. The other half-
loading is carried in longitudinal direction by the stairs flight.
 197
Chapter seven stair
design

The figure below shows the types of stairs:

Single flight stair case

Quarter turn stair case

Two flight stair case

Open stair case Quarter landing

Multiple flight stair case

Open stair case half landing

Figure (8-3): common types of stairs

 198
Chapter seven stair
design

Staircase design example

Height=4m

Try 180 mm riser

N riser= =22.2 riser

Use 23 riser

Rise= =174 mm

Use 7riser in each flight

6600

1218

2050 C

1391 300
4000
B

270mm

174 1201
1391 A

31
 199
Chapter seven stair
design

T=300m
m
R=174mm t=270
mm
B=346.8 mm 300
C 2100

3300
300

A B

2100 1200 2100 1200

6600
 200
Chapter seven stair
design

Design of flight A and B:

Horizontal length=6.6m

Landing=1.2m

Clear span=lc

lc=6.6- =6.45 m

The thickness of the stair according to ACI-code table 9.5(a):

tmin= [one end continuous]

= = 0.25875m=268.75 mm

Use t=270mm

R=

T=300 mm

B=√ =√ =346.81 mm

No. of steps per 1m= =3.333 steps/1m

Number of risers= = =22.99 Risers (Use 23 risers).

Number of Treads=R-1=23-1=22 treads.

Use 8 Risers for first and second flight and 7 Risers for third flight.

Dead load=weight of waist + No. of step in 1m*weight of step +weight of tile and
mortar

Waist weight=0.27*24=6.48 KPa

 201
Chapter seven stair
design

Wight of plastering(2cm thick), its ɣ=14KN/m3

Wplastering=0.02*14=0.28 KPa

Weight of waist with plastering=6.76 KPa

Weight of (2cm tiling+5cm mortar) is:

W=(0.02+0.05)*23=1.61 KPa

Cos θ=0.875

For inclined waist, W= =7.883 KPa

Wrisers=0.174*24=4.176 KPa

Total inclined load=4.176+7.883+1.61

WDL=13.669 KPa

Stair Live load for crowded and commercial location=5.0 KPa

For inclined waist:

Wu=1.2DL+1.6LL

Wu=(1.2*13.669)+(1.6*5.0)=24.4 KPa

Landing loading:

WDL=6.76+1.61=8.37 KPa

Wu=(1.2*8.37)+(1.6*5.0)=18.0 KPa

24.4KPa 18KPa 24.4KPa

18KPa

M
2.1 1.1 2.1 1.1
m
6.6 m
 202
Chapter seven stair
design

We can analyzed by moment distribution method, but for simplicity analyze by

taking FEM average of the landing is adopted.

MuF=

Wu= =22.1 KN/m

22.1KN/m

a b
6.6m

member ab ba
DF 1.0 0
FEM 80.223 -80.223
DM -80.223 0
COM 0 -40.112
∑M 0 -120.334

22.1KN/m
120.334 KN/m
a b
6.6m

RA RB
∑MA=0;

22.1*6.6*3.3+120.334-6.6 RB=0;

RB=91.162 KN

∑Fy=0;

RA=22.1*6.6-91.162=54.598 KN
 203
Chapter seven stair
design

-Mu=120.661 KN.m

fy=420MPa 22.1KN/m
120.334 KN/m
f’c=30MPa
a b
6.6m
m= = =16.47
54.598 KN 91.162 KN
Using φ13 mm,

Ab=129 mm2 54.598

d=t-cover-half bar diameter

4.1278

=270-20- =243.65 mm Vu-diagram

b=1000mm 2.472

R= =
67.488
= 2.258 MPa 91.162

ρ= [1-√ ]
Mu-diagram

= [1-√ ]= 0.00563

ρmin=0.0018 for fy=420 MPa

ρ=0.00563>0.0018; 120.661

use ρ=0.00563

As=ρ b d=0.00563*1000*243.65=1371.75 mm2

No. of bars= = =10.663 bars

 204
Chapter seven stair
design

Spacing= =94 mm

use φ13mm@90mmc/c

+M=67.488 KN.m

R= = = 1.263 MPa

ρ= [1-√ ]

= [1-√ ]= 0.003

ρmin=0.0018 for fy=420 MPa

ρ=0.003>0.0018;

use ρ=0.003

As=ρ b d=0.003*1000*243.65=751.878 mm2

No. of bars= = =5.828 bars

Spacing= =171.57 mm

use φ13mm@150mmc/c

Shrinkage reinforcement:

For shrinkage reinforcement use ρ=0.0018 for fy=420MPa.

As=ρ b d=0.0018*1000*270=486mm2

Spacing= =265.432 mm

use φ13mm@250mmc/c
 205
Chapter seven stair
design

Design of flight:

Height of flight=7*17.4=121.8 cm

Horizontal distance=(6*0.3)+1.2=3 m

lc=3.0 m

tmin= [for both ends continuous slab from ACI code table 9.5-a]

19.4 KPa 13.8 KPa

tmin= =107 mm

use t=120mm
2.1 m 1.2 m
WDL waist=0.12*24=2.88 KN/m2
3.30 m
WDL plastering=0.28 KPa (determined before)
17.4 KPa
WDL total of waist=0.28+2.88

=3.16 KPa

W for inclined waist= =3.686 KN/m2

3.30 m

W(tile+mortar)=1.61 KPa [determined before]

28.71
Wriser=4.176 KPa [determined before]

WDL inclined waist=3.686+1.61+4.176 1.65 m

=9.472 KN/m2 1.65 m

Wu=1.2*9.472+1.6*5=19.366 19.4 KN/m2 7.895

For landing: 28.71

WDL landing=0.12*24+0.28+1.61=4.77 KPa

Wu=1.2*4.77+1.6*5=13.72 KPa 13.8 KPa

For simplicity average Wu is taken:

15.79 15.79
 206
Chapter seven stair
design

Wu= =17.363 KN/m2

Wu KPa

Design for reinforcement:

-M=15.79 KN.m

d=120 -20- =93.65 mm

m=16.47

R= =

R=2MPa

ρ= [1-√ ]

= [1-√ ]= 0.004966

ρ=0.004966>0.0018;

use ρ=0.004966

As=ρ b d=0.004966*1000*93.65

As=465 mm2

No. of bars= = =3.6 bars

Spacing= =277.338 mm

use φ13mm@275 mmc/c

+M=7.895 KN.m < -M

 207
Chapter seven stair
design

use φ13mm@275 mmc/c

Shrinkage reinforcement:

For shrinkage reinforcement use ρ=0.0018 for fy=420MPa.

As=ρ b d=0.0018*1000*120=216mm2

Spacing= =597.22 mm

use φ13mm@250mmc/c

check for shear:

flight A&B

Vu waist=91.162 KN

φVc= √ *b*d= √ *1000*243.65=166.815 KN

φVc>Vu ok for shear.

Flight C

Vu waist=28.71 KN

φVc= √ *b*d= √ *1000*93.65=64.117 KN

φVc>Vu ok for shear.

 208
Chapter seven stair
design

Detail of stair reinforcement:

500mm
Ø10@200mm Ln/4=0.83
500mm
4Ø22mm
1Ø13mm
300
Ø13@150mm
Ø13@150mm 350 3Ø22mm

Ø10@120mm
Ø13@250mm B
Ø13@90mm

Ø13@250mm

A reinforcement detail of stair