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on (1997)
the atmosphere, any previous fluid
pressure existing in the rock mass will be
reduced to zero (or more strictly,
strictly to
Hud
9 of 46 Erik Eberhardt – UBC Geological Engineering ISRM Edition
The Stabilization Strategy
The effects
Th ff t of f excavation
ti (di
(displacements,
l t stress
t changes,
h etc.),
t ) andd th
the
optimal stabilization strategy to account for them, should not blindly
attempt to maintain the original conditions (e.g. by installing massive
support
pp or reinforcement
f and hydraulically
y y sealing
g the entire excavation).
)
As the displacements occur, engineering judgement may determine that they
can be allowed to develop fully, or be controlled later.
Reinforcement:
f the
h primary objective
b is to
mobilize and conserve the inherent
strength of the rock mass so that it
becomes self
self-supporting.
supporting.
5)
k et al. (1995
Hudson & Harrison (1997)
Hoek
13 of 46 Erik Eberhardt – UBC Geological Engineering ISRM Edition
Rock Reinforcement
resin
expansion
shell & grout
friction
Two of
T f the
th mostt important
i t t
factors are whether the
blocks are free to move,
given the geometry of the
rock mass and excavation
(i.e. kinematic feasibility),
150 kN
p 8 m2
18.75 kN 2 (of roof per rockbolt)
m
Harrison & Hudson (2000)
po
pi
ri
In Step 1: the heading has not reached X-X
Daemen (11977)
po
pi
ri
Daemen (11977)
Thus, by
Th b advancing
d i the
h excavation
i and d removing
i the
h internal
i l support
pressure provided by the face, the tunnel roof will converge and
displace along line AB (or AC in the case of the tunnel walls; the
roof deformation follows a different path due to the extra load
i
imposedd b
by gravity
it on the
th lloosened
d rock
k in
i the
th roof).
f)
By Step 3: the heading has been mucked out and steel sets have been
installed close to the face. At this stage the sets carry no load, but from
this point on, any deformation of the tunnel roof or walls will result in
l di of
loading f th
the steel
t l sets.
t
This load path is known as the support reaction line (or available support
line) The curve representing the behaviour of the rock mass is known as the
line).
ground response curve (or support required curve).
Equilibrium
E ilib i between
b t the
th rock k and
d steel
t l sets
t
is reached where the lines intersect.
It is important to note that most of the redistributed
g from the excavation is carried by
stress arising y the
rock and not by the steel sets!!
1 pa ( 20e 6 Pa )(1.85m )
ur ur 0.00925m
2G 2 ( 2e 9 Pa )
pr 20 MPa
ur 0 mm
pr 0 MPa
ur 9.25 mm
k 2.78 GPa
Operating point:
u=5.5mm,
5 5 p=8.2MPa
8 2MP
Harrison & Hudson (2000)
Operating point:
u=5.9mm, p=7.3MPa
In general, it is better to
allow the rock to displace
to some extent and then
ensure equilibrium is
achieved before any
deleterious displacement of
th rock
the k occurs.
Support 3, having
h a much
h lower
l stiffness,
ff is also
l
installed at F but reaches equilibrium with the rock mass
at point D where the rock mass has started to loosen:
Although
Alth h this
thi may provide
id an acceptable
t bl temporary
t solution,
l ti
the situation is a dangerous one because any extra load
imposed, for example by a redistribution of stress associated
with the excavation of a nearby opening, will have to be
carried
i d b
by th
the supportt elements.
l t InI general,l supportt 3 is
i too
t
compliant for this particular application.