Accepted Manuscript

Nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of shear deformable

imperfect eccentrically stiffened S-FGM circular cylindrical shells
surrounded on elastic foundations

Nguyen Dinh Duc, Pham Toan Thang

PII: S1270-9638(14)00230-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.ast.2014.11.005
Reference: AESCTE 3163

To appear in: Aerospace Science and Technology

Received date: 4 September 2014

Revised date: 1 November 2014
Accepted date: 9 November 2014

Please cite this article in press as: D.D. Nguyen, T.T. Pham, Nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of
shear deformable imperfect eccentrically stiffened S-FGM circular cylindrical shells surrounded on elastic
foundations, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2014.11.005

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 Nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of shear deformable imperfect
eccentrically stiffened S-FGM circular cylindrical shells
surrounded on elastic foundations

Nguyen Dinh Duc*, Pham Toan Thang

Vietnam National University, Ha Noi, 144 XuanThuy – Cau Giay – Ha Noi – Viet Nam
Email: ducnd@vnu.edu.vn; thangpt_55@vnu.edu.vn, Tel: +84-4-37547978; Fax: +84-4-37547424

Abstract: This paper presents an analytical approach to investigate the nonlinear dynamic response
and vibration of imperfect eccentrically stiffened functionally graded thick circular cylindrical shells
surrounded on elastic foundations using both of the first order shear deformation theory and stress
function with full motion equations (not using Volmir's assumptions). Material properties are graded in
the thickness direction according to a Sigmoid power law distribution (S-FGM) in terms of the volume
fractions of constituents with metal - ceramic - metal layers. The S-FGM shells are subjected to
mechanical and damping loads. Numerical results for dynamic response of the shells are obtained by
Runge-Kutta method. The results show the influences of geometrical parameters, the volume fractions
of metal – ceramic – metal layers, imperfections, theelastic foundations, eccentrically stiffeners, pre–
loaded axial compression and damping loads on the nonlinear dynamic response and nonlinear
vibration of functionally graded cylindrical shells. The proposed results are validated by comparing
with other results reported in literature.

Keywords: Nonlinear dynamic response, vibration, Sigmoid FGM thick circular cylindrical shells, the
first order shear deformation theory, elastic foundations.

1. Introduction
The idea of FGMs was first introduced in 1984 by a group of Japanese material scientists
[1]. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are composite materials obtained by combining and
mixing two or more different constituent materials, which are distributed along the thickness in
______________________

Corresponding author: Duc.N.D E-mail address: ducnd@vnu.edu.vn

accordance with a volume fraction law. The FGM have received considerable attention in
recent years due to their high performance heat resistance capacity and excellent characteristics
in comparison with conventional composites.
Regarding to the dynamic and vibration of FGM plates and shells, Loy et al. [2]
analyzed the vibrations of the FGM cylindrical shells. They found that the natural frequencies
are affected by the constituent volume fractions and configurations of the constituent materials.
Pradhan et al. [3] studied the vibration characteristics of FGM cylindrical shells made of
stainless steel and zirconia under different boundary conditions. Free vibration analysis of
functionally graded cylindrical shells with holes was researched in [4]. Ebrahimi and
Najafizadeh [5] investigated the free vibration of a two-dimensional functionally graded
circular cylindrical shell. The equations of motion are based on the Love’s first approximation
classical shell theory. Shen [6] researched the large amplitude vibration behavior of a shear
deformable FGM cylindrical shell of finite length embedded in a large outer elastic medium
and in thermal environments. Najafizadeh and Isvandzibaei [7,8] studied free vibration of FGM
cylindrical shells with ring support by using Ritz method based on the first order and higher
order shear deformation shell theories. Haddadpour et al. [9]considered free vibration of simply
supported FGM cylindrical shells with four sets of in-plane boundary conditions by using
Galerkin method based on the classical shell theory. Alibeigloo et al. [10] presented the
numerical free vibration analysis for FGM cylindrical shell embedded thin piezoelectric
layers. Sofiyev and Kuruoglu [11] focused the torsional vibration and buckling of un-stiffened
cylindrical shell with functionally graded coatings surrounded by an elastic medium. Bich and
Nguyen [12] used the displacement functions to investigate the nonlinear vibration of FGM un-
stiffened cylindrical shells subjected to axial and transverse mechanical loads. Their results
shown that the Volmir’s assumption can be used for nonlinear dynamic analysis with an
acceptable accuracy. Shariyat [13] studied the dynamic buckling of imperfect FGM cylindrical
shells with integrated surface-bonded sensor and actuator layers subjected to some complex
combinations of thermo-electro-mechanical loads. Shen [14-16] presented a postbuckling
analysis of FGM cylindrical thin shells and FGM panels subjected to axial compression or
external pressure in thermal environments. Shen and Noda [17] obtained the postbuckling
analysis for FGM cylindrical shells with piezoelectric actuators subjected to lateral pressure in
thermal environments. Loy et al. [18] investigated the vibration of FGM cylindrical shells
composed of stainless steel and nickel, considering the influence of the constituent volume
fractions and the effects of the constituent materials on the frequencies. Meiche et al. [19]
proposed a new hyperbolic shear deformation theory taking into account transverse shear
deformation effects for the buckling and free vibration analysis of thick functionally graded
sandwich plates. Benachour et al [20] used the four variable refined plate theory for free
vibration analysis of plates made of functionally graded materials with an arbitrary gradient.
Hebali et al. [21] developed a new quasi-three-dimensional (3D) hyperbolic shear deformation
theory for the bending and free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates. Bessaim et al.
[22] studied a new higher-order shear and normal deformation theory for the bending and free
vibration analysis of sandwich plates with functionally graded isotropic face sheets. Larbi et al.
[23] investigated an efficient shear deformation beam theory based on neutral surface position
is developed for bending and frees vibration analysis of functionally graded beams.
Bouremanaet al. [24] studied a new first-order shear deformation beam theory based on neutral
surface position is developed for bending and free vibration analysis of functionally graded
beams. Meziane et al. [25] proposed an efficient and simple refined shear deformation theory is
presented for the vibration and buckling of exponentially graded material sandwich plate
resting on elastic foundations under various boundaries. Draiche et al [26] investigated the use
of trigonometric four variable plate theory for free vibration analysis of laminated rectangular
plate supporting a localized patch mass.
Today, functionally graded shells involving circular cylindrical shells are widely used in
many important details of space vehicles, aircrafts, nuclear power plants and many other
engineering applications. For example, the strategic missiles using solid materials, they
capable fly far beyond the continent with great velocity, so their hull could stand very high
strength and high temperatures. To satisfy it, the shell of the strategic missiles usually is made
of composite carbon-carbon or functionally graded materials (FGM). FGM circular cylindrical
shell also could be used as the shell of a nuclear reactor or special engineering
pipes,...Regarding to the static and dynamic analysis of the FGM circular cylindrical shells,
Duc and Thang [27] studied an analytical approach to investigate the nonlinear static buckling
and postbuckling for imperfect eccentrically stiffened functionally graded thin circular
cylindrical shells surrounded on elastic foundation with ceramic–metal–ceramic layers and
subjected to axial compression. Duc and Thang [28] also investigated the nonlinear static
buckling for imperfect functionally graded thin circular cylindrical shells reinforced by
stiffeners in thermal environment.
Some researchers have used the first-order and high-order shear deformation theories for
buckling analysis of the perfect and imperfect thick composite cylindrical shells [29-31]. Sheng
and Wang [32] studied dynamic behavior for the functionally graded cylindrical shell with
surface-bonded PZT piezoelectric layer under moving loads. Shahsiah and Eslami [33]
investigated the thermal buckling of FGM cylindrical shells under two types of thermal loads
based on the first order shear deformation shell theory. Shen [34] researched the large
amplitude vibration behavior of a shear deformable FGM cylindrical shell of finite length
embedded in a large outer elastic medium and in thermal environments. Shahsiah and Eslami
[35] presented the buckling temperature of simply supported FGM cylindrical shells under two
cases of thermal loading using the first order shear deformation shell theory. Bouderba et al.
[36] studied the thermomechanical bending response of functionally graded plates resting on
Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundations.Tounsi et al. [37] proposed a refined trigonometric shear
deformation theory (RTSDT) taking into account transverse shear deformation effects is
presented for the thermoelastic bending analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates.
Bourada et al. [38] performed the use of a new four-variable refined plate theory for thermal
buckling analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates. Belabed et al. [39]
presented an efficient and simple higher order shear and normal deformation theory for
functionally graded material (FGM) plates. Bouiadjra [40] studied the nonlinear behavior of
functionally graded material (FGM) plates under thermal loads using an efficient sinusoidal
shear deformation theory. Fekrar et al. [41] developed a new sinusoidal higher-order plate
theory for bending of exponential graded plates. Bousahla et al [42] proposed a new
trigonometric higher-order theory including the stretching effect for the static analysis of
advanced composite plates such as functionally graded plates.Saidi et al. [43] included an
analytical solution to the thermo-mechanical bending analysis of functionally graded sandwich
plates by using a new hyperbolic shear deformation theory. Houari et al. [44]developeda new
higher order shear and normal deformation theory to simulate the thermoelastic bending of
F
FGM sandw
wich plates. Sadoune et
e al. [45] prresented a nnew simplee first-orderr shear defoormation
ttheory for laminated
l composite
c plates.
p Notee that all thee publicatioons mentionned above [[29-45],
tthe authorss used the first order shear deformation theeory with ddisplacement functionns while
studying no
onlinear dyn
namic and vibration
v off thick FGM
M shells.

In thiss paper, wee research the nonlinear dynamiic and nonnlinear vibrration of im
mperfect
eccentricallly stiffened
d functionallly graded thick
t circulaar cylindriccal shells w
with metal-cceramic-
m
metal layerrs, which arre symmetric through the middle surface byy Sigmoid-laaw distribuution (S-
F
FGM) and surrounded
d on elastic foundation
ns using the first order shear deforrmation theeory and
stress functtion. The Volmir's
V assu
umption is not approppriate due too the fact thhat the rightt side of
equations of
o motion doesn’t eq
qual to Zerro [46]. Fuurthermore, in this paaper, we toook into
account off the presen
nce of stifffeners and elastic
e founndations. T
Therefore, tthe calculatting has
bbecome more
m compliicated. Thee Galerkin method aand Runge--Kutta metthod are uused for
dynamic analysis
a of the cylind
drical shells to give expressionn of naturaal frequenccies and
nnonlinear response. Nu
umerical reesult shows the effects of characteeristics of ffunctionallyy graded
m
materials, geometrical
g l and materrial propertties, elastic foundationns and ecceentrically sttiffeners
on the dynaamical behaavior of the shells.
2. Theoretiical formulations
2.1. Eccenttrically stifffened S-FGM thick circular cyylindrical sshells surrounded on
n elastic
foundation
ns.

Fig.1. Configuratio
C on of an ecccentrically stiffened S--FGM thickk circular cyylindrical shhell.
 For an S-FGM cylindrical shell made of two different constituent materials with metal-
ceramic-metal layers, the volume fractions Vc z
and Vm z
can be written in the Sigmoid

power law distribution as [27-28,47]

£¦ 2 z  h ¬N h
¦¦žžž
¦ ­­ ,
­ N p 0,  b z b 0,
¦ Ÿ h ® 2
Vc z
 ¤
¦¦ 2 z  h ¬N h (1)
¦¦žž ­ , 0b z b ,
¦Ÿ ž h ­­® 2
¦¥
Vm z
 Vc z
 1,

where the Young’s modulus E , the Poisson’s ratio O are expressed as:

£¦ 2 z  h ¬N h
¦¦¦žžž ­­­ , Ecm  Ec - Em , N p 0,  b z b 0,
Ÿ h ® 2
  E z
, S z
¯  < Em , Sm >  < Ecm , Scm >¤¦
¢ ± ¦¦ 2 z  h ¬N (2)
¦¦žž ­­ , 0 b z b h , S  S - S .
¦Ÿž h ­® 2
cm c m
¦¥
O  const.

with volume fraction index N dictates the material variation profile through the S-FGM shell
thickness, the subscripts m and c are metal and ceramic constituents respectively.

The shell-foundation interaction is represented by Pasternak model as

q  k1w  k2‹2 w, (3)

where ‹2  s 2 / sx 2  s 2 / sy 2 , w is the deflection of the shell, k1 is Winkler foundation

modulus and k2 is the shear layer foundation stiffness of Pasternak model.
 Fig. 2.Geeometry and coordinatte system off a circular cylindricall shell surroounded on eelastic
foundations

2.2. Governing equattions

A
According to the Redd
dy’s first-orrder shear deformation
d n (FSDT) inn [48] whicch assumes that the
ttransverse normal stress is neglligible and normal doo not remaiin perpenddicular to thhe mid-
surface after deformaation. The displacemeent field foor an arbitrrary point w
within the shell is
assumed to
o be

u x, y, z
 u0 ( x, y )  zGx x, y
,
v x, y, z
 v0 ( x, y )  zGy x, y
, (4)
w x, y, z
 w0 ( x, y ),

w
where u0 , v0 , w0 are thee displacem onent alongg the x, y, z
coordinaate directioons, and
ment compo

tthe quantitiies Gx and Gy denote the

t mid-plaane rotationns of two trransverse noormal abouut the y

and x axes.

Based on
o the FS
SDT and von-Karma
v an nonlineaar strains-ddisplacemennt relationn which
accounts fo
or the modeerately largeer deflection
n and smalll strain, we obtain
 sGx sv sG
Fx  F0 x  z , Fx  F0 y 0  z y ,
sx sy sy
 sG sG ¬
H xy  H 0 xy  z žž x  y ­­­ , (5)
žŸ sy sx ®­
sw sw
H yz  Gy  , H zx  Gx  ,
sy sx

with
2
sv w 1 ž sw ¬­
2
su 1 ž sw ¬­
F0 x   ž ­­ , F0 y    ž ­ ,
sx 2 Ÿž sx ® sy R 2 žŸ sy ­­®
(6)
su sv sw sw
H 0 xy    .
sy sx sx sy

Hooke’s law for the cylindrical shell is defined as [27-28, 49-50]

E
T x , T y
 1  O 2  ¡¢ Fx , F y
 O F y , Fx
¯°± ,
(7)
E E E
T xy  H xy , T xz  H xz , T yz  H yz .
2(1  O ) 2(1  O ) 2(1  O )

and for stiffeners

T xst , T yst
 E0 Fx , Fy
, (8)
The constitutive stress-strain equations by Hook law for the shell material are omitted here for
brevity. The shell reinforced by eccentrically longitudinal and circumferential stiffeners is
shown in Fig. 1. The contribution of stiffeners can be accounted for using the Lekhnitsky
smeared stiffeners technique and the force and moment resultants of an eccentrically stiffened
S-FGM shell are shown as [27-28, 49-50]:
  E A¬
N x  žž I10  0 x ­­­ F0 x  I 20F0 y  I11  C x
Dx  I 21D y ,
žŸ sx ­®
 E0 Ay ¬­
ž
N y  I 20F0 x  žž I10  ­­ F0 y  I 21Dx  I11  C y
D y ,
žŸ s y ®­
N xy  I 30 H 0 xy  2 I 31Dxy ,
(9)
 EI ¬
M x  I11  Cx
F0 x  I 21F0 y  žž I12  0 x ­­­ Dx  I 22D y ,
žŸ s ­® x

 E I ­¬
M y  I 21F0 x  I11  C y
F0 y  I 22Dx  žžž I12  0 y ­­ D y ,
žŸ s y ­®
M xy  I 31H 0 xy  2 I 32Dxy ,

Qx  KI 30 H xz ,
Qy  KI 30 H yz ,

with

h /2
E( z)
I1 j  ¨ 1 O ( z ) 2
z j dz , j  0, 2
h /2
h /2
E ( z )O ( z ) j
I2 j  ¨ 1  O ( z ) 2
z dz, j  0, 2
h /2 (10)
h /2
E( z) 1
I3 j  ¨ 2  (1  O ( z ) ¯±°
z j dz  (I1 j  I 2 j ),
2
j  0, 2
h /2 ¢¡

d x (hx )3 2
d y ( hy ) 3
Ix   Ax ( z x ) , I y   Ay ( z y ) 2 ,
12 12
E Az E Az
Cx  0 x x , C y  0 y y ,
sx sy
h  hx h  hy
zx  , zy  ,
2 2
Ax  d x sx , Ay  d y s y ,

where the coupling parameters C x , C y are negative for outside stiffeners and positive for inside

one; I x , I y are the second moments of cross-section areas; sx , s y are the spacing of the
longitudinal and circumferential stiffeners; z x , z y are the eccentricities of stiffeners with respect

to the middle surface of shell; and the width and thickness of longitudinal and circumferential
stiffeners are denoted by d x , hx and d y , hy respectively. Ax , Ay are the cross-section areas of

4
stiffeners. And K is correction factors, K  [48, 51].
5

Form the constitutive relations Eq. (9), one can write inversely
sGx sG
F0 x  A22 N x  A12 N y  B11  B12 y ,
sx sy
sG sG
F0 y  A11 N y  A12 N x  B21 x  B22 y , (11)
sx sy
sG sG
H 0 xy  A66 N xy  B66 ( x  y ),
sy sx

in which

1 E A 1 E A
A11  ( I10  0 x ), A22  ( I10  0 y ),
% sx % sy
(12)
I 1
A12  20 , A66  ,
% I 30

B11  A22 ( I11  C x )  A12 I 21 ,

B22  A11 ( I11  C y )  A12 I 21 ,
B12  A22 I 21  A12 ( I11  C y ),
B21  A11 I 21  A12 ( I11  C x ),
I 31
B66  ,
I 30

and


ž E0 Ax ­¬ž E0 Ay ­¬ 2
­­  I 20 .
%  ž I10  ­ž I10 
žŸ s ­­®žžŸ
x s ­® y

According to first order shear deformation theory, the equations of motion are [48, 51]:
sN x sN xy s 2u s 2G
  I 0 2  I1 2x , (13a)
sx sy st st

sN xy sN y
s 2v s 2Gy
  I 0 2  I1 2 , (13b)
sx sy st st

sQx sQy s2w s2w s2w s2w s2w¬

  N x 2  2 N xy  N y 2  q  k1w  k2 žž 2  2 ­­­
sx sy sx sxsy sy žŸ sx sy ­®
(13c)
Ny s w 2
sw
  I0 2
 2F I 0 ,
R st st

sM x sM xy s 2G x s 2u
  Qx  I 2  I 1 , (13d)
sx sy st 2 st 2

sM xy sM y s 2v s 2Gy
  Qy  I 2  I1 2 , (13e)
sx sy st 2 st

in which q is an external pressure uniformly distributed on the surface of the shell, F is

damping coefficient and

h /2

Ii  ¨ S z
z i dz , i=0, 2, (14)
 h /2

f x, y
is stress function defined by

N x  f , yy , N y  f, xx , N xy   f, xy . (15)

Substituting Eq. (15) into Eqs. (13a) and (13b) yields

s 2u I1 s 2Gx
 , (16)
st 2 I 0 st 2
2
s 2v I1 s Gy
 . (17)
st 2 I o st 2

Substituting Eqs. (15), (16) and (17) into Eqs. (13c-13e) leads to
sQx sQx s 2 f s 2 w s2 f s2w s2 f s2w
  2  2   q  k1w 
sx sy sy sx 2 sxsy sxsy sx 2 sy 2
(18)
 s2w s2w¬ 1 s2 f s2w sw
k2 žž 2  2 ­­­   I  2F I 0 ,
žŸ sx sy ®­ R sx 2 0 2
st st

sM x sM xy  I 2 ¬ s 2G
  Qx  žž I 2  1 ­­­ 2x , (19)
sx sy Ÿž I 0 ®­ st

sM xy sM y  I12 ­¬ s Gy
2

 ž
 Qy  ž I 2  ­­ 2 . (20)
sx sy žŸ I o ®­ st

By substituting Eq. (11) into Eq. (9) and then into Eqs. (18)-(20), the system of motion Eqs.
(18) - (20) are rewritten as follows

s2w sw
H11 w
 H12 Gx
 H13 Gy
 P1 w, f
 q  I 0 2  2FI 0 ,
st st
 I 2 ¬ s 2G
H 21 w
 H 22 Gx
 H 23 Gy
 P2 f
 žž I 2  1 ­­­ 2x , (21)
žŸ I 0 ­® st
 I12 ­¬ s Gy
2
ž
H 31 w
 H 32 Gx
 H 33 Gy
 P3 f
 ž I 2  ­­ 2 ,
žŸ I ­® st
0

where the operators H ij i  1,3, j  1,3

and P1 , P2 , P3 are de¿ned as below:

s2 f s2w s2 f s2w s2 f s2w 1 s2 f

P1 w, f
 2 2   ,
sy sx 2 sxsy sxsy sx 2 sy 2 R sx 2
s2w s2w  s 2 w s 2 w ¬­
H11 w
 KI 30 2  KI 30 2  k1w  k2 žž 2  2 ­­ ,
sx sy žŸ sx sy ®­
sGx
H12 Gx
 KI 30 ,
sx
sG
H13 Gy
 KI 30 y ,
sy
 sw
H 21 w
 KI 30 ,
sx
s 2Gx s 2Gx
H 22 Gx
 D11  D66  KI 30Gx ,
sx 2 sy 2
(22)
s 2Gy
H 23 Gy
 ( D12  D66 ) ,
sxsy
s3 f s3 f
P2 ( f )  B21  ( B11  B66 ) ,
sx 3 sxsy 2
sw
H 31 w
 KI 30 ,
sy
s 2Gx
H 32 Gx
 ( D21  D66 ) ,
sxsy
s 2G y s 2G y
H 33 Gy
 D22  D66  KI 30Gy ,
sy 2 sx 2
s3 f s3 f
P3 ( f )  B12  ( B22  B66 ) ,
sy 3 sx 2sy

in which

E0 I x
D11  I12   B11 ( I11  Cx )  I 21B21 ,
sx
E0 I y
D22  I12   B22 ( I11  C y )  I 21B12 ,
sy
D12  I 22  B12 ( I11  Cx )  I 21B22 ,
D21  I 22  B21 ( I11  C y )  I 21B11 ,
D66  I 32  I 31B66 .

Assume that w x, y
is a known function representing initial small imperfection, Eqs. (21) for

an imperfect S-FGM circular cylindrical shell can be modified as the following form [19-20]:
 s2w sw
H11 w
 H12 Gx
 H13 Gy
 P1 w, f
 P1' ( w* , f )  q  I o 2
 2F I 0 ,
st st
 I12 ­¬ s 2Gx
* ž
H 21 w
 H 22 Gx
 H 23 Gy
 P2 f
 H 21 ( w )  ž I 2  ­­ 2 , (23)
žŸ I ­® st
0

 I12 ­¬ s Gy
2
ž
H 31 w
 H 32 Gx
 H 33 Gy
 P3 f
 H 31 ( w )  ž I 2  ­­ 2 ,
*
žŸ I ­® st
o

and

s 2 w* s 2 w* s 2 f s 2 w* s 2 f s 2 w* s 2 f s 2 w*
P w , f
 KI 30
1
' *
 KI 30  2 2  . (24)
sx 2 sy 2 sy sx 2 sxsy sxsy sx 2 sy 2

We obtained the deformation compatibility equation for an imperfect S-FGM circular

cylindrical shell

2 2
s 2F0 x s F0 y s H 0 xy s2w s2w s2w s 2 w s 2 w* s 2 w s 2 w*
     2  
sy 2 sx 2 sxsy sxsy sx 2 sy 2 sxsy sxsy sx 2 sy 2
(25)
s 2 w s 2 w* 1 s 2 w
 2  .
sy sx 2 R sx 2

From the constitutive relations (11) in conjunction with Eq. (15) one can write

s2 f s2 f sG sG
F0 x  A22 2  A12 2  B11 x  B12 y ,
sy sx sx sy
s2 f s2 f sG sG
F0 y  A11 2  A12 2  B21 x  B22 y , (26)
sx sy sx sy
s2 f sG sG
H 0 xy   A66  B66 ( x  y ).
sxsy sy sx

Setting Eq. (26) into Eq. (25) gives the compatibility equation of the imperfect S-FGM shell as
 s4 f s4 f s4 f s 3Gx s 3Gy s 3Gx
A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2  B21 3  B12  ( B66  B11 ) 
sx sy s x sy sx sy 3 sxsy 2
s 3Gy
( B66  B22 )  (27)
sx 2sy
 s2w s2w s2w s 2 w s 2 w* s 2 w s 2 w* s 2 w s 2 w* 1 s 2 w ­¬
žž  2  2   2  ­  0.
žŸ sxsy sx sy 2 sxsy sxsy sx 2 sy 2 sy sx 2 R sx 2 ­­®

Eqs. (23) and (27) are basic nonlinear equations in terms of variables w , f and used to
investigate the nonlinear vibration of thick S-FGM circular cylindrical shells surrounded on
elastic foundations using the first order shear deformation theory.

3. Nonlinear dynamic analysis

An imperfect S-FGM circularcylindrical shell considered is assumed to be simply supported

and subjected to uniformly distributed pressure of intensity q and axial compression Px .Thus
the boundary conditions are

w  M x  0, N x  N x 0 , N x 0  Px h at x  0, L. (28)

The mentioned conditions (28) can be satisfied identically if the buckling mode shape is
chosen by

w x, y, t
 W t
sin Mm x sin En y,
Gx x, y, t
 ' x t
cos Mm x sin En y, (29)
Gy x, y, t
 ' y t
sin Mm x cos En y,

mQ n
where Mm  , En  , m, n  1, 2,... are the natural numbers of half waves in the
L R
corresponding direction x, y . W (t ) is the time dependent total amplitude and ' x , ' y are the

amplitudes which are functions dependent on time.

The initial imperfection w* is assumed to have the same form of the shell deflection w , i.e.

w* x, y
 W0 sin Mm x sin En y, (30)
in which W0 is known initial amplitude.

Substituting Eqs. (29) and (30) into the compatibility equation (27), we define the stress
function as

1
f x, y, t
 U1 t
cos 2Mm x  U 2 t
cos 2En y  U 3 (t )sin Mm x sin En y  Px hy 2 , (31)
2

with

En2 Mm2
U1  W W  W0
, U 2  W W  W0
,
32 A11Mm2 32 A22En2

Mm2
U3  W
R  ¡¢ A11Mm4  A22En4  ( A66  2 A12 )Mm2 En2 ¯°±
(32)
  B21Mm3 ' x (t )  B12En3' y (t )  ( B66  B11 )MmEn2' x (t )  ( B66  B22 )Mm2 En ' y (t )¯
¡ ±° .
¢
  A11Mm4  A22En4  ( A66  2 A12 )Mm2 En2 ¯
¡¢ °±

Replacing Eqs. (29) and (31) into the equations of motion (23) and then applying Galerkin
method we obtain

H11W  H12' x  H13' y  H14 (W  W0 )' x  H15 (W  W0 )' y  a1 (W  W0 )  a2W (W  W0 ) 

d 2W dW
a3W (W  2W0 )  a4W (W  W0 )(W  2W0 )  a5 q  a6  I o 2
 2F I 0 ,
dt dt (33)
 ,
H 21W  H 22' x  H 23' y  a7 (W  W0 )  a8W (W  2W0 )  S1' x

 ,
H 31W  H 32' x  H 33' y  a9 (W  W0 )  a10W (W  2W0 )  S1' y

in which specific expressions of coefficients H 1i (i  1,5), H jk ( j  2,3, k  1,3), nm ( m  1,10), S1

are given in Appendix A.

3.1. Natural frequencies

Taking linear parts of Eqs. (33) and putting q  0 , the natural frequencies of the perfect shell
can be determined directly by solving determinant
H11  a1  I 0 X 2 H12 H13
H 21  a7 H 22  S1X 2 H 23  0. (34)
H 31  a9 H 32 H 33  S1X 2

Solving Eq. (34) yields three angular frequencies of the S-FGM cylindrical shell in the axial,
circumferential and radial directions, and the smallest one is being considered.

3.2. Nonlinear dynamic responses

Consider a functionally graded circular cylindrical shell acted on by an uniformly distributed

transverse load q t
 Q sin 8t ( Q is the amplitude of uniformly excited load, 8 is the

frequency of the load). The system Eqs. (33) have the form

d 2W dW
Io 2
 2F I 0  H11W  H12' x  l13' y  H14 (W  W0 )' x  H15 (W  W0 )' y
dt dt
a1 (W  W0 )  a2W (W  W0 )  a3W (W  2W0 )  a4W (W  W0 )(W  2W0 )  a5Q sin 8t  a6 , (35)
H W  H '  H '  a (W  W )  a W (W  2W )  S '  ,
21 22 x 23 y 7 0 8 0 1 x

 .
H 31W  H 32' x  H 33' y  a9 (W  W0 )  a10W (W  2W0 )  S1' y

By using Eqs. (35), three aspects are taken into consideration: fundamental frequencies of
natural vibration of the S-FGM cylindrical shell, frequency-amplitude relation of nonlinear
response and vibration of S-FGM shell. The nonlinear dynamical responses of the S-FGM
cylindrical shells can be obtained by solving this equation combined with initial conditions to
dW
be assumed as W (0)  0, (0)  0 by using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method.
dt

For further research, we next consider the hypothetical case of rotations ' x , ' y exist, but the

inertial forces caused by the rotation angles ' x , ' y are small so they can be ignored. The

system Eqs. (35) can be written as follows

 d 2W dW
Io 2
 2FI 0  H11W  H12' x  l13' y  H14 (W  W0 )' x 
dt dt
H15 (W  W0 )' y  a1 (W  W0 )  a2W (W  W0 )  a3W (W  2W0 ) 
a4W (W  W0 )(W  2W0 )  a5Q sin 8t  a6 , (36)
H 21W  H 22' x  H 23' y  a7 (W  W0 )  a8W (W  2W0 )  0,
H 31W  H 32' x  H 33' y  a9 (W  W0 )  a10W (W  2W0 )  0.

Solving the second and third obtained equations with respect to ' x and ' y then substituting

the results into the first equation yields

d 2W dW
Io 2
 2FI 0  bW
1  b2 (W  W0 )  b3W (W  W0 )  b4W (W  2W0 ) 
dt dt (37)
b5W (W  W0 )(W  2W0 )  b6 (W  W0 ) 2  a5Q sin 8t  a6 ,

in which specific expressions of coefficients bi i  1,6

is give in Appendix B.

In other hand, from Eq. (37) the fundamental frequencies of a perfect shell can be
determined approximately by an explicit expression
(b1  b2 )
Xmn   . (38)
I0

Consider nonlinear vibration of a perfect shell, Eq. (37) has of the form

d 2W dW
Io 2
 2FI 0  (b1  b2 )W  (b3  b4  b6 )W 2  b5W 3  a5Q sin 8t  a6 . (39)
dt dt

Eq. (39) can be rewritten as

d 2W dW
2
 2F  JW 3 - GW 2  W
Xmn
2
 F sin 8t  M  0, (40)
dt dt

with X mn  ( a1  a2 ) / I 0 is the fundamental frequency of linear vibration of the FGM shell

(b3  b4  b6 ) b5 aQ a
and G   ,J  ,F  5 ,M  6 .
(b1  b2 ) (b1  b2 ) Io I0
 Seeking solution as W  A sin 8t and applying Galerkin procedure to Eq. (40), the
amplitude-frequency relation of nonlinear forced vibration is obtained

4F 2  8 3 J 2 ¬­ F 4M
82  8  X mn žŸž1  GA 
ž
A ­­   
®
. (41)
Q 3Q 4 A AQ

By denoting C  8 / X mn Eq. (40) is rewritten as

4F  8 3 J 2 ­¬ F 4M
C2  C  žž1 GA  A ­­   2  . (42)
QXmn ž
Ÿ 3Q 4 ® 2
AXmn AQXmn

For the nonlinear vibration of the shell without damping, this relation has of the form

 8 3 J 2 ­¬ F 4M
C 2  žž1 GA  A ­­   2  . (43)
žŸ 3Q 4 ® 2
AXmn AQXmn

If F  0 , i.e. no excitation acting on the shell, the frequency-amplitude relation of the free
nonlinear vibration is obtained

2  8 3 J 2 ¬­ 4 M
žžŸž1  GA 
2
X NL  X mn A ­­  . (44)
3Q 4 ® AQ

4. Numerical results and discussions

In order to illustrate the present approach, we consider an FGM shell that consists of aluminum
(metal) and alumina (ceramic) with the following properties [46]

Ec  380q109 N / m 2 , Sc  3800kg / m3 ,
Em  70q109 N / m 2 , Sm  2702kg / m3 ,
vm  0.3177, O c  0.24.
hx  hy  0.01m, d x  d y  0.0025m,
2Q R L
m  n  1, s x  , sy  ,
ns nr
where ns and nr are the number of strings, rings of the shell, respectively.

4.1. Validation
To validate the analysis, result for the natural frequencies of the isotropic circular cylindrical
shell obtained from expression Eq. (34) with N  0 (in this case, the S-FGM shell and the P-
FGM shell are same and they are made of full metal) is compared with Loy et al. [18]. In Table
1, the comparison shows that the present result is agreed well with those in the literature.

Fig. 2 and Table 2 show the comparison of dynamic response of the S-FGM shells in this paper
based on the first order shear theory and the results in Bich et al. [12] for the P-FGM shell
based on the classic theory with the same geometrical parameters without elastic foundations.
Clearly, in Table 2 we can see that there is very a little difference between natural frequencies,
but in Fig. 3, it is easy to recognize that the obtained amplitudes of frequency in this paper of
the S-FGM shell are smaller than the one of the P-FGM shell in [12].

Table 1

Comparison of natural frequencies (Hz) for the isotropic shells with N  0 (full metal),
m  n  1, h / R  0.002, L / R  20, k1  k2  0.

Natural frequencies obtained Natural frequencies

N
from Eq. (34) from Loy et al.[15]

0 12.921 12.898

Table 2

Comparison of variation of natural frequencies ( s1 ) against with volume fraction index N
with m  n  1, L / R  2, h / R  0.002,

N 0 1 2 5 d
Natural frequencies X ( s1 ) 3702.6463 3605.410 3566.6169 3523.7947 3476.2697
Bich and Nguyen [12]

Natural frequencies ( s1 ) 3698.8371 3601.3212 3564.7623 3522.7362 3475.8373

Fig. 4 shows the comparison of the dynamic response of the S-FGM shell calculated by the
approximate Eq. (37) and the full order system Eqs. (35). It can be seen that is not much
difference. As the result, to simplify the calculations, many authors have imposed the right side
of the last two equations in (35) equal to Zero.

-4
x 10 Present
2
Bich [12]

1.5

0.5
A(m)

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
t(s)

Fig. 3. Dynamic response of imperfect eccentrically stiffened FGM circular cylindrical shells.
 -4
x 10 Using the full order equations (35)
2
Using equation (37)

1.5

0.5
A(m)

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
t(s)

Fig. 4. The comparison of the nonlinear response calculated by the approximate Eq. (37) and
the full order Eqs. (35).
L / R  2, R / h  45, N  1, Px  0, m  n  1, k1  k2  0, N  1,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(600t )

4.2. The natural frequencies and nonlinear dynamic responses

In this section, we use the above formulation to investigate the effects of the geometrical
characteristics of the shell, the pre-loaded axial compression, the elastic foundations and
dimensional ratios on the nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM circular cylindrical shells.
Table 3 shows that there are small differences between the natural frequencies from Eqs. (34)
and the one in Eq. (38). The obtained results also show that the natural frequencies of stiffened
shells are greater than ones of un-stiffened shells. The natural frequencies of stiffened and un-
stiffened FGM circular cylindrical shells observed to be dependent on the constituent volume
fractions, they decreases when increasing the power index N , furthermore with greater value
N the effects of stiffeners is observed to be stronger.
Table 3

Comparison of frequencies ( s1 ) calculated by Eq. (34) and Eq. (38) of the S-FGM shell with

R / h  45, L / R  2.

Natural frequencies Natural frequencies

obtained from Eqs. (34) obtained from Eq. (38)
N with full motion with simplified
equations assumptions
Stiffened Un-stiffened Stiffened Un-stiffened
0 1765.5 1576.7 1772 1581.1
1 1643.6 1376.9 1651.1 1381
2 1562.7 1262.16 1572.7 1266.9
3 1445.2 1172.7 1450 1183.5
4 1376.9 1026.2 1381.6 1030.2
5 1205.1 9672.1 1211.2 967.8

When the natural frequency of the shell is near to the frequency of the excitation, the
fluctuation amplitude-time curves have special shapes. Fig. 5 shows the nonlinear dynamic
responses of S-FGM shells with volume fraction index N  1 , natural frequency of the shell
X  1643 s1
under excitation 8  1775.6 s1
. The nonlinear dynamic responses with

volume ratio N  2 , natural frequency of the shell X  1562.7 s1

and the external frequency

8  1574.7 s1
are shown in Fig.6. The nonlinear dynamic responses with N  5 ,

X  1250.1 s1
, 8  1215.2 s1
are shown in Fig. 7. From above obtained figures, the

beating vibration phenomenon is observed when the frequency of the excitation is near to the
natural frequency of the shell. The number of the beats is smaller when increasing the power
law index N , i.e. the period of beat of nonlinear response is longer when the power law index
N increases.
 -3
x 10
3

1
W(m)

-1

-2

-3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
t(s)

Fig.5. Nonlinear response of the S-FGM shell with N  1 .

L / R  2, R / h  45, Px  0, m  n  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, Q  3000( N / m 2 ) .

-3
x 10
4

1
W(m)

-1

-2

-3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
t(s)
 Fig.6. Nonlinear response of the S-FGM shell with N  2 .
L / R  2, R / h  45, Px  0, m  n  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, Q  3000( N / m 2 )

-3
x 10
4

1
W(m)

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
t(s)

Fig. 7. Nonlinear response of the S-FGM shell with N  5 .

L / R  2, R / h  45, Px  0, m  n  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, Q  3000( N / m 2 )

Fig. 8 shows the effects of the power law index N on the nonlinear dynamic response S-FGM
cylindrical shells. As can be seen, the amplitudes of nonlinear vibration of S-FGM shells
increase when increasing the power law index N . Fig. 9 depicts the influence of ratio length
L / R on the nonlinear response of S-FGM cylindrical shells. As can be observed, when the
ratio L / R decreases the amplitude of nonlinear dynamic decreases.

Fig. 10 shows influence of initial imperfection on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM
shell. The increase imperfection will lead to the increase of the amplitude of maximum
deflection. Fig. 11 shows the effects of the ratio thickness R / h on the nonlinear dynamic
response of the S-FGM circular cylindrical shells. As our expectation, the amplitude of
nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shell decreases when decreasing the ratio R / h . Fig.
12 shows the effect of pre-loaded axial compression Px on the nonlinear response of the S-
FGM circular cylindrical shells. From the graph we can see that the amplitude of vibration of
the shells increases when the value of axial compressive load increases.

-4
x 10
4 N=1
N=2
3 N=3

1
W(m)

-1

-2

-3
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
t(s)

Fig. 8. Effect of power law index N on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shells.
L / R  2, R / h  45, Px  0, m  n  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(2000t )

x 10
-4 L/R=2
1.5
L/R=1.5
L/R=1
1

0.5

0
W(m)

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
t(s)
Fig. 9. Effect of power law index L / R on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shells.
R / h  45, N  1, Px  0, m  n  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(600t )

-4
x 10 Wo=0
3
Wo=1e-5
Wo=5e-5

-1

-2

-3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
W(m)

Fig. 10. Influence of initial imperfection on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shells.

R / h  45, N  1, Px  0, m  n  1, k1  k2  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(600t )

-4
x 10
1.5
R/h=40
R/h=35
1
R/h=30

0.5

0
W(m)

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
t(s)
Fig. 11. Effect of power law index R / h on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shells.
L / R  2, Px  0, m  n  1, N  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(600t )

x 10
-4
Px=0
2
Px=300(MPa)
Px=600(MPa)
1.5

0.5
W(m)

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
t(s)

Fig. 12. Effect of pre-loaded axial Px compression on nonlinear response of the S-FGM shells.
L / R  2, R / h  45, m  n  1, N  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(2000t )

Figs. 13 and 14 show influence of elastic foundations on the nonlinear dynamic response of the
S-FGM shell. Obviously, elastic foundations played negative role on dynamic response of the
shell: the larger k1 and k2 coefficients are, the larger amplitude of deflection is. Fig 15 shows
the effect of eccentrically stiffeners the nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shell.
Clearly, the stiffeners played positive role in reducing amplitude of maximum deflection.
Fig. 13. Effect of the linear Winkler foundation on nonlinear dynamic response of the shells.
L / R  2, R / h  45, N  1, k1 (GPa.m), Px  0, m  n  1,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(600t )
 Fig.14. Effect of the Pasternak foundation on nonlinear dynamic response of the shells.
L / R  2, R / h  45, k2 (GPa.m), N  1, Px  0, m  n  1,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(600t )

-4
x 10 Eccentrically Stiffened S-FGM shell
3
S-FGM shell without eccentrically stiffened shell

1
W(m)

-1

-2

-3
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
t(s)

Fig.15. Effect of stiffeners on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shells.

L / R  2, R / h  45, N  1, Px  0, m  n  1,W0  0, F  0.1, q  3000sin(600t )

The effect of excitation force amplitude Q on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shell
is shown in Fig. 16. Three values of Q are used. As can be observed, the increase in excitation
force amplitude will lead to the increase of the S-FGM nonlinear response amplitudes.
 Fig. 16. Effect of excitation force Q on nonlinear dynamic response of the S-FGM shells.
L / R  2, R / h  45, m  n  1, N  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, 8  600 s1

4.3 Frequency–amplitude curves

Fig. 17 shows the effect of excitation force Q on the frequency –amplitude of nonlinear
vibration of S-FGM circular cylindrical shells. Fig. 18 shows the effects of the external forces
and stiffeners on frequency – amplitude in forced vibration. Clearly, the amplitude of stiffened
shells is smaller one of un-stiffened shells.
 Fig.17.The
T frequen
ncy – amplittude curve iin case of fforced vibraation.
L / R  2, R / h  45, m  n  1, N  1, k1  k2  0,W0  0, F  0.1, 8  600 s1

Fig.. 18.The freequency – amplitude

a cu
urve of nonnlinear vibraation of S-F
FGM shells.
L / R  2, R/ h  45, m  n  1, N  1, k1  k2  0,,W0  0, F  0.1, q  30000sin(6000t )
The effectss of elastic foundation
ns on the frequency-am
fr amplitude reelations of the S-FGM
M shells
ppresent in Fig. 19. It is evident that with the
t same fr
frequency, S
S-FGM sheells surrounnded on
elastic fou
undations have
h ude than thhe shells without ellastic foundations.
smaller amplitu
F
Furthermorre, the Pasteernak found
dation has stronger
s efffect on the ffrequency-aamplitude rrelations
of the shellls than Wink
kler foundaation.

Fig. 19. Effect

E undation on frequency – amplitudee curve of tthe S-FGM shells.
of the elastic fou
R h  45, m  n  1, N  1,W0  00, F  0.1, q  3000sin(2000t )
L / R  2, R/

5. Conclusions

This pap n analyticall approach to investigaate the nonnlinear dynaamic response and
per used an
vvibration of
o imperfecct eccentriccally stiffen
ned S-FGM
M thick cirrcular cylinndrical shellls with
m
metal-ceram
mic-metal layers
l using
g both of the
t first ordder shear ddeformationn theory annd stress
function. The urround on eelastic founndations andd subjected to axial
T S-FGM shell is assumed to su
and transveerse mechan
nical and damping
d mic response of the
loaads. Numerrical resultss for dynam
F
FGM shell are obtaineed by Rung
ge-Kutta method. The results obttained show
w the effectts of the
m
mechanicall loads, elaastic found
dations, outtside stiffenners and thhe dimensioonal ratios on the
dynamic response of the S-FGM circular cylindrical shell. The proposed results are validated
by comparing with other results reported in the literature.

Acknowledgements

This paper was supported by the Grant “Nonlinear analysis on stability and dynamics of
functionally graded shells with special shapes” code QG.14.02 of Vietnam National
University, Hanoi. The authors are grateful for this support.

Appendix A

   2 2¬
2 ¯
¡ žž m Q ­­ °
¡ žŸ L2 R ­­® m Q °
2 2
n ¬­°
2
H11   ¡¡  k  k žž  ­,
¡ ž A m Q  A m 2 n 2 Q 2 ­¬ žŸ L R 2 ®­­°°
4 4 1 2 2
n4
ž
¡ ž 11 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 ­­ °
L R ­®
22
¡¢ Ÿ L R4 °±

  2 3 3¯
¡ ( B66  B11 ) mn 2Q  B21 m Q °
mQ ž m 2 Q 2 ­¬ ¡¢ LR L3 °±
H12  KI 30 ž ­ ,
L žŸ L2 R ®­­ž m 4 Q 4 n4 m 2 n 2 Q 2 ­¬
žž A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 ­­­
Ÿ L R LR ®
  m2n Q 2 n3 ¯°
¡ ( B  B )  B
n ž m 2Q 2 ­¬ ¡ 66
¢
22
L2 R
12
R 3 ±°
H13  KI 30  ž 2 ­­ ,
R žŸ L R ®­ž m 4Q 4 n4 m 2 n 2 Q 2 ­¬
žž A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 ­­­
Ÿ L R LR ®

  2 3 3¯
¡ ( B66  B11 ) mn 2Q  B21 m Q °
8mnQ 2 ¡¢ LR L3 °±
H14  ,
LR ž m 4 Q 4 n4 m 2 n 2 Q 2 ¬­
žž A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 ­­­
Ÿ L R LR ®

  m2n Q 2 n 3 ¯°
¡ ( B  B )  B
8mnQ 2 ¡¢ 66 22
L2 R L °±
12 3

H15  ,
LR ž m 4 Q 4 n4 m 2 n 2 Q 2 ¬­
žž A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 ­­­
Ÿ L R LR ®
  m 2Q 2 n 2 ¬  m2Q 2 ¬
a1  KI 30 žž 2  2 ­­­  h žž Px 2 ­­­ ,
žŸ L R ®­ Ÿž L ®­

 m 2 Q 2 ¬­
žž ­
8mnQ 2 žŸ L2 R ®­­
a2  ,
3LR ž m 4 Q 4 n4 m 2 n 2 Q 2 ­¬
žž A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 ­­­
Ÿ L R LR ®

1  nL ¬­
a3   žž ­,
6 žŸ A11mR 2 ®­­

1 ž m 2Q 2 n 2 ­¬ž m 2Q 2 R 2 n 2 L2 ­¬
a4   ž 2  2 ­ž 2 ­  ­,
8 žŸ L R ­®Ÿž L A22 n 2 R 2 A11m 2Q 2 ­­®
16
a5  ,
mnQ 2
16h ž Px ­¬
a6  ž ­,
mnQ 2 žŸ R ­­®

 m 3n 2 Q 3 ­¬  m 5Q 5 ¬­
žž ­ ž
B21 ž 5 ­­
žŸ L3 R 3 ­­® žŸ L R ®­
H 21  ( B11  B66 )  ,
  m 4Q 4 n 4
m 2 2 2¯
n Q   m 4Q 4 n 4
m 2 2 2¯
n Q
¡ A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 ° ¡ A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 °
¡¢ L R L R °± ¡¢ L R L R °±

2
  m 3Q 3 2 ¯
¡ B21 3  ( B66  B11 ) mn 2Q °
 mQ ¬
2
n¬
2
¡¢ L LR °±
H 22  D11 žž ­­­  D66 žž ­­­  KI 30  ,
žŸ L ® žŸ R ®   m 4Q 4 n 4
m 2 2 2¯
n Q
¡ A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 °
¡¢ L R L R °±
  3 3 3 5 5¯
¡ B21 B12 m 3n Q3  B21 ( B66  B22 ) m 5nQ °
mnQ ¡¢ LR L R °±
H 23  D12  D66
 ,
LR   m 4Q 4 n 4
m 2 2 2¯
n Q
¡ A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 °
¡¢ L R L R °±

 mQ ¬­
a7  KI 30 žž
žŸ L ®­­

4 B21 ž n ­¬
a8   ž ­
3 A11 žŸ LR 2 ­®
  m 2Q 2 ¬­
žž ­
m 2 nQ 2 žŸ L2 R ®­­
H 31  ( B22  B66 ) 
L2 R   m 4Q 4 n 4
m 2 2 2¯
n Q
¡ A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 °
¡¢ L R L R °±
 m 2Q 2 ¬­
žž ­
žŸ L2 R ®­­ n3
 B12 ,
  m 4Q 4 n 4
m 2 2 2¯
n Q R3
¡A  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 °
¡¢ 11 L4 R L R °±

  2 n6 2 4 2¯
¡ B12 6  B12 ( B66  B22 ) m 2n Q4 °
mnQ ¡¢ R L R °±
H 32  D21  D66

LR   m 4Q 4 4 2 2 2¯
¡ A11 4  A22 n 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) m 2n Q2 °
¡¢ L R L R °±
2
  3 2 2 2¯
¡ B12 n 3  ( B66  B22 ) m 2n Q2 °
¢¡ R L R ±°
2 2
 mQ ¬ n¬
H 33  D66 žž ­­­  D22 žž ­­­  KI 30  ,
žŸ L ® žŸ R ®   m 4Q 4 n 4
m 2 2 2¯
n Q
¡ A11 4  A22 4  ( A66  2 A12 ) 2 2 °
¡¢ L R L R °±

n¬
a9  KI 30 žž ­­­ ,
žŸ R ®

4 B12 mQ
a10   ,
3 A22 L2 R

I12
S1   I 2 .
I0

Appendix B

H 21H 33  H 23 H 31 H H  H 32 H 21
b1  H11  H12  H13 22 31 ,
H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23 H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23
a7 H 33  a9 H 23 a H  a9 H 22
b2  a1  H12  H13 7 32 ,
H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23 H 32 H 23  H 22 H 33
 H 21H 33  H 23 H 31 H H  H 32 H 21
b3  a2  H14  H15 22 31 ,
H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23 H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23
a8 H 33  a10 H 23 a H  a10 H 22
b4  a3  H12  H13 8 32 ,
H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23 H 32 H 23  H 22 H 33
a10 H 23  a8 H 33 a H  a8 H 32
b5  H14  H15 10 22 ,
H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23 H 32 H 23  H 22 H 33
a9 H 23  a7 H 33 a H  a7 H 32
b6  H14  H15 9 22 .
H 22 H 33  H 32 H 23 H 32 H 23  H 22 H 33

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