Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• 1952:
Radushkevich and Lukyanovich showed hollow graphitic carbon fibers
with 50nm diameter.
• 1979
Abrahamson presented evidence of carbon nanotubes at the 14th Biennial
Conference of Carbon at Pennsylvania State University.
• 1981
A group of Soviet scientists published the results of chemical and structural
characterization of carbon nanoparticles produced by a thermocatalytical
disproportionation of carbon monoxide.
• 1991
Nanotubes discovered in the soot of arc discharge at NEC, by Japanese
researcher Sumio Iijima.
5
CNT TypesINTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:CNT
History
types
Based on symmetry
(n,m)
n= column
m= row
If:
n=m Armchair
n≠m Chiral
(n,0) Zig-Zag
6
CNT TypesINTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:CNT
History
types
Based on walls
7
PROPERTIES:
INTRODUCTION:
Mechanical
History
Mechanical
• SWNT
Chiral The mo dulus of the 0.92
multi walled carbon nanotubes correlates to the amount
of disor der in the carbon nanotube w alls.
MWNTE 0.2-0.8-0.95 11-63-150
• when multi walled carbon nanotubes break, the outermost layers break first
Stainless steelE 0.186-0.214 0.38-1.55 15-50
• Addition of nanotubes to epoxy resin can double the thermal conductivity for a
loading of only 1%, showing that nanotube composite materials may be useful
for thermal management applications.
• All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal conductors along the tube,
but good insulators laterally to the tube axis.
10
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES:
INTRODUCTION:
Thermal History
conductivity
Optical
• Flourescence:
• Raman spectroscopy:
11
SYNTHESIS INTRODUCTION:
SYNTHESISHistory
I. Arc discharge method
• The yield for this method is up to 30% by weight and it produces both
single- andmulti-walled nanotubes with lengths of up to 50 micrometers
with few st ructural defects.
12
SYNTHESIS INTRODUCTION:
SYNTHESISHistory
II. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
• As ubstrate is prepared with a layer of metal catalyst particles, most comm only
nickel, cobalt, iron , or a combination.
• two gases are bled into the reactor: a process gas (such as ammonia , nitrogen or
hydrogen ) and a carbon-containing gas (such as acetylene , ethylene , ethanol or
methane ).
• Nanotubes grow at the sites of the metal catalyst; the carbon-containing g as is broken
apart at the surface of the catalyst particle, and the carbon is transported to the edges
of t he particle, where it forms the nanotubes.
• Attracted attentions for its feasibility and potential for large-area productio n with
reasonable growth rates at relatively low temperatures.
13
SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS
III. Laser ablation
• The laser ablation method yields around 70% and produces prima rily single-
walled carbon nanotubes with a controllable diameter determined by the reaction
temperature .
14
APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION:
APPLICATIONS
History
I. AFM/STM Tips
• In addition, d ue to the high elasticity of the nanotubes, the tips d o not suffer from
crashes on c ntacti Tip
with the substrates.
• Biological m lecules, such as DNA can also be imaged with hi er resolution using
nanotube tip compared to conventional STM tips.
CNT Probe
16
APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION:
APPLICATIONS
History
III. Molecular carriers
• Recently, the feasibility of using SWNTs for intracellular drug delivery has
been demonstrated.
• They have high drug loading capacities and good cell penetration
qualities.
17
APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION:
APPLICATIONS
History
IV. Biomedical imaging
19
APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION:
APPLICATIONS
History
V. Bio-sensing
• A biosensor is a bioanalytical
device consisting of 2
components:
a bioreceptor and a transducer.
• The bioreceptor is a
biomolecule that recognizes the
target analyte whereas the
transducer converts the
recognition event into a
measurable signal.
20
Bio-sensing
• Low detection limits and high selectivity require engineering the CNT surface
(e.g., functional groups and coatings).
21
APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION:
APPLICATIONS
History
DNA Sequencing
• A biosensor is a bioanalytical
device consisting of 2
components:
a bioreceptor and a transducer.
• The bioreceptor is a
biomolecule that recognizes the
target analyte whereas the
transducer converts the
recognition event into a
measurable signal.
22
CHALLENGES
• Cost: Too expensive (~ $ 200per gram)
23
SUMMARY
Nanofibers
DEFINITION
SINGLE
HUMAN HAIR
NANOFIBER
Collagen Fibers
Formed Of Parallel
Fibrils High Modulus Of
Elasticity
- Self Assembly
-Phase Separation
-Electro-spinning
-Polymerization
Self-assembly
Phase separation
Electrospinning
NANOFIBERS: SELF-ASSEMBLY
Definition: spontaneous organization into stable structure without
covalent bonds
Example: peptide-amphipathics
- hydrophobic tail
- cysteine residues disulfide bonds
SELF-ASSEMBLY
• Relies on non-covalent interactions to
achieve spontaneously assembled 3D
structure.
•
Biopolymers such as peptides and nucleic
acids are used. Example is peptide-
•
amphiphile (PA)
•
(A)Chemical structure of (PA)
(B)Molecular model of the PA showing
• the narrow hydrophobic tail to the
bulkier peptide region Nanofiber
Compare to PGA
Recent Study
- delivered PLGA scaffold cardiac tissue in mice
- individual cardiomyocytes at seeding
- full tissue (no scaffold) 35 weeks later
- scaffold loaded with antibiotics for wound healing
POLYDIOXANONE (PDO)
- crystalline (55%)
- degradation rate between PGA/PLA ,close to 40-60 ratio
- shape memory
- modulus – 46 MPa; compare: collagen – 100 Mpa, elastin – 4 MPa
Advantages
- PDO ½ way between collagen/elastin, vascular ECM components
- cardiac tissue replacement (like PLGA)
- thin fibers (180nm)
POLYCAPROLACTONE (PCL)
- highly elastic
- slow degradation rate (1-2 yrs)
- > 1 um
- similar stress capacity to PDO, higher elasticity
Clinical Applications
- several planned
- all vasculature tissue
- high PLA tensile strength react (constrict) to sudden pressure
increase
- increased elasticity with PCL passively accommodate large fluid flow
ELASTIN
- highly elastic biosolid (benchmark for PDO)
- hydrophobic
- present in: vascular walls, skin
Synthesis of Biosolid?
- 81 kDa recombinant protein (normal ~ 64 kDa)
- repeated regions were involved in binding
- 300 nm (not as small as PDO ~ 180 nm)
- formed ribbons, not fibers – diameter varies
COLLAGENS: GELATIN
- highly soluble, biodegradable (very rapid)
- current emphasis on increasing lifespan
Type I
- 100 nm (not consistent)
- almost identical to native collagen (TEM)
- present is most tissues
Type II
- 100-120 nm (consistent)
- found in cartilage
- pore size and fiber diameter easily controlled by dilution
COLLAGENS BLENDS
In context: vasculature
- intima – collagen + elastin
- media – thickest+ elastin+collagen
- adventia – collagen
RECONSTRUCTING THE MEDIA
- SMC seeded into tube
- average fiber ~ 450 nm
slightly larger ECM fibers
- incorporation of GAG
carbohydrate ECM
collagen crosslinker
mediate signalling
Nanofibers
APPLICATION
Life Science Application
Cosmetic skin masks
Drug Delivery Carrier
-Skin Cleansing
-Haemostatic Devices
-Skin Therapy
-Wound Dressing
-Skin Healing
Nanofibers
Tissue Engineering
Scaffolds Filtration media
-Membranes for skin
-Liquid filtration
-Tubes for blood vessels
-Gas filtration
-3D Scaffolds for bone
&cartilage regeneration -Molecular filtration
NANOFIBER APPLICATIONS
Drug delivery system:
-Encapsulation of the drug inside the electrospun
fiber
-Improve therapeutic efficacy due to the high surface area
and safety of drugs (Dissolution rate of a particulate drug
increases with increasing surface area of both the drug and
the corresponding carrier if needed.)
Wound dressing:
Novel polymeric composite materials that have
antimicrobial properties and variable surface properties that
can reduce attachment and adhesion to the wound.
- Wound dressings having antibacterial properties would
be highly desirable for wounded personnel
USES OF NANOFIBERS…
High surface area: Filtration, Protective clothing.
Nano-Tex fabrics with water,cranberry
juice, vegetable oil, and mustard after 30
minutes (left) and wiped off with wet paper
towel(right).
Cells Scaffolds
Tissue
Engineering
Bioreactors Signals
Tissue Engineering (TE)
• Scaffolds
Biomaterials, which may be natural or artificially
derived, providing a platform for cell function, adhesion
and transplantation
• Cells
Any class of cell, such as stem or
mesenchymal cell
• Signals
Proteins and growth factors driving the cellular
functions of interest
• Bioreactor
System that supports a biologically active environment
(ex. Cell culture)
• Robots
• Biomedical devices: Pacemaker, Hemodialysis
• Engineering of tissue
• Tissue hierarchy Image sourse: Stke.sciencemag.org, Nature.com
Hierarchical organization of human systems
Organ
Cells Tissue Organ
System
Concept of Tissue Engineering
CELLS
•CELLS
•Cell culture techniques
Extra
Cellular •ADHESIVE PROTEINS
Matrix •Three dimensional SCAFFOLD
which can mimic natural ECM
(ECM)
Katti, Directions, 2005
Examples of tissue engineering
Heart valve
Urinary Bladder
Artificial Skin
Cartilage
1. Size 1. Protein
1. Matching
2. Alignment chemical 2. Protein
content delivery
3. Architecture (chitosan and
3. Cell behavior
collagen)
2. Manipulating
chemical
composition
Physical Mimetics
1. PLGA/PLA-PEG
2. PLGA/PEG-PPG-PEG
Surface Energy Measurement
85
Chemical Mimetics
1.Surface Functionality
• Grafting of –COOH group (Hydrolysis)
• NaOH
• Grafting of –NH2 (Aminolysis)
• Ethylenediamine(ED)
• N-Aminoethyl-1,3-propanediamine(AEPDA)
COOH COOH
NH2
NH2
COOH
NH2
PLGA
NaOH treatment of PLGA and quantification of Carboxylic group
N-Aminoethyl-1,3-propanediamine (AEPDA)
Biological Mimetics
• Protein adsorption (Adhesive protein)
• Adhesive capability of nanofibrous scaffold
• Stability and orientation of protein after adsorption
• Protein delivery
• Another approach for delivering proteins during
tissue engineering
• Cell behavior
Release studies of adsorbed protein from
PLGA blended with PEG-PPG-PEG
Protein Release
90
Conclusion
COOH COOH
Cells
NH2
Functional Tissue
NH2
COOH Adhesive Proteins
NH2
NH2
Functionalized Nanofiber
Nanofibrous Scaffold
92
Objectives
• Evaluate the fiber properties (including structural, mechanical,
thermal) at the molecular level as a function of fiber size