‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫رب اشرح لى صدرى ويسر لى أمر واحلل عقدة من‬

‫لسانى يفقهوا قولى‬
‫صدق هللا العظيم‬

Prof. Dr. Magdi M. El-Saadawi

www.saadawi1.net

E-mail : saadawi1@gmail.com

www.facebook.com/magdi.saadawi

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 1

 Electrical
Power Systems
Course Code: FCR 141

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 2

 Chapter 5

Characteristics and Performance

of Transmission Lines

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 3

 Contents
5.1 Introduction
5.2. Short Transmission Line
5.3. Voltage Regulation
5.4 Medium Transmission Line
5.5 Long Transmission Line
5.6 Ferranti Effect
5.7. Power Flow through Transmission Line

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 4

5.1 Introduction
To study the electric performance of a transmission line
means to find the current and voltage every where on the
line and to find the real and reactive power delivered by
the line, and to find voltage regulation and losses of the
line.

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 5

5.1 Introduction

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 6

5.1 Introduction

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 7

5.2. Short Transmission Line
 The lines are less than 80 km long or the
voltage is not over 66 kV.
 Capacitance may be ignored without much error
 The short line model is a simple series circuit.
The per-phase line is shown in Fig. 5.1.
VS= VR + IRZ IS = IR

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 8

5.2. Short Transmission Line

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 9

5.3. Voltage Regulation
• Voltage regulation of the transmission line may be
defined as the percentage change in voltage at the
receiving end of the line (expressed as percentage of
full-load voltage) in going from no- load to full-
load.

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 10

5.3. Voltage Regulation

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 11

5.3. Voltage Regulation

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 12

5.4 Medium Transmission Line
80 km < T.L length < 250 km
• The shunt capacitance must be considered.
• The modeling of a medium length transmission line
is done using lumped shunt admittance along with
the lumped impedance in series to the circuit.
• These lumped parameters of a medium length
transmission line can be represented using two
different models, namely:
1)Nominal T representation.
2)Nominal π representation.
4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 13
 Medium Transmission Line (nominal T model )
• In the nominal T model of a medium transmission
line the lumped shunt admittance is placed in the
middle, while the net series impedance is divided
into two equal halves and placed on either side of
the shunt admittance. The circuit so formed
resembles the symbol of a capital T

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 14

 Medium Transmission Line (nominal π model )
• The lumped series impedance is placed at the middle of the
circuit where as the shunt admittances are at the ends. As
we can see from the diagram of the π network below, the
total lumped shunt admittance is divided into 2 equal
halves, and each half with value Y⁄2 is placed at both the
sending and the receiving end while the entire circuit
impedance is between the two.

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 15

5.4 Medium Transmission Line
• In this course we will focus on solving the medium
T.L. using nominal π model
• In the following we will deduce the relation between
sending end voltage and current and receiving end voltage
and current, Or finding ABCD parameters for medium T.L.

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 16

Relation between Vs Is and Vr , Ir

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 17

Relation between Vs Is and Vr , Ir

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 18

5.5 Long Transmission Line
T.L length > 250 km
• Calculations related to circuit parameters (ABCD
parameters) of such a power transmission is not that
simple, as was the case for a short transmission line
or medium transmission line. The reason being that,
the effective circuit length in this case is much
higher than what it was for the former models
• The parameters must be taken as distributed
uniformly along the length as a result of which the
voltages and currents will vary from point to point
on the line.
4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 19
4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 20
5.6 Ferranti Effect
• For all electrical systems current flows from the
region of higher potential to the region of lower
potential, to compensate for the electrical potential
difference that exists in the system.
• In all practical cases the sending end voltage is
higher than the receiving end, so current flows from
the source or the supply end to the load.
• Ferranti effect in power system: In case of light
loading or no load operation of transmission
system, the receiving end voltage often increases
beyond the sending end voltage. see Fig. 5.5.
4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 21
4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 22
5.6 Ferranti Effect
• A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity
of charging current. If such a line is open circuited
or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the
voltage at receiving end may become greater than
voltage at sending end.
• Both capacitance and inductance is responsible to
produce this phenomenon.
• The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible
in short line but significant in medium line and
appreciable in long line. Therefore this phenomenon
occurs in medium and long lines.
4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 23
5.6 Ferranti Effect
• The Ferranti effect is not a problem with lines that
are loaded. But for lightly loaded lines there will be
an overvoltage problem at the receiving end from
which the line has to be protected.
• The Ferranti effect: can be reduced by using shunt
reactors and series capacitors. Series capacitors are
placed at different places along the line while shunt
reactors are often installed in the stations at the ends
of line.

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 24

5.7. Power Flow through Transmission Line

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 25

5.7. Power Flow through Transmission Line

Both receiving end Power and the Sending end Power can
be obtained as a function of receiving end voltage and
sending end voltage and the line parameters.

The line losses are the difference between sending end and
receiving end power for both real and reactive power.
4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 26
 Solved Examples

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 27

Ex. 5.1

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 28

Ex.1

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 29

Ex. 5.1

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 30

Ex. 5.1

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 31

Ex. 5.1

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 32

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 33
Ex. 5.2

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 34

Ex. 5.2

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 35

 Course Schedule

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 36

 Thank You Very Much
And
Any Question?

4/28/2015 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 37