NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA

END-SEMESTER EXAMINATION, 2015

SESSION: 2015 – 2016 (Autumn)
M.Tech. 1st Semester

Subject code: CH621 Subject Name: Advanced Fluid Dynamics Dept. Code: CH
No. of pages: 03 Full Marks: 50 Duration: 3 hrs

Please answer any five questions || Figures at the right hand margin indicate marks.

Q1. (a) Write the following formulas in Gibbs notation using the symbol ∇. Convert the (10)
expressions to Cartesian notation and prove that the equations are correct.
a. div (𝐮 × 𝐯) = 𝐯 ∙ curl 𝐮 − 𝐮 ∙ curl 𝐯
b. curl (𝐮 × 𝐯) = 𝐯 ∙ grad 𝐮 − 𝐮 ∙ grad 𝐯 + 𝐮 ∙ div 𝐯 − 𝐯 ∙ div 𝐮
1
(b) Using index notation verify that 𝑣𝑗 𝜕𝑗 𝑣𝑖 = 𝜕𝑖 (2 𝑣 2 ) − 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑣𝑗 𝜔𝑘 , where 𝜔𝑘 =

𝜖𝑘𝑙𝑚 𝜕𝑙 𝑣𝑚 is the vorticity.

Q2. Suppose that the stress in a fluid at point P is measured by placing a very small (10)
stress transducer at that point and determining the force per unit area for different
orientations of the transducer surface. The following results are obtained,
independent of time:
Orientation of the surface Measured t(n)
𝑒𝑥 2𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑥 + 3𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑧
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 + 5𝑒𝑧
(a) Determine the components of the stress tensor 𝑇𝑖𝑗 in Cartesian coordinates.
(b) Compute the surface force per unit area 𝐭(n) at point P for a test surface with
orientation 𝐧 = (2𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 2𝑒𝑧 )/3.
Q3. Flow between parallel plates is driven by movement of top surface as well as a (10)
prescribed pressure gradient. The top surface is moving in the direction of positive
pressure gradient. Develop an expression and sketch the fully developed velocity
profile. Also, find the volumetric flow rate and shear stress exerted on the fluid by
the moving surface.
Q4. A liquid film is flowing down an inclined wall as illustrated in the Fig. 1. The (10)
channel is configured so that the air in the channel is open to the atmosphere.
Assume that the interface is flat and parallel to the walls. Determine the steady-state
velocity profile in the liquid film and the volumetric flow rate (per unit width) down
the wall when ℎ2 → ∞. How large must ℎ2 be in order to neglect the presence of the
upper wall on the volumetric flow rate of the liquid? Discuss the limiting cases of
𝜋
the angle 𝜃 → 0 and 𝜃 → 2 . In all cases determine the force exerted by the fluid on

the lower wall.

Fig. 1

Q5 As shown in Fig. 2, assume that two parallel cylinders separated by a thin film of (10)
liquid are rotated in the same direction. Each cylinder has a radius R and is rotated
at a constant angular velocity 𝜔, giving a linear velocity 𝜔𝑅 at its surface. The
minimum gap half-height is such that ℎ0 ⁄𝑅 ≪ 1. Assume that the lubrication
approximation is valid and that 𝒫 = 0 in the bulk fluid. Determine 𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
and show that 𝒫 = 0 everywhere.

Fig 2.

Q6. Starting from Navier-Stokes equations obtain the boundary-layer equations for a 2-D, (10)
steady incompressible flow. Why is the pressure within the boundary-layer equal to that at
the outer edge of the boundary-layer where its value is determined by inviscid flow? Briefly
discuss the phenomena of boundary layer separation.