Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A.

Essa)
 Kafrelsheikh University ‫جامعة كفرالشيخ‬
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
‫كلية اهلندسة‬
‫قسم اهلندسة امليكانيكية‬

Course Name: Mechanical Power Engineering

Course Code: MEP2018 1st Year: Electrical Engineering
Hrs/Week: [(2+2)] Marks: 175
Lecture Notes
Lecture slides by:
Tuesday, October 9, 2018
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Overall Aims of Course
The course aims to provide the Electrical Power Engineering students with the basics,
physical concepts, and practical applications of mechanical engineering and power stations
generally (steam and gas power stations specifically). These objectives are reached through
the following:
1. Develop professional skills to identify, analyze and solve any energy conversion
problem related to different types and applications of mechanical power problems.
2. Develop an understanding of the basic concepts of energy conversion and apply the
three laws of thermodynamics.
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Overall Aims of Course
3. Develop the required skills for recognizing different types and applications of fluid
mechanics.
4. Develop the required skills for choosing the mechanical power stations type suitable
for specific practical application.
5. Develop adequate skills in identifying the main parameters affecting the thermal
efficiency of each power cycle [steam power cycle – gas turbine power cycle –
combined cycles].

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

 Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs)
Students who successfully complete this course should be able to:
1. Implement the properties of fluids, perform hydrostatic calculations, apply Bernoulli’s
equation and mass conservation to flow situations, apply momentum conservation to
determine forces and have a superficial knowledge of boundary layers.
2. Calculate the flow and loss in pipes, determine operational aspects of a pump in a
system and describe the basic types of fluid machinery.
3. Apply the three laws of thermodynamics to basic engineering problems.
4. Perform calculations to analyze heat engines, dealing with energy conversion, real gas
behavior, heat exchange and the validity of simplifying assumptions. Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Stage Description Schedule Weighting
Semester Work
Reports, attendance, quizzes, homework, presentations, and discussion participations 5%

Examinations
Mid-term exam (8th – 10th week) 15%

Oral final exam 10%

Final-term exam 70%

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 List of References
1. Lecture notes prepared by the course coordinator.

2. El-Wakil, M. M., “Power Plant Technology”, McGraw Hill, Inc, New York, Second

Edition, 1991.

3. ASME Transaction, Journal of gas turbine.

4. Recommended Books - Periodicals, Web Sites, … etc.

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
This course applies fluid mechanics to systems which might be encountered in engineering
practice. Topics include fluid properties, hydrostatics, laminar and turbulent flow, energy
and continuity equations in one dimension. The course also covers basic concepts of
thermodynamics, including perfect gas properties, zero’th, first and second laws of
thermodynamics, air standard cycles, power plants.
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
 Fundamental Concepts in Fluid Mechanics (Definition of Fluid Mechanics, Fluids,
Concept of a Continuum, Dimensions and Units used in Fluid Mechanics, Fluid
Properties, Density and Specific Weight, Compressibility, Surface tension, Vapor
Pressure, Viscosity) (2 weeks)
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
 Fluid statics (Measurement of Pressure Differences, Hydrostatic Force on a Plane
Surface) (2 weeks)
 Fluid dynamics (Steady flow, Unsteady flow, Uniform flow, Streamlines, Laminar flow,
Turbulent flow, Conservation of Mass, Conservation of Energy) (2 weeks)
 Basics of Thermodynamics
 Units and Definitions, thermodynamics and heat engine, Gas laws, Processes,
Reversibility (2 weeks)
 Perfect Gas, The First Law of Thermodynamics (2 weeks)
 The Air Standard Cycles (2 weeks)
 The pure substance, Vapor power cycles, Gas power cycles (2 Essa
Dr./ Fadl weeks)
(F.A. Essa)
Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
1. DEFINITION OF FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is that branch of applied mechanics that is concerned with the statics and
dynamics of liquids and gases. The analysis of the behavior of fluids is based upon the
fundamental laws of applied mechanics that relate to the conservation of mass, energy and
momentum.
2. FLUIDS
A fluid is a substance that may flow. That is the particles making up the fluid continuously
change their positions relative to one another.
Fluids do not offer any lasting resistance to the displacement of one layer over another
when a shear force is applied.
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
 This means that if a fluid is at rest, then no shear forces can exist in it,
which is different from solids; solids can resist shear forces while at rest.

 To summarize, if a shear force is applied to a fluid it will cause flow.

 A further difference between solids and fluids is that a solid has a fixed
shape whereas a fluid owes its shape at any particular time to that of the
vessel containing it.
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
3. CONTINUUM CONCEPT
The behavior of individual molecules comprising a fluid determines the observed
properties of the fluid and for an absolutely complete analysis, the fluid should be
studied at the molecular scale.
The behavior of any one molecule is highly complex, continuously varying and
may indeed be very different from neighbouring molecules at any instant of time.
The problems normally encountered by engineers do not require knowledge and
prediction of behavior at the molecular level but on the properties of the fluid
mass that may result.
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
Thus the interest is more on the average rather than the individual responses of
the molecules comprising the fluid.

At a microscopic level, a fluid consists of molecules with a lot of space in between.

For our analysis, we do not consider the actual conglomeration of separate
molecules, but instead assume that the fluid is a continuum, that is a continuous
distribution of matter with no empty space.
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
4. DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Physical quantities require quantitative descriptions when solving engineering problems.
Density, which is one such physical quantity, is a measure of the mass contained in unit
volume. Density, however, does not represent a fundamental magnitude. There are nine
quantities considered to be
Fundamental magnitudes, and they are: length, mass, time, temperature, amount of a
substance, electric current, luminous intensity, plane angle, and solid angle. The
magnitudes of all the quantities can be expressed in terms of the fundamental magnitudes.
To give the magnitude of a quantity a numerical value, a set of units must be selected. Two
primary systems of units are commonly used in Fluid Mechanics, namely, the Imperial
System (sometimes called the English units) and the International System, which is
referred to as SI (System International) units. Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t, and temperature T are
selected as primary or fundamental dimensions, while others such as velocity
V, energy E, and volume V are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions and
are called secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a decimal relationship
between the various units.
• English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical base, and various units
in this system are related to each other rather arbitrarily.

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

 Some SI and English Units

Work = Force  Distance The SI unit prefixes are used in all branches
1 J = 1 N∙m
1 cal = 4.1868 J
of engineering.
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

The definition of the force units.

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
Some SI and English Units
W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration
A body weighing 150 kgf
on earth will weigh only
25 lbf on the moon.

The weight of a unit

mass at sea level.

The relative magnitudes of the force

units newton (N), kilogram-force
(kgf), and pound-force (lbf).
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.
Unity Conversion Ratios:
All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be formed by
combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently as unity

conversion ratios as

To be dimensionally
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are homogeneous, all the
unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) can be terms in an equation
must have the same unit.
inserted conveniently into any calculation to properly convert
units.
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Dimensional homogeneity

Every unity conversion ratio (as well

as its inverse) is exactly equal to one.
Shown here are a few commonly used
unity conversion ratios.
Always check the units in your
calculations.

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

 Unit Conversion
How to convert units from one system to
another???
Click here to catch the attached file.
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
 Mechanical Engineering
Definitions
State of matter: phases
 Gases: e.g., water vapor, oxygen
 Liquids: e.g., water, blood, mercury
 Solids: e.g., ice, glacier, rock, rubber
“… physicist rejects the definition of a solid as (roughly) what hurts your
toe when you kick it …”
-- Concepts in Solids, by P.W. Anderson Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
Mechanical Engineering
Comparison of Phases

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

 Mechanical Engineering
Categorization I
Fluids [Latin, to flow]: liquids & gases
 Flow to take the shape of container
 Normally, solids do not flow

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

 Mechanical Engineering
Categorization II
Condensed matter: solids & liquids
(Almost) incompressible
Density changes little with temperature (at constant pressure)
Gases
Easily compressible
Density changes substantially with temperature (at constant pressure)
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
Mechanical Engineering
Modern Notions
Gases: full symmetry -- disordered
Solids: reduced symmetry -- ordered
Think about snowflakes (hexagonal)
Liquids: short-range order only
Phase transitions
Disorder to order: symmetry breaking
Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)
Mechanical Engineering
Pressure

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering
Common Units

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering
Origin of Pressure

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

 Mechanical Engineering
Density

Density (scalar): mass of a small element of material m

divided by its volume V

–For infinitesimally small V:

 = m/ V
–For homogeneous material:
 =m / V

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering
Bulk Modulus

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering
Bulk Modulus

•Solids & liquids

– Large B, ~ 109 N/m2
– (Practically,) incompressible
•Gases
– Small B, ~ 105 N/m2
– Easily compressible

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering
Pressure in a Fluid at Rest

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering
Pressure in a Fluid at Rest

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

Mechanical Engineering

Dr./ Fadl Essa (F.A. Essa)

 Thank You All
‫شكر ًا لمك مجيع ًا‬

Welcome to your Questions!!!