Major Project 2DFIM07

Design for Interaction

Piti Patcharavalai Summer 2004

newsflux, making sense of newspaper

in the digital information and
communication technology context

Abstract

This paper is a part of the major project for the Master of Art in Design
for Interaction, University of Westminster, during summer term 2004.
It outlines the project development and critical evaluation of an
interactive information artefact/system called newsflux, proposing
how flow and dynamic of massive amount of information particularly
news can be visualised, realised and interacted by user in different
time and space in the way that make sense to them. The project was
developed from the research finding of the making sense of newspaper
in the context of digital information and communication technology.

Introduction

“Design is making sense (of things)…It could be read as design is a sense

creating activity or it can be regarded as meaning that the product of design
are to be understandable or meaningful to someone”--(Krippendorf, 1989)

The balance of both meaning of sense has to be kept. Sense can

be aesthetic, expression, and recreation as much as sense can be
functional, practical, efficient and effective. Personally, I totally
agree with Krippendorf’s notion that maybe the pendulum has swung
too far to the later meaning. Human are not only rational being but
also emotional. Technologies are moving in a very fast pace that
we lost some senses during those paces. This issue comes across
every discipline of design as we should not just apply technology to
a product or service but we have to revisit the form, function, and
semantic of that product or service and evaluate the properties and
applications of that technology so that the new product or service
makes sense to user. This is also my design process in interaction
design, and because of its nature of being a multidisciplinary field of
design, I have had the opportunity to revisit my area of interest which
is communication design particularly in print and publishing, in the
broader context and with holistic approach. Now, I would rather call
it my context of interest since it is not only about how to effectively
communicate a message to audience anymore but it’s also about

i
how to enhance the experience of that message and its contexts that
respond to the interactive relationships between human to human,
human to artefact, or artefact to artefact.
In this project, I revisit my context of interest taking the knowledge
and approach of interaction design in to account. I choose newspaper
as the subject of research since it is a conventional information
artefact that has shaped the way we, designer deal with massive
amount of information on the daily basis since the early day of print.
Also how readers or users interact with the artefact, how they move
around the content, and how it meets with user demand in different
time and places of a day. This I believe to be an ideal model to study
the conventional information artefact design and develop a design
proposal in the context of recent technology.

newsflux is an interactive information artefact and system. It is

developed from the making sense of newspaper in the context of
digital information and communication technology design research
which was initiated at the beginning of the summer term. In this
research, three related contexts are defined as user, newspaper and
digital technology context, to be a scope of the research. The research
finding are evaluated and concluded then developed into design
criteria and framework so that concept of newsflux can be developed
as a result of the research. Follow by the evaluation of the project and
issues that I encountered during the design process.

ii
Design research: making sense of newspaper
in the context of digital information and
communication technology

There are no theories of newspaper design. Newspaper design is deeply

rooted in practical realities and is more organic than any abstract theoretical
process. Newspapers must fit in with their city, their readers, and the
communities they serve. Each newspaper must have its own identity and
personality--Garcia Media.

I started this design research by setting the research question to look

for the sense of newspaper. This design research is inspired by a few
interesting innovation and trend that give me the impression of the
evolving relationship between newspaper and digital information and
communication technology.

First is when I experienced with the satellite newspaper kiosk where

you can order your local newspaper or any national newspaper from
the kiosk and it will be ready for you in hardcopy within two minutes
via the satellite communication network.

Second is the increasing numbers of online or digital edition of

newspaper either in the form of a replica of the physical one or a news
site. Some of them come with interesting features such as press cut(to
cut and archive the article), related news, background information,
breaking news on your mobile or desktop, discussion and comment
space in the news. Good examples of these approaches are BBC news
website service that provides breaking news on mobile and desktop.
And the digital edition of The Guardian that use the physical form as a
map to navigate and move around the paper.

Third is the personalised newspaper (online). There are a few project

that had been developed in the past like FishWrap from Walter
Bender, MIT and Krakatoa Chronicle. As user subscribe and create
his/her profile and preference on the web, the AI (Java programming)
will learn about your reading behaviour and preference by rating/
weighting system from both the system and user. Then news would be
filtered and process accordingly and presented in the newspaper alike
layout having the size of the column and typography varied according
to his profile or preference.

All of these are the results of digital information and communication

technology, as newspaper’s form and content are digitised and put into
the cyberspace either to provide an alternative way to consume news
or to bridge the gap of time and place in distribution. All these inspire
me to revisit the conventional wisdom in the sense of newspaper and

iii
reconsidering the limitation, advantage, and potential of the digital
information and communication technology.

From this point, I define three related context to help myself

making sense of the relationship among user, newspaper and the
digital information and communication technology. For user context,
I conducted five interviews and general observations with a range
of newspaper reader. Then the results are concluded and developed
into two user scenarios to present the relationship between user and
newspaper in different space and time and how user read and move
around newspaper. For newspaper context, I revisit the concept, form,
function, meaning and the other application of newspaper. The last is
the digital information and communication technology context which
I look for the use and application of digital technology to newspaper
related information artefact and system. In this paper, the findings of
these contexts and their evaluations are presented as a point or issue
of interest started from the following paragraph.

Newspaper context
Media is an extension of man--Marshall McLuahn

Newspaper, a tool for human to broaden their knowledge of the

world

As human make sense of things by contextualising it. Human memory

which is an important part of learning, works by association and
contextualisation of bits and chunk of information. Since the day
we were born, we have been updating, developing, and learning
our knowledge of the world. We started from explore our local
environment, socialise with others and at last consume massive
amount of information from media. Like a child read a comic and an
adult read a newspaper. Our society getting bigger and the boundary
of being local are blurred with the advance of telecommunication
technology. Newspaper provides us with the updated information
in different subject and context so that we can pick what we
are interested in or associated with and be aware of the general
information of our environment on a daily basis.

Editorial power and news

Information can only be classified as news if it contains these news

value: impact (how many people were, are or will be affected?),
timeliness (did the event occur very recently?), revelation (is there
significant new information, previously unknown?), proximity (was

iv
the event nearby geographically?), entertainment (does it make for
a fun story?), oddity (was the event highly unusual?), and Celebrity
(was anyone famous involved?). All these are the responsibility
of newspaper editorial team to decide which news will be the
headline, and how news will be presented to meet the viewpoint of
that newspaper (left wing, right wing). These elements create an
editorial content. With this, editorial content are arranged in a page
by applying a range of size, proportion, white space and graphical
element to the value and priority of that news. As a result, users have
the impression of priorities and dimension from a content page.

Fundamental form and function of newspaper and its application as

an archive

The online encyclopaedia WIKIpedia define a newspaper as

a lightweight and disposable periodical, usually printed on low-
cost paper called newsprint, containing a journal of current news
in a variety of topics or very narrow topic areas. This definition of
newspaper reflects some of the fundamental form and function of
newspaper as a medium. Being a lightweight and disposable periodical
means that it can be carried around and because it is printed on paper,
it is foldable and friendly to read. There is not much of the collective
value in newspaper itself but a piece of news can be considered as
a valuable piece of information when it is in an archive as the content
of news can become a history if it is significant enough in term of
news value. News archive is the way we preserve news by organising
them into a context or subject of interest. It can be done by any level
of user from personal to organisational news archive. For example,
parents may collect the news of their child’s achievement, Nine eleven
victim‘s family may collect news about the event and Starbuck may
collect the news about coffee industry. Either for personal satisfaction
or research purpose, putting daily news into an archive is an act of
contextualisation, making is easier to understand and access. Like
when it is organised and mapped in a chronological order, we are
able to see the history, development and progress of that news. Also
the news itself may not make much sense by itself but when it is in a
context, it create an overview of the associated story in different time
and space hence we can learn and understand more of the news and
its subject.

User context

From personal observation and a range of newspaper reader interview

including two young businessmen, two university student, and one
house wife, I developed two user scenario based on their news

v
 consumption behaviour in different time and place of a day and how
they move around the newspaper as an information artefact and
system.

User and newspaper in different time and space

The�Sec
tion
The�
Paper
s�is�new
new
s 2004
10�September� As a day begins, users either start the day by reading newspapers or
watch a news program on TV or listening to radio. News headlines on
the front page are scanned and skimmed to see whether there are
news that users have been followed or not, news that is about their
own subject of interest, and news that may grasp their attention.
Full content and story will be read if there is enough time, if it is
interesting enough, and if the headline and news summary doesn’t
make sense enough. At this time of the day what users seems to do
is just to scan the front page and flick through the whole news paper
either to get the overview of that day news or to followed the news
that continue from the previous day. It is also interesting to see some
morning TV program that pick some news from headline of different
newspaper then read it out loud and discuss that news and set a topic
of public interest as a question which allow viewer to participate by
voting or messaging.

During a day, users socialise in their community. Topics of the

conversations often are about news that represents public interest
or the subject of interest of their community. It can be either serious
issue like politic or relaxing topic such as entertainment and celebrity.
In the conversation, users may find themselves unaware of the news
or they haven’t seen every aspect of that news, they may ask for the
source of that news and try to find it as it has become the subject
of interest of their community and they feel the demand to know it.
They do the same thing when they watch, read or listen to news from
other mediums like TV, radio or internet which may provide more up
to date information and present some interesting images or clips that
cannot be found in a newspaper. In their leisure time, when user read
the content inside to pass time, they tend to explore other subjects in
that paper or even finish the whole issue.

The ongoing flow of news consumption

From this user scenario, It can be concluded that newspaper can be

used as a beginning of the flow of the news for other mediums and
context. As reading newspaper in the morning give users an overview
of the latest news and event even though not every news on the
paper are read. With the overview from newspaper, users have an
idea of the current news so that they can make sense of it as a topic
of conversation in the social situation and they may follow the

vi
development of that news from any other media.

Also newspaper can be used as an alternative source of news

afterward. When users encounter news from other media, it may
become their subject of interest so they start to find out more about
the news. Newspaper is the source that users are most in control and
provide more details than TV or Radio. Users can just grasp the today
issue from news booth or find it on a coffee table, then look for the
news he want to know and read it when and where he wants.

I believe this ongoing news consumption pattern helps users to develop

their own perspective and update their knowledge of the world so
that they can socialise and make sense of their context and their
community in both local and global level. This also implies the model
of on-demand content in the digital information and communication
technology.
Moreover, users start to use internet as a main tools to do a personal
research on the subject of interest but it lacks of mobility, simplicity,
and readability make it is not as popular as newspaper in many cases.

User move around newspaper and unfold layers of content

Being a source of users knowledge of the world, providing range of

news that update and associate users’ context, newspaper need to
be well design as an information artefact. This part of the design
research, is where I try to break down and analysed its architecture
to see how user move around this information space respond to the
previous scenario.

Front page is an overview of a newspaper as it presents the highlight

of news from different sections of a newspaper. Users may scan and
skim to find their subject of interest and to get the general sense of
today’s highlight. Some research reveals that most users glance at
the biggest headline and photograph on the upper part of the paper
first, then they start to explore the surrounding headline or graphic.
When they find their subject of interest, they read the news summary
or extract that leads them the section page of that news. However
users are able to start from the section page or any of them if they
are familiar with the paper and having a specific piece of content they
are looking for. For example, financial news is the first thing, a banker
demand to read. Then they flick through pages and may get a glimpse
of the rest of the paper having it as a rough mental map.

When users arrive at the section page of the content they demand
to read, it is surrounded by other news in the same section that
users have to scan the page to find the content they wanted to see.

vii
This helps users to develop a mental map of the section and page
layout and have a glimpse of the others news in the section. Also
users develop an easy way to navigate on newspaper as sometimes
broadsheet newspaper can be a bit awkward to read. When user scan
the section page and find the content they demand to read, they
simply fold the paper so that what’s left in front of his eye is just what
they demand to read with a little bit of the surrounding news and only
a handy size of paper in their hand. By folding, users generate a visual
scope to block out what they don’t want and they can unfold the
paper or turn it around to read the surrounding news according to the
rough mental map of the page which is a result of scanning the page
earlier. After finishing what they demand to read in the first place,
they may choose to explore the rest of the section or go back to the
front page or move to the next section of the paper. By moving around
newspaper repetitively like this, the process of scanning, skimming,
unfolding, folding, flicking through, and turning pages are employed
helping users to develop a clear mental map hence it is simple to
navigate and move around it.

Digital information and communication

technology context

Computers are interaction machines useful for communicating news. Both the
needs of users and the nature of information are extremely fluid, sometimes
changing from moment to moment. As an interactive device, a computer
could communicate information about a constantly changing environment to
the user, and it could provide a channel of communication from the user back
to the news source. Such rapid feedback ensures practical news. Newhagen
(1997)

Interactivity is the main feature

The digital information and communication technology has shaped

communication model from one way to two ways, with the interactive
features of new media, the receiver is recognized as an active
participant. People seek information or select information more than
they “receive” information sent . As they experience information
Ha and James (1999) suggesting it has five dimensions: playfulness,
choice, connectedness, information collection and reciprocal
communication. These dimensions imply the interactive relationship
between user and user, information artefact/system and information
artefact/system, and user to information artefact.

viii
Digitisation and personalisation of form and content

All forms of content from conventional media such as movie, music,

books, magazine, and newspaper are being digitised so that they
can be produced, reproduced, distributed, shared, edited, and put
together in the digital information and communication context where
user can enjoy the interactive experience, multimedia content, and
authoring power on ranges of media both conventional and digital.
Moreover, digitised form and content can be personalised, customised
and filtered, so that users can experience the content in the form
and on the media that respond to their demand in different time and
place.

The balance of push and pull in personalised content and on

demand content

This becomes an issue for information artefact and system designer to

design the system that delivers the right content to the right person
in the right form and the right place at the right time. The challenge
here is how to design the right balance between push content and pull
content which is a result of personalisation and on-demand content.
As push may provide news availability with less user effort which may
be desirable but may cause overcrowd information on media especially
the mobile one. Pull may give users the satisfaction of exploration,
discovery, control and exactly what they want.

Cases of Newspaper and related artefact/system in the digital

information and communication context

To make the Internet a news medium, journalists must fully exploit the
medium’s basic properties (Fredin, 1997). The features that distinguish Web
sites from other media are: multimedia, speed for updating information,
horizontal distribution, decentralization, accessibility, no hierarchy, no
censorship and interactivity (Lasica, 1996).

This part is where I try to evaluate the application of newspaper and

related artefact/system to realise the overview of the emerging trend
of newspaper in the digital context.

Digital edition of newspaper

About 90 newspapers worldwide now publish digital editions -- exact

replicas of printed newspapers that users can read on their computer
screens (Lasica, 2003). Most of them contain the same brand, design
and typography with its hardcopy so users feel comfortable with
them but they lack of internet immediacy, interactivity, navigational

ix
experience, and links. As Holovaty said “Let’s face it, digital editions
are currently nothing more than glorified newspaper screenshots,
“They are awkward to navigate and offer yesterday’s news.”(Lasica).
However, it can be consider as an alternative way to circulate and
distribute the hardcopy but without any added value such as proper
link, multimedia, and interactivity, I think it doesn’t exploit much of
the digital media.

The digital edition of The Guardian are the most innovative in

navigational experience on this form as its print version are used
as a map and overview side by side with the HTML content, press
cutting feature and some link on the bottom of the content page.
Another is Kent electronic newspaper research as they offer sound
features (narrative) on the interface and particularly aim on the tablet
medium.

Online news site

Most of the newspaper and news agency has its own website that
contains the latest news and articles which are the same with its
print edition. Most of the news sites offer links of related articles,
background news, updated news around the clock, search, additional
exclusive images or article, reader comments, and the collections of
news that can be last for years. However, on most of the news site, I
found that it is quite hard to keep track with the change in the sense
that if you miss the previous update during the day you may find it
difficult to access news of that period again especially with the lack
of front page or an overview from that time. Here, the problem are
solved by some of the sites offering news aggregator feature on their
news which is a software that periodically reads a set of news sources,
in one of several XML-based formats, finds the new bits, displays them
in reverse-chronological order on a single page, and delivery it to your
desktop or online page.

Although this may not sounds like a newspaper but I think it reflects
the same users’ news consumption behaviour that takes place around
newspaper in different place and time as I conclude from user context.
Considering, the news and article are digitised from newspaper as
the start of the flow and then put them into category, related news,
news collection, news archive, aggregator, and comments. This
can be called contextualisation as well, by putting content into an
informational environment that make sense to user. Moreover, their
corporate identity especially in editorial aspect is still pretty much the
same with the news site except the page layout.

Personalised newspaper and its extent

x
Modern telecommunications is leading us inevitably to the smallest news
product imaginable: the personalised newspaper, or Daily Me, whose content
has been tailored to meet an individual’s needs and interest (Walter Bender).

Not only in content that newspaper can be personalised, but also

in form and media. As in personalisation of form and content, users
customise how the layout would look like respond to user preference.
An example of this effort is Krakatoa chronicle, a personalised
newspaper project that use java programming to assign value to
news according to user preference and projected them in the size,
proportion, position that reflect the value. Also the My page from
Lycos and Yahoo that user can move the boxes of content around or
close some of them that you don’t want in order to create My front
page that contain only the section of content that you want at the
position you want. In personalisation of media or medium, users can
choose the medium that they want respond to their preference in
different time and place. Satellite newspaper kiosk is an example,
the kiosk receives the latest editions of newspapers via satellite
transmission network, and then it prints the latest editions of
national and international newspapers in two minutes. At the recent
technology, it is possible to believe that personalised newspaper can
be done in content, form, and media at the same time so that user can
have the right content, in the right form, on the right media and the
right place at the right time. As users may create content and form
preference online during the day they may request the latest update
in print or in sound on mobile.

Design criteria

From the above research finding and evaluation of making sense of

newspaper in the digital information and communication technology,
I would like to propose an information artefact/system by defining the
design criteria that responds to those results.

Editorial power and visual cue

For newspaper, content must be prioritised and categorised by editor

to create the editorial content that represents the viewpoint and
characteristic of a newspaper. Then visual representation (size, border,
line, box, and colour) of that piece of content will be applied to it
accordingly.

Decades of reading newspapers have trained readers to look for

xi
certain visual cues on a page, which can be lost in cyberspace
(Crosbie, 2004). This information artefact/system should apply visual
representation giving visual cue to editorial content on the proper
balance of white space so that user can scan and skim the overview
page comfortably.

Overview, content, and context

I conclude that there are three layers of content which are overview
(first page, section page), content (story), and context (a place,
scenario, social situation where user can make a better sense of
content). The information artefact/system should provide a personal
contextualisation space and give the impression of how these layers
of content can be unfolded to develop a mental map of the path and
trace to the destination content and to the rest of the artefact. Also
to give a sense of transitional of space like a flick through or turning
pages. These are the attempts of utilising interactivity to create a
meaningful experience that make sense between user and artefact/
system, user and user, and artefact/system to artefact/system.

In order to access a piece of news content, user can start with the
overview of the system (front page, highlight) Then proceed to the
content itself in its section, after that they can explore the overview
of the section they are in or move back to front page or another
section. These movements should be mapped as a trace or path so that
users can trace it back or jump to another area, knowing what have
been explored.

On this information artefact/system, if users develop an interest

on a piece of content and would like to know more about it,
contextualisation is the way to make a better sense of that content.
The artefact/system will provide a space that content of interest can
be contextualised and displayed as an overview of the related content,
background information, news development, and comments from both
users and editor. This can be a mixture of both editorial content and
personal content contextualisation.

Personalisation and on demand content

Initially, the front page should be customisable in numbers of content,

positioning and order, and time interval of news to be presented. For
personalisation of content and keeping the balance between push
and pull content, the artefact/system provide a personal content
contextualisation space that content of interest can be seeded and
mapped in time. Then related content and latest information will be
mapped accordingly. This idea came from Newsmap, an application

xii
that visually reflects the constantly changing landscape of the Google
News news aggregator. However, It will be applied in a smaller scale
as the level of a content of interest so that it can be read, maintained
and manipulated by user.

Conceptualisation and realisation of newsflux

News can be seen as a moving entity in time, newspaper captures a

sequence of this entity then projected on a paper surface. Due to the
nature of medium, newspaper cannot respond to the rapid change of
the news landscape as good as new media. However, as I mentioned
earlier that rapid change and development of news may cause the
difficulty to access the previous news especially the overview or front
page of it.

Flow in psychology often refers to flux. With flow the psychologist

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi names the feeling of complete and energized
focus in an activity, with a high level of enjoyment and fulfilment. This
is where the phrase “go with the flow” comes from. The term is also
used to denote the volume or mass of fluid or particles transferred
across a given area perpendicular to the direction of flow in a given
time. For photons or particles, flux is the number passing through a
surface per unit time.

Hence, newsflux is a news site that user can experience the visualised
and realised flow of news that respond to their news consumption
behaviour and to help user contextualise the news initially in time
and space and further to their personal contexts. Its interface is the
attempt to enhance the sense of folding and unfolding of content
among overview page, content page, and context page and the sense
of moving and exploring around which will resulted in creating of user
mental map of the news site. It also enables users to move back and
forth in the flow of news in a user defined time interval and content
category.

Also the artefact/system allow user to personalise what will be

presented on the front page and provide news context for user in
both editorial and personal contextualisation. For personal news
contextualisation, users can create their personal archive by grasp
a piece of news or content from the flow and put it in a personal
context/archive part and the related content will be gathered and
map into their place and time by the system. Here user are in control
of how to move those related contents around or remove them if
they feel it is not relevant or added any bits of news from the main
section to the personal archive. For editorial news contextualisation,

xiii
the system provide editorial related news and information which are
analysed and picked by editorial team and map into their place and
time of the content. Furthermore, with this contextualisation space,
the context can grow automatically as the news are updated, then
delivery to user immediately or it can be kept on the system waiting to
be read in the contextualisation space. Not only this is the attempts to
make sense of news by contextualising it but also to keep the balance
of push and pull news content as user can get the development of the
news in real time on the digital media.

Application of newsflux are designed as a digital news source on

digital media (mainly on computer and mobile) that respond to user
news consumption either to push or to pull or how the front page
should be presented. And as a personal contextualisation space which
is like a personal archive for user to collect and make a better sense of
it.

newsflux evaluation

In user context, As I try to test the concept and navigational elements

with five participants who regularly read newspaper either online or
the hardcopy or both, I found that newsflux make a good sense for
them to fold, unfold, skim, and scan the pages. The participants also
found it is very interesting as a personal contextualisation space or
personal archive since some of them actually collect news for pleasure
and find that sometimes the news itself can be too difficult to
understand or not quite interesting but when it was put into an archive
or a collection, it make sense as a story. Some even suggest that it
can be used in a very simple scenario for sport fan to collect the
achievement and progress of their favourite team. But the attempts
of keeping the right balance between push and pull content is hard to
evaluate as it depends on user personal preference whether what is
too much for them and what they has to put too much effort on. The
issue of push and pull of content is still problematic to find the right
balance, at best what an information and interaction designer can do
is to provide a space so that user can organise and initiate the balance
by themselves. However as a concept, some of the participants seem
to be very impressed and find it is useful by the idea of news content
that grow to context and become a story telling or a history review.

In newspaper and digital information and communication context,

I evaluate the feature and application of newsflux by revisit the
making sense of newspaper in digital information and communication
context. I found that newsflux meet the design criteria very well
but it has some practical issue such as compatibility of content on

xiv
different media, the scalability of the interface, and the commercial
expectation from its application. These are the issues, which I
cannot cover in this research and project. Especially the commercial
expectation, as it is still a controversial topic whether or not news
service provider should charge user for using their archive or digital
edition of the newspaper. Also by providing personal contextualisation
space which contains a social space or comment from users, the
issue of the authoring power of user has to be deal with hence it may
require monitoring by moderator of the site. This is another sensitive
issue in the digital information and communication context.

Conclusion

In this project, as my context of interest has been explored and

researched, I realise how interaction design can contribute to it by
revisiting the conventional form of information artefact and system
such as newspaper, finding its sense from its form and function ,and
apply it to user context where user give meaning and roles to it. From
all these the design criteria are defined and developed to become this
project.

newsflux, as a concept I believe it will work very well even though

there are a lot more contexts to be evaluated and study such as
commercial and technical. I also find that it is very challenging to
propose the alternative form of news presentation such as newsflux,
because the result of visualisation, realisation, and application of
the flow of news may not look quite like newspaper or its digital
form which may not be familiar with some usesr. However, from the
small amount of participants in the user testing, newsflux shows
a good sign and potential as user not only contribute on the comment
on function and form but also some simple use or application like a
sports news archive or collection of the comic strip. It shows that the
project interest people to participate or talk about. Maybe this is an
implication of user demand for an innovative way of interacting with
information which is massively increasing. With all these, I believe
that I have developed a project that not only respond and develop a
meaningful relationship and interaction between user and information
artefact and cause a better relationship among user as they can
associate and understand each others background with the knowledge
of the world from news.

xv
Acknowledgement

Sutad Burakanjananon, Pailin Patcharavalai, Yin Ho, Eric Decai,

Pongsak Chansawang wong, and Rungtiwa Saetang for their
participation and collaberation in the interview in concept testing and
user scenario.

Nigel Power for his comment and suggestion.

Bibliography

Books:

McLuhan, M. (1964) Understanding Media, London: Routledge.

Johnson, M. (2002) Problem solve, London: Phaidon.
Bruinsama, M (2003) Deepsite, London: Thames & Hudson.
Mitchell, W. (1999) E-topia, London: The MIT press.

Articles:

Ha and E. L. James, (1998) ‘Interactivity reexamined: A Baseline

analysis of early business Web sites,’ Journal of Broadcasting &
Electronic Media, volume 42, number 4:pp. 457-474.

Lasica J. (1996) ‘Net gain: Journalism’s challenges in an interactive

age,’ American Journalism Review, volume 20, number 2:p. 52.

J. E. Newhagen. (1997) ‘The Role of feedback in the assessment of

news,’ Information Processing & Management, volume 33, number 5:
pp. 583-594.

Krippendorff K. (1989) ‘On the essential contexts of artifacts or on the

proposition that design is making sense’, volume 5, number 3: p.9

E. Fredin. (1997) ‘Rethinking the news story for the Internet:

Hyperstory prototypes and a model of the user,” Journalism
Monographs, volume 163 : pp. 1-47.

Websites:
Crosbie V. (2004) ‘Online publishing’,ClickZ, 11 August.
< www.clickz.com/experts/design/freefee/article.php/3393121>

Lasica J. (2003) ‘Are Digital Newspaper Editions More Than Smoke

and Mirrors?’,OJR articles, 4 June. <www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/
1054780462.php>

xvi
Kenneth K. (1999) ‘Interactive features of online newspaper?’,First
Monday, 27 December.
<www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_1/kenney>

The Krakatoa chronicle: An interactive, personalized newspaper on the

web <www.w3.org/Conferences/WWW4/Paper/93/

‘Walter Bender page’ <www.media.mit.edu>

‘The KENT Format Digital Newsbook’ <www.ici.kent.edu>

‘NewsMap’ <http://www.theyrule.net/html/about.php’

‘The Guardian digital edition’ <www.guardian.co.uk/digitaledition/>

‘BBC News’ <www.bbc.co.uk/news>

‘Garcia newspaper‘ <http://www.garcia-media.com>

‘WIKIpedia’ <www.wikipedia.org>

‘Newseum’ <www.newsuem.org>

‘Reuters news site’ <www.reuters.com>

PressDisplay.com - Newspaper Replicas From Around the World

<www.pressdisplay.com>

Satellite newspaper site <www.satellitenewspaper.com>

xvii