AUTOMATIC VEHICLE ACCIDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to fabricate a sensor based accident alert system

in automobiles. In highly populated Countries like India, during

accidents, people lose their lives due to unavailability of proper medical

facilities at the right time.

. The technology is used to send the position of the vehicle as a

ALARM to those numbers. And also the position of the vehicle can

be obtained by the owner of the vehicle or anyone with proper

permission by sending an ALARM to a number. Most of the companies

wants to keep track of their vehicles, with this equipment we can keep

track of the vehicle by periodically sending ALARM and the position of

the vehicle is sent by the modem as a ALARM to the user.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

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To know the position of the vehicle, the owner sends a request through a

ALARM. This is received by a modem in the device and processed

by the Spartan processor and the processor sends command to a

SENSOR module in the device. The SENSOR module responds with

coordinates position of the vehicle.

NEED OF THE PROJECT

When there is an accident, the accelerometer sensor detects the change

in position and sends a signal to the processor. The processor analyses

the signal and finds there is an accident.

It immediately sends the position of the vehicle and also the information

that there is an accident, to pre-programmed numbers such as the

owner of the vehicle, police, ambulance etc. So the ambulance

arrives in time and the police can arrive in time to clear the traffic. This

reduces the time taken by ambulance to arrive and also traffic can be

cleared easily.

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 INTRODUCTION

This project is fully equipped by SENSORs circuit and extended alarm

activation circuit. It is a genuine project which is fully equipped and

designed for Automobile vehicles. This forms an integral part of best

quality. This product underwent strenuous test in our Automobile

vehicles and it is good.

NEED FOR AUTOMATION:

Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics,

extendeds, robotics, etc., of these sources, extendeds form an attractive

medium for low cost automation. The main advantages of all extended

systems are economy and simplicity. Automation plays an important role

in mass production.

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 For mass production of the product, the machining operations

decide the sequence of machining. The machines designed for producing

a particular product are called transfer machines. The components must

be moved automatically from the bins to various machines sequentially

and the final component can be placed separately for packaging.

Materials can also be repeatedly transferred from the moving conveyors

to the work place and vice versa.

Nowadays almost all the manufacturing process is being atomized

in order to deliver the products at a faster rate. The manufacturing

operation is being atomized for the following reasons.

To achieve mass production

 To reduce man power

 To increase the efficiency of the plant

 To reduce the work load

 To reduce the production cost

 To reduce the production time

 To reduce the material handling

 To reduce the fatigue of workers

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 To achieve good product quality

 Less Maintenance

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

SAFETY SYSTEM:

The aim is to design and develop a control system based on

extended breaking system of an intelligent electronically controlled

automotive braking system. Based on this model, control strategies such

as an 'antilock braking system' (ABS) and improved maneuverability via

individual wheel braking are to be developed and evaluated.

There have been considerable advances in modern vehicle braking

systems in recent years. For example, electronically controlled ABS for

emergency braking, electronically controlled hydraulically actuated

individual brake-by-wire (BBW) systems for saloon cars and

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electronically controlled extendedally actuated systems for heavy goods

vehicles. The work of recent years shall form the basis of a system design

approach to be implemented. The novelty of the proposed research

programmed shall lie in the design and evaluation of control systems for

achieving individual wheel motion control facilitated by BBW. In the

case of BBW the brake pedal is detached from the hydraulic system and

replaced by a 'brake pedal simulator'. The simulator provides an electrical

signal for the electronic control system.

Preliminary modeling and simulation work considers a quarter cars

initially followed by a natural progression to the half car and full four

wheel station cases. The model is to be constructed in modular form thus

allowing the replacement / interchange of the various blocks and their

associated technologies. Upon completion of the full vehicle braking

model, sensitivity analyses will be carried out. Once the preliminary

simulation model has been thoroughly benchmarked and existing control

system strategies evaluated, an audit of the technology used is to take

place and this will provide a basis for comparison of iterative

technologies / techniques.

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The final phase of the new modern vehicle shall include:

 Development of improved ABS control systems

 Development and assessment of an electro-hydraulic-BBW (EH-

BBW) system

 Individual wheel braking combined with traction control

 Assessing sensor failure and fault tolerant control system design

 Preliminary studies into an electrically actuated system

 Re-engineering using simplified models.

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 CHAPTER-3

VIBRATION SENSOR

A sensor is a transducer used to make a measurement of a physical

variable. Any sensor requires calibration in order to be useful as a

measuring device. Calibration is the procedure by which the relationship

between the measured variable and the converted output signal is

established.

Care should be taken in the choice of sensory devices for particular

tasks. The operating characteristics of each device should be closely

matched to the task for which it is being utilized. Different sensors can

be used in different ways to sense same conditions and the same sensors

can be used in different ways to sense different conditions.

TYPES OF SENSOR:

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 Passive sensors detect the reflected or emitted electro-magnetic

radiation from natural sources, while active sensors detect reflected

responses from objects which are irradiated from artificially generated

energy sources, such as radar. Each is divided further in to non-scanning

and scanning systems.

A sensor classified as a combination of passive, non-scanning and

non-imaging method is a type of profile recorder, for example a

microwave radiometer. A sensor classified as passive, non-scanning and

imaging method, is a camera, such as an aerial survey camera or a space

camera, for example on board the Russian COSMOS satellite.

Sensors classified as a combination of passive, scanning and

imaging are classified further into image plane scanning sensors, such

as TV cameras and solid state scanners, and object plane scanning

sensors, such as multi-spectral scanners (optical-mechanical scanner)

and scanning microwave radiometers.

An example of an active, non-scanning and non-imaging sensor is

a profile recorder such as a laser spectrometer and laser altimeter. An

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active, scanning and imaging sensor is radar, for example synthetic

aperture radar (SAR), which can produce high resolution, imagery, day or

night, even under cloud cover.

The most popular sensors used in remote sensing are the camera,

solid state scanner, such as the CCD (charge coupled device) images, the

multi-spectral scanner and in the future the passive synthetic aperture

radar.

Laser sensors have recently begun to be used more frequently for

monitoring air pollution by laser spectrometers and for measurement of

distance by laser altimeters.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL SENSOR:

Optical sensors are characterized specified by spectral, radiometric

and geometric performance

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 The spectral characteristics are spectral band and band width, the

central wavelength, response sensitivity at the edges of band, spectral

sensitivity at outer wavelengths and sensitivity of polarization.

Sensors using film are characterized by the sensitivity of film and

the transmittance of the filter, and nature of the lens. Scanner type

sensors are specified by the spectral characteristics of the detector and

the spectral splitter. In addition, chromatic aberration is an influential

factor. The radiometric characteristics of optical sensors are specified

by the change of electro-magnetic radiation which passes through an

optical system. They are radiometry of the sensor, sensitivity in noise

equivalent power, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) and

other noises, including quantification noise.

The geometric characteristics are specified by those geometric

factors such as field of view (FOV), instantaneous field of news (IFOV),

band to band registration, MTF, geometric distortion and alignment of

optical elements.

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IFOV is defined as the angle contained by the minimum area that can be

detected by a scanner type sensor. For example in the case of an IFOV of

2.5 milli radians, the detected area on the ground will be 2.5 meters x 2.5

meters, if the altitude of sensor is 1,000 m above ground.

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 

CHAPTER-4

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

SELECTION :

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 Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual

effort by mechanical power. extendeds is an attractive medium for low

cost mechanization particularly for sequential or repetitive operations.

Many factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which

is capable of providing both the power or energy requirements and the

control system (although equally extended control systems may be

economic and can be advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantages of an all-extended system are usually

economy and simplicity, the latter reducing maintenance to a low level.

It can also have out standing advantages in terms of safety.

l COMPONENTS AND ITS DESCRIPTION

The extended bearing press consists of the following components

to fulfill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.

1) FRAME

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2) ALARM

3) SENSOR UNIT

4) ELECTRICAL WIRES

5) SWITCH

G LOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE()

4.1 overview:

Global System for Mobile Communications () is the world‘s most

popular standard for mobile telephony systems. The Association

estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. is

used by over 1.5 billion people across more than 212

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countries and territories. This ubiquity means that subscribers can

use their phones throughout the world, enabled by international

roaming arrangements between mobile network operators. differs

from its predecessor technologies in that both signalling and speech

channels are digital, and

thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.

This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data

communication applications into the system.The standard has been an

advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to

roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network

operators, who can choose equipment from many equipment

vendors. also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message

service (ALARM), also called text messaging, which has since been

supported on other mobile phone standards as well.

4.2 specifications:

Frequency: 900 MHz or 1800 MHz (Some countries in the Americas

including Canada and the United States use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz

bands, 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some

countries, notably Scandinavia)

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Modulation: Modulation is a form of change process where we

change the input information into a suitable format for the transmission

medium. We also changed the information by demodulating the signal

at the receiving end.The uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

(GMSK) modulation method.

Access Methods: Because radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by

all users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth

among as many users as possible. chose a combination of

TDMA/FDMA as its method. The FDMA part involves the division by

frequency of the total 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of

200 kHz bandwidth.One or more carrier frequencies are then

assigned to each BS. Each of these carrier frequencies is then

divided in time, using a TDMA scheme, into eight time slots. One time

slot is used for transmission by the mobile and one for reception.

They are separated in time so that the mobile unit does not receive

and transmit at the same time.

Transmission Rate: The total symbol rate for at 1 bit per symbol in

GMSK produces 270.833 K symbols/second. The gross transmission rate

of the time slot is 22.8 Kbps.Frequency Band: The uplink frequency

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range specified for is 933 - 960 MHz (basi900 MHz band only). The

downlink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).

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Channel Spacing: This indicates separation between adjacent carrier

frequencies. In , this is 200 kHz.

Speech Coding: uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of

LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter

that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving

behind a residual signa l. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.Duplex Distance:

The duplex distance is 80 MHz Duplex distance is the distance between

the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80

MHz apart.

4.3 Modem:

A modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM

card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just

like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a

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modem looks just like a mobile phone. A wireless modem behaves like a

dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up

modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a

wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves.

A modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA

Card. Typically, an

external modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable

or a USB cable. A modem in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA

Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It

should be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a

laptop computer.Like a mobile phone, a modem requires a SIM card

from a wireless carrier in order to operate. Both modems and dial-

up modems support a common set of standard AT commands. You

can use a modem just like a dial-up modem.

In addition to the standard AT commands, modems support an

extended set of AT commands. These extended AT commands are

defined in the standards. With the extended AT commands, you can do

things like:

 Reading, writing and deleting ALARM messages.

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 Sending ALARM messages.

 Monitoring the signal strength.

 Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.

 Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

 SIM Phonebook management

 Fixed Dialling Number (FDN)

 Real time clock

The number of ALARM messages that can be processed by a modem

per minute is very

low -- only about six to ten ALARM messages per minute.

4.3.1AT commands:

AT commands are also known as Hayes AT commands. There are

different views to

understand the meanings of "AT". Some call it "Attention Telephone",

whereas others interpret it as

"Attention Terminal" commands.

AT commands allow giving instructions to both mobile devices and

ordinary landline

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telephones. The commands are sent to the phone's modem, which

can be a modem or PC

modem.. Different manufacturers may have different sets of AT

commands. Fortunately, many AT

commands are the same. Mobile device manufacturers may also give

attention to operators to allow

or not to allow some commands on phones SENSOR (GLOBAL

POSITIONING SYSTEM)

5.1 SENSOR Basics:

The Global Positioning System (SENSOR) is a space-based global

navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable location and

time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or

near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to

four or more SENSOR satellites. It is maintained by the United

States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a SENSOR

receiver. When people talk about "a SENSOR," they usually mean a

SENSOR receiver.

The Global Positioning System (SENSOR) is actually a constellation of

27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one

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fails). The U.S. military developed and implemented this satellite

network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to

everybody else. Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered

satellites circles the globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300

km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged

so that at anytime, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites

"visible" in the sky.

A SENSOR receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the

signals sent by SENSOR satellites high above the Earth. Each

satellite continually transmits messages that include the time the

message was transmitted precise orbital information (the ephemeris)

the general system health and rough orbits of all SENSOR satellites (the

almanac).The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the

transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite.

These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the

possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to

compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed,

perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation

information may be included. Many SENSOR units show derived

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information such as direction and speed, calculated from position

changes.

5.2 SENSOR Principle:

The SENSOR satellites act as reference points from which receivers on

the ground detect their

position. The fundamental navigation principle is based on the

measurement of pseudo ranges between the user and four satellites.

Ground stations precisely monitor the orbit of every satellite and by

measuring the travel time of the signals transmitted from the

satellite four distances between receiver and satellites will yield

accurate position, direction and speed. Though three - range

measurements are sufficient, the fourth observation is essential for

solving clock synchronization error between receiver and satellite.

Thus, the term ―pseudo ranges‖ is derived. The secret of

SENSORmeasurement is due to the ability of measuring carrier phases to

about 1/100 of a cycle equalling to 2 to 3 mm in linear distance.

Moreover the high frequency L1 and L2 carrier signal can easily

penetrate the ionosphere to reduce its effect. Dual frequency

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observations are important for large station separation and for

eliminating most of the error parameters.

5.3 SENSOR Receiver:

A SENSOR navigation device is any device that receives Global

Positioning System (SENSOR)

signals for the purpose of determining the device's current location

on Earth. SENSOR devices provide latitude and longitude informati

on, and some may also calculate altitude, although this is not considered

sufficiently accurate or continuously available enough (due to the

possibility of signal blockage and other factors) to rely on exclusively to

pilot aircraft. SENSOR devices are used in military, aviation, marine

and consumer product applications.The user segment is composed of

hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure

SENSOR Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil,

commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service.

SENSOR receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the

frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a

highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also

include a display for providing location and speed information to

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the user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this

signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally

limited to four or five, this has progressively increased over the years so

that, as of 2007, receivers typically have between 12 and 20 channels.

SENSOR receivers may include an input for

differential corrections, using the RTCM SC-104 format. This is

typically in the form of an RS-232 port at 4,800 bit/s speed. Data is

actually sent at a much lower rate, which limits the accuracy of the

signal sent using RTCM. Receivers with internal DSENSOR

receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. As of 2006,

even low-cost units commonly include Wide Area Augmentation System

(WAAS) receivers. Many SENSOR receivers can relay position data to a

PC or other device using the NMEA 0183 protocol.

5.4 Major Components of a SENSOR Receiver:

The main components of a SENSOR receiver are

 Antenna with pre-amplifier

 RF section with signal identification and signal processing

 Micro-processor for receiver control, data sampling and data

processing

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oscillator

 Power supply

 User interface, command and display panel

 Memory, data storage

5.5 Function Of SENSOR:

It is a "constellation" of twenty-four 20,000km high SENSOR

satellites. The satellites are distributed on 6 orbits, 4 per orbit. Every

satellite makes a complete rotation of the Earth every 12 hours. Every

satellite possesses an atomic clock, allowing a very precise measure of

time. They emit on two different frequencies: L1: 1575 MHz and L2:

1227 MHz. L2 being reserved for the American Army.

Every satellite thus sends ceaselessly a code of 1500 bits, containing

numerous data such as the time at which the code is to be sent, the

position of the satellite, its state, the position of the other satellites... This

data allows the receiver to calculate its position.

Each SENSOR satellite transmits radio signals that enable the

SENSOR receivers to calculate where its (or your vehicles) location

on the Earth and convert the calculations into geodetic latitude, longitude

and

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velocity. A receiver needs signals from at least three SENSOR

satellites to pinpoint your vehicle‘s position.

SENSOR Receivers commonly used in most Vehicle tracking systems

can only receive data from

SENSOR Satellites. They cannot communicate back with SENSOR or

any other satellite.

A system based on SENSOR can only calculate its location but cannot

send it to central control room. In order to do this they normally use

-GPRS Cellular networks connectivity using additional

modem/module.Two levels of navigation and positioning are offered by

the Global Positioning System: The Standard Positioning Service

(SPS). and the Precise Positioning Service (PPS). The Precise

Positioning Service is a highly accurate positioning, velocity and timing

service that is designed primarily for the military and other

authorized users, although under certain conditions can be used by

civilians who have specialized equipment. The Standard Positioning

Service offers a base-line accuracy that is much lower than the PPS, but

is available to all users with even the most inexpensive receivers. As

we will see, there are various techniques available that substantially

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increase the SPS accuracy, even well beyond that which is offered by the

PPS.

Published specifications for the Precise Positioning Service are:

• 17.8 meter horizontal accuracy

• 27.7 meter vertical accuracy

• 100 nanosecond time accuracy

Published specifications for the Standard Positioning Service are:

• 100 meter horizontal accuracy

• 156 meter vertical accuracy

• 167 nanoseconds time accuracy.

5.6 RECEIVER OUTPUT:

Typically receivers provide two different formats.

1. NMEA (Nation Marine Electronics Association)

ASCII Format

Defines a set of standard messages.

2.Proprietary Format

Typically Binary

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No limit on information transmitted

Receiver output is related to position, velocity and time. The output in

the following

Position:

Latitude: degrees: minutes: seconds

Longitude: degrees: minutes: seconds

Altitude m

Velocity:

Speed knots

Heading degrees

Time (UTC):

Date dd/mm/yy

Time hh/mm/ss.sss

SENSOR receiver gives the latitude, longitude, date, time, speed of the

satellite, no of satellites on view

etc…

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The National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) has

developed a specification that

defines the interface between various pieces of marine electronic

equipment. The standard permits

marine electronics to send information to computers and to other marine

equipment. A full copy of

this standard is available for purchase at their web site. None of the

information on this site comes

from this standard and I do not have a copy. Anyone attempting to design

anything to this standard

should obtain an official copy.

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S.No Components Dimension Quantity Material

1 Vibration sensor Base 130 mm 1 Mild steel

plate

2. Frame 300 mm 1 Mild steel

3. SENSOR - 1 Silicon

4. ALARM 1 plastic

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Bumper

sensor power ALARM

Battery

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35
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

When there is an accident, the sensor detects the change in

position and sends a signal to the processor. The signal gives electrical

energy to the alarm by means of the battery system. buzzer or beeper is

an audio signaling device, which may be, electromechanical. Typical

uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and

confirmation of user input such as a or keystroke.by means of this alert

system the accident can be informed.

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 ADVANTAGES

Advantages

 Saves human life.

 Less maintenance.

 Simple in construction

 Operating Principle is very easy.

 Installation is simplified very much.

 Higher accuracy

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 CONCLUSION

With the idea on view, we have completed the project titled

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ACCIDENT ALERT SYSTEM”

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and

experience, to use our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical

knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing, assembling and machining

while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is a good

solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited

time successfully. This project is working with satisfactory conditions.

We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances

and also quality. We have done to our ability and skill making maximum

use of available facilities.

In conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few more

lines about our impression project work. Thus we have developed an

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system which helps to know how to achieve low cost automation. The

application of extendeds produces smooth operation. By using more

techniques, they can be modified and developed according to the

applications.

REFERENCES

1. Production technology by P.C. Sharma

2. Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K. Manufacturing Processes

Reference Guide

3. Industrial Press Inc., ISBN 0-8311-3049-0,

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 4. Colvin, Fred H. (1947), Sixty Years with Men and Vehicles,

McGraw-Hill,

5. Floud, Roderick C. (2006) [1976], The British Machine Tool

Industry,

6. Hounshell, David A. : The Development of Manufacturing

Technology in the United States,

7. Noble, David F. (1984), Forces of Production: A Social

History of Industrial Automation

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