SUBSTATION AUTOMATION USING

SCADA SYSTEM
A

REPORT

ON

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

AT

BSES RAJDHANIPOWER LIMITED

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

DIP LOM A
IN

El ect ric al e ng in ee ri ng
Submitted By

SAURABH KUMAR

1603091055
Under Guidance of

MR. SANT RAM SHARMA

G.B .PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Okhla Phase-III, New Delhi-110025

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that all the work presented in the project titled “Substation

Automation using SCADA System” In the partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of Diploma in Electrical Engineering,

G.B.Pant Institute of Technology, Delhi, is an authentic record of our own

work carried out under the guidance of MR. SANT RAM SHARMA

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work titled – Substation Automation

using SCADA System submitted by SauraBH KUMAR to G.B.Pant

Institute of Technology for the award of degree of Diploma in Electrical

Engineering is a record of bonafide research work carried out by him under

my supervision. In my opinion, the project has reached the standard of

fulfilling the requirements of the regulation of the degree.

The work contained in the project has not been summited to any other

University or Institute for the award of other degree or diploma.

Mr. SANT RAM SHARMA

Asst. V.P (O&M) ALN, South

BSES Rajdhani Power limited

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This is deep sense of gratitude and reverence that I express my sincere thanks
to my supervisor Mr. S.K.Kansal for their guidance, encouragement, help and
useful suggestions throughout. I consider myself very fortunate for having
been associated with the scholar like him. Their affection, guidance and
scientific approach served a veritable incentive for the competition of work.
I would like to grab this opportunity to express my gratitude toward Mr. Arun
Sharma (Sr. Engineer), Mr. P. Ashokan and Mr. Ranjeet Kumar for constant
encouragement, valuable suggestion and moral support. They have been
source of motivation and inspiration for me to carry out the necessary
proceeding for the project to be successfully.

I shall cherish the memory of the co-operation and help extended by the staff
of the BSES Rajdhani Power Limited and my co-trainees. I shall fell honored I
could be of any help to them.

This acknowledgement will remain incomplete if I fail to express my deep

sense of obligation to my parents for their constant blessing and
encouragement.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 Declaration 2

2 Certificate 3

3 Acknowledgement 4

4 List of Figures 7

5 Abbreviations 8

Chapter 1 Introduction to the organization 9

1.1 Road map to privatization 9

1.2 BRPL 13

Chapter 2 Electrical Power System 14

2.1 Electricity Generation 14

2.2 Transformer 16

2.3 Conductors 17

2.4 Isolator 18

2.5 Power Electronics 19

2.6 Protective Device 20

2.7 Load 21

2.8 Capacitors and Rectors 21

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Chapter 3 Project Study 23

3.1 Title of the Project 23

3.2 Objective of Study 24

3.3 Benefits of SCADA 25

3.4 Methodology of the Study 26

3.5 Input Data Structure 35

3.6 Network Device 38

Chapter 4 Conclusion 44

Chapter 5 Future scope of SCADA 45

6 Reference 46

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 LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
FIGURE NO. NAME
NO.
1 Delhi Power Network Diagram 10
2 Complete Business Transformation 11
3 Steep Loss Reduction 11
4 Technology Journey 12
5 Source of Electricity in India 16
6 Power Transformer 17
7 Isolator 18
8 RTU Panel 27
9 Back Rack 27
10 SLI Card 29
11 Ethernet Card 29
12,13 Extension Rack 30
14 SCADA Network 33
15 VAST 34
16 CR Panel (11KV) 36
17 CR Panel (33KV) 36
18 GIS 40
19 SLD of South Circle 43

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 ABBREVIATIONS

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

RTU Remote terminal Unit

MFM Multifunction Meter

HMI Human Machine Protocol

TCP Transfer Control Protocol

IP Internet Protocol

VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal

SLD Single Line Diagram

PED500 Picture Editor

DE500 Data Engineering 500

WS500 Work Station 500

IS500 Information Server 500

SLI Single Line Interface

ETH Ethernet

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Chapter 1

Introduction to the Organization

BSES is India’s premier utility engaged in the transmission and distribution of

electricity and supported by Reliance Energy. Formerly BSES was known as
Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited. It was incorporated on 1st October
1992, for the distribution in suburbs of Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to
make available value added service for the development of power and
infrastructure sector, BSES was amongst the utilities in India to adopt
computerization in 1967 to meet the increasing work load and to improve the
computerization in 1967 to meet the increasing work load and to improve the
service to customers.

1.1. ROAD MAP TO PRIVATISATION

As a part of active support to the privatization process, BSES has acquired an
equality of 51% in Delhi’s power Sector and building of Delhi Vidyut Board
in July 2002. The Delhi Vidyut Board was formed by the government on NCT
Delhi
In 1997 for the purpose of generation and distribution of power to the entire
area of NCT of Delhi Except the area falling within the jurisdiction of NDMC
and Delhi Cantonment Board (MES). On July 1 2002, The Delhi Vidyut Board
(DVB) was unbundled into six successor companies:
• Delhi Power Supply Company Limited (DPCL) –Holding company

• Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) –TRANSCO

• Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (IPGCL) –GENCO

• BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL) –DISCOM

• BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL) –DISCOM

• North Delhi Power Limited (NDPL) –DISCOM

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 Fig No.1

Reform in Power Sector of the Capital City in 2002 have been a great success,
and become a showcase model in the country, and many states have followed
the Delhi model in their reforms. The load shedding has reduced from 4.9% to
0.1024% (for FY 2016-17) after the privatization. Delhi is the state in the
country to prepare Islanding Scheme to meet the essential and critical load in
case due to Grid collapse.
The privatization of DISCOMs according to SBI Caps update of October, 2012
has resulted in significant saving for Delhi Government. The State
Government has been able to save ₹ 30,000 crores over the past 10 years apart
from saving 17% of the State Budget annually. Beside this, the –Peoples’ Poll
of Times of India has identified power as one of the top 5 concerns of people
but since 2009, power related issues no longer figure in the top 5 concerns of
the public.

The distinctive highlight of privatization are:-

• Meet peak demand of 6314 MW on 25.06.2018 at 00:00:18

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Fig No. 2

Fig No. 3

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 Fig No.4

• Load shedding is 0.1064% (FY 2017-18)

• No extra tariff on account of diesel generator sets

• No extra burden on consumer due to inventors.

• Pollution free reliable power supply.

• Infrastructure of Transmission and Distribution strengthened.

The expenditure so far incurred by DISCOMS is more than ₹ 7,500Cr.

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1.2. BSES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED (BRPL)

BRPL distributes power to south and west regions of Delhi area spread over
750sq. km with a customer density of ~3000 per sq. km. it’s over 2.2 million
customers are spread in 19 districts across south and west areas including
Alaknanda, Khanpur, Vasant Kunj, Nehru Place, Nizamuddin, Sarita Vihar,
Hauz Khas, R K Puram, Janakpuri, Najagarh, Nangloi, Mundka, Punjabi Bagh,
Tagore Garden, Vikas Puri, Palam and Dwarka. The various detail regarding
BSES Rajdhani Power Limited shows:

Items BRPL(FY 2016-17)

Grids (Nos) 89*

Power Transformers (Nos) 238

EHV Capacity (MVA) 5498

EHV Cable Length/Line Length Laid(KM) 1075

66 & 33KV feeders (Nos) 228

Shunt Capacitors (MVAr) 1543

Distribution transformer (Nos) 8522

Distribution Transformer Capacity (MVA) 4537

11 KV feeders (Nos) 1278

11 KV Cables laid (Kms) 4434

11 KV Lines laid (Kms) 2035

LT Feeders (Nos) 23020

LT Lines laid (Kms) 10944

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Chapter 2

Electrical Power System

An electrical power system is a network of electrical component deployed to

supply, transfer, and use electric power. An electrical grid power system can be
broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission
system that carries the power from the generating center to the load center, and
the distribution system that feeds to power to nearby homes and industries. The
majority of these system rely upon three-phase AC power-the standard for large
scale power system that do not always rely upon three-phases are found in
aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners and automobiles. An electric power
system has following components.
• Supplies
• Transformers
• Conductors
• Power Electronics
• Protective Devices
• Capacitors & Reactors
• SCADA systems
• Loads

Let’s discuss each component in detail.

2.1. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
The utility electricity sectors in India have one National Grid with an installed
capacity of 329.23 GW as on 30 June 2017. Renewable power plant constituted
30.8% of total installed capacity. India is the world’s third largest producer and

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fourth largest consumer of electricity. In India to address the lack of adequate
electricity to all the people in the country by March 2019 the Government of
India launched a scheme called “Power for All”. It is a joint collaboration of the
Government of India with states to share funding and create overall economic
growth.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical
generators, primarily driven by heart engines fueled by combustion or nuclear
fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and
wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaic and geothermal power.
Electric generators transformer kinetic energy into electricity. This is the most
used form for generating electricity generating and is based on Faraday’s Law.
Electrochemistry is the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity,
as in a battery. Electrochemical electricity generation is important in portable
and mobile applications current, most electrochemical power comes from
batteries. The photovoltaic effect is the transformation of light into electrical
energy, as in solar cells. A photovoltaic panel converts sunlight directly to
electricity. Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar electricity is still
usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated
power due to the cost of the panel’s .photovoltaic were most commonly used in
remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or a
supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses? Recent
advance in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined
with subsides driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically acceleration
by deployment of solar panels. Installed capacity is growing by40% per year led
by increase in Germany, Japan and the United States.

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 Fig No.5: Sources of electricity in India

2.2. TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is an electrical device that transfer electrical energy between
two or more circuit through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one
coil of the transformer produce a varying magnetic field I one coil of the
transformer produce a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a voltage
in a second coil. Faradays law of induction described the effect. Transformers
are used to increase or decrease the alternating current in electric power
applications.
Since the invention of the first transformer, transformers have becomes essential
for the transmission, distribution and utilization of alternating current electrical
energy. Transformer are used to increase (or set up) voltage before transmitting
electrical energy over long distance through wires. By transforming power to a
higher voltage transformer enable economical transmission of power and
distribution. Since the high voltage carried in the wires are significantly greater
than what is needed in-home, transformer are also used extensively in electronic
products to decrease (or step-down) the supply voltage to a level suitable for the

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low voltage circuit they contain the transformer also electrically isolates the end
user from contact with supply voltage.

Fig No.6: POWER TRANSFORMER

2.3. CONDUCTORS
A Conductor is an object or type of material that allow the flow of an electrical
current in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common
electrical conductors. In order for current to flow, it is not necessary for one
charged particle to travel from the machine producing the current to that
consuming it instead the charges particle simply needs to nudge its neighbor and
on and until a piratical nudged into the consumer, thus powering the machine.
Essentially what is occurring here is along chain of momentum transfer between
mobile charge carries: the Drudge model of conduction describes its process
more rigorously. Transmission line is the long conductor with special; design
(bundle) to carry bulk amount of generated power at very high voltage from one
station to another as per variation of the voltage level

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2.4. ISOLATOR
In electrical systems, an isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical
circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are
often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where
machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or
repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow
isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and
transmission lines, for maintenance.

An isolator can open or close the circuit when either a negligible current has to
be broken or made or when no significant voltage change across the terminals
of each pole of isolator occurs. It can carry current under normal conditions and
can carry short circuit current for a specified time. They can transfer load from
one bus to another and also isolate equipment’s for maintenance. Isolators
guarantee safety for the people working on the high voltage network, providing
visible and reliable air gap isolation of line sections and equipment. They are
basically motorized i.e. motor does the closing and opening of the isolator.

Fig No. 7: ISOLATOR

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2.5. POWER ELECTRONICS
Power electronic is semi-conductor based device that are able to switch
quantities of power ranging from a few hundred watts to several hundred
megawatts. Despite their relatively simple function, they are capable of a wide
range of tasks that would be difficult or impossible with conventional
technology. The classic function of power electronic is rectification, or the
conversion of AC to DC power. High powered power electronic can also be used
to convert AC power to DC power for long distance transmission in a system
known as HVDC. HVDC is used because it allows frequency independence thus
improving system stability. Power electronic to feed grid power to the
locomotive and often for speed control of the locomotive’s motor. The use of
power electronic to assist with motor control and with starter circuit cannot be
underestimated and in addition to rectification, is responsible for power
electronic even appear in modern residential air conditioners. Power electronics
are also at the heart of the variable speed wind turbine. Conventional wind
turbine required significant engineering to ensure they operate at some ratio of
the system frequency, however by using power electronic this requirement cab
be eliminated leading to quieter, more flexible and (at the moment) more costly
wind turbines. A final example of one of the more exotic user of the power
electronic comes from the previous section where the fast-switching times of
power electronic were used to provide more refined reactive compensation to
the power system.

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2.6. PROTECTIVE DEVICES
The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power stable by isolating
only the component that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network
as possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply with very
pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. The device that
are used to protect the power system from fault are called protection devices.
Protection system usually comprise five components:
• Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltage and currents
of the electrical power system to convenient level for relays. Instrument
transformer create electrical isolation from the power system, and thus
establishing a safer environment for personnel working with the relays.
Power system voltage and current are accurately reproduced by instrument
transformer over large operating range

• Protective relay to sense the fault and initial a trip, or disconnection, order
circuit breaker. Relays are able to be simpler, and cheaper given lower level
relay inputs.

• Circuit breakers to open/close the system based ob. relays and auto enclosure
commands.

• Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system

• Communication channels allow analysis of current and voltage at remote

terminals of a line and to allow remote tripping of equipment.

For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of both sensing and
disconnecting fault. Advantage of protected device with these basic component
include safety, economy, and accuracy.

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2.7. LOADS
An electrical load is an electrical component of a circuit that consumes (active)
electric power. In electric power circuit example of loads are appliances and
lights. The term may also refer the power consumed by a circuit. Load affects
the performance of circuit with respect to output voltages or current such as in
voltages sources. Mains power outlets provide an easy example: they supply
power collectively making up the load. When a high-power appliance switches
on, it dramatically reduce the load impedance.
If the load impedance is not very much higher than the power supply impedance,
the voltages will drop. In a domestic environment, switching on a heating
appliance may cause incandescent lights to dim noticeably.

2.8. CAPACITORS AND REACTORS

The majority of the load in a typical AC power system is inductive the current
lag behind thaw voltage. Since the voltage and current are out-of-phase, this
leads to the emergence of an "imaginary" form of power known as reactive
power. Reactive power does not measurable work but is transmitted back and
forth between the reactive power source and load every cycle. This reactive
power can be provided by the generators, themselves through the adjustment of
generators excitation but it is often cheaper to provide it through capacitors,
hence capacitors are often placed near inductive load to reduce current demand
on the power system (i.e., increase the power factors) which may never exceed
1.0, and which applied at a central substation through the use of so-called
"synchronous condensers" or adjacent to large loads, through the use of so-
called "static condenser".
Reactors consume reactive power and are used to regulate voltage on long
transmission lines. In light load conditions, where the loading on transmission
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line is well below the surge impedance loading, the efficiency of the power
system may actually be improved by switching in reactors. Reactors installed in
service in a power system also limit rushes of current flow. Series reactors can
also be used to limit fault currents. Capacitors and reactors are switched by
circuit breakers, which result in moderately large steps in reactive power. A
solution comes in the form of static synchronous compensators.

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Chapter 3

Project Study

3.1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT:-

“Substation Automation using SCADA System”

The SCADA systems in use for Distribution systems like Water & Gas are
existent for several decades in USA and other developed countries; however
the use of these systems for electric distribution monitor & control is quite
recent. In India also now we can see the number of electric distribution
projects – some are already in the operation and other are in the
implementation phase. The SCADA technology has been matured enough
now due to advances that has taken place in semiconductor technologies &
telemetric. In the document the discussion is limited to Electric SCADA &
Distribution Automation Systems.

The early SCADA systems were built on replicating the existing system
remote controls, lamps, and analog indications at the functional equivalent of
pushbuttons, often placed on a mimic board for easy operator interface. The
SCADA masters simply replicated point-for-point, control circuits connected
to the remote, or slave, unit. At the same time as SCADA systems were
developing, a parallel technology on remote tele printing, or Teletype" was
taking shape. The invention of the "modem" (Modulator / Demodulator)
allowed digital information to be sent over wire pairs which had been
engineered to only carry the electronic equivalent of human voice
communication. The introduction of digital electronics made it possible use of
faster data streams to provide remote indication and control of system
parameters. The integration of Teletype technology and the digital electronics
gave birth to "Remote Terminal Units" (RTU‘s) which were built with solid-
state electronics which could provide the remote indication and control of both
discrete events and analog voltage and current quantities of the electric power
system.

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The development of Microprocessors gave the required impetus to SCADA
industry craving for increased functionality & faster speeds. The 1970s and
early 1980s saw the coming age of integrated microprocessor-based devices
which came to be known as "Intelligent Electronic Devices", or IED‘s. The
IED‘s are being used increasingly to convert data into engineering unit values
in the field and to participate in field-based local control algorithms. Many
IED‘s are being built with programmable logic controller (PLC) capability
and, communication.

In other word,

Supervisory control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a major tools

that will be used for improving network operation. SCADA refers to a system
that enables an electric utility to remotely monitor, coordinate, control and
operate distribution component, equipment and device in real-time mode from
remote location with acquisition of data for analysis, and planning from one
central location.

3.2. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

In gird substation, it is too risky to operate breaker manually because if any

fault occurs in breaker, breaker gets damage and physically injured to the
operator. Requirement of a system for the reduction of fault restoration time
and improve the information availability arise. During work done in Substation
automation following aspects can be considered which are as follows:-

➢ Demand and Availability of power

➢ System Frequency
➢ Capacity & loading of Transmission lines and Transformer
➢ Single line diagram of the transmission network, all the substation
etc.
➢ Reactive loading on the network.

Control, Monitoring and Report:

➢ Remote operation of all grid substations
➢ System parameter tracking
➢ Capacitor bank operations

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 ➢ Load management
➢ Active and Reactive Power management

3.3. BENEFITS OF SCADA?

• Visibility for the network operation.

• Real-time, accurate and consistent information of the system.

• Flexibility of operational controls.

• Faster fault identification, Isolation & system restoration.

• Extensive reporting & statistical data archiving.

• Central database and history of all system parameters.

• Improve availability of system, Optimized Load Shedding.

SCADA in distribution system & utilities is used for Distribution Automation,

DMS, OMS i.e. Distribution Management System and Outage Management
respectively. These has been implemented by a lot of distribution utilities
across the world achieve better monitoring and control and to improve power
quality, reliability & customer satisfaction.

The goal of Advanced Distribution Automation is real-time adjustment to

changing loads, generation, and failure conditions of the distribution system,
usually without operator intervention.

Presently the distribution utilities across the world are either implementing or
have implemented distribution automation solutions for fulfilling one or more
of these business objectives:

➢ Better monitoring & control of their distribution assets

➢ To reduce their Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C)
losses
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 ➢ As part of their Smart Grid compliance put by the regulation.

SCADA systems are globally accepted as a means of real-time monitoring and

control of electric power systems, particularly for generation, transmission and
distribution systems. RTUs (Remote Terminal Units) are used to collect analog
and status telemetry data from field devices, as well as communicate control
commands to the field devices. Installed at a centralized location, such as the
utility control center, are front-end data acquisition equipment, SCADA
software,

Operator GUI (graphical user interface), engineering applications that act on

the data, historian software, and other components.

Recent trends in SCADA include providing increased situational awareness

through improved GUIs and presentation of data and information; intelligent
alarm processing; the utilization of thin clients and web-based clients;
improved integration with other engineering and business systems; and
enhanced security features.

3.4. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:-

Remote Terminal Unit

The RTU or the Remote Terminal Unit is one of the components that
comprise the SCADA system. It gathers information that is present in the field
or substation and sends it to the Master Control Center (MCC). Similarly, it
executes the command that come from the MCC. So, we can say it is a two-
way communication device that keeps updating the status of the field
continually and simultaneously executing the commands from the MCC.

RTU panels are divided into three parts one is RTU panel, 2 nd is MFM
panel and 3rdis marshalling panel. Housing a stack of racks with electronic
cards is called the “RTU Panel”. Housing of only the MFMS or Multifunction
Meters, called the “MFM panel”. The marshalling panel is a junction which
provides the connections of field signals to RTU.

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Fig No.8: The RTU Panel

Fig No.9: Back Rack

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Basic Rack: -

The Basic rack or the Communication Rack houses the brain of the RTU. It
consists of nine slots. Into these slots are inserted a set of “Cards”. The
Cards are the CPUs of the RTU. They help in coordinating the flow of data
from and into the RTU. These CPUs are basically of two types.
➢ SLI (Serial Line Interface) Cards

➢ ETH (Ethernet) Cards

SLI cards:

The SLI Card acts as an interface between the RTU and the IEDs
(Intelligent Electronic Devices) like protection relays, multifunction
meters, digital RTCC and battery charger.

SLI continually reads data from the IEDs. These IEDs could either be
Numerical Relays mounted on the CR Panel or an MFM placed on the
MFM panel of the RTU It is generally placed in a slot of the Basic
Rack. The SLI card has got a provision for communicating with the
IEDs through four ports, A, B, 1 and 2. The port A and B are of the
RS485 type where 1 and 2 are of the RS232. The SLI card has a serial
MMI port for communicating with PC.

ETH card:
The ETH card controls the process events and communications with the
Control Centers. It continually reads the data from the Extension Racks,
the SLI cards and sends it to the control center. The ETH card has a port
marked by “E” used by the RTU to communicate to the Master control
center. The either ports marked by “A” & “B” may use to connect the
communication from extension rack. Generally in our configuration port
“B” using for this purpose. Similar as SLI card, it also has a serial MMI
port for communication with PC or Lap-Top for configuration and
diagnosis purpose.

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The ETH and the SLI cards communicate with each other through a
dedicated communication channel present on the back plane of the Basic
Rack.

Fig No.10 SLI (Serial Line

Interface) Card43

Fig No.11 Ethernet Card

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Extension Racks:
The Extension rack is a place, where Input/output Modules are placed.
Similar to the structure of the Basic Rack, the Extension rack has 19
slots into which the I/O modules can be inserted. The extension rack
communicates only with the ETH card of the Basic Rack.

In cases where there are more than one extension rack, each
communication port of the extension rack is looped with the one
succeeding it.

As mentioned before, the extension rack is connected to the ETH Card

through port A or B, called COM A and COM B.

The function of the Input Modules is to send the status of the equipment
present in the grid station to the MCC. Whereas the function of the
output modules is to control the status of the equipment from the MCC.
Thus, we see that the flow of data, in the case of input modules, is from
RTU to MCC and from MCC to RTU in the case of Output modules.

Fig No. 12 Fig No.13

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MFM Panel:

The MFM Panel consists of MFMs. On the panel cutouts are made
pertaining to the size of MFMs. The MFMs are inserted into the cutout
and are tightly clamped. The MFMs in an IED and it communicates with
the main controlling center through the SLI cards. The MFM has 12
terminals to which connection have to be provided: 2 are for auxiliary
supply (48V dc), 4 are for PT secondary (R, Y, B, and N) 6 are for CT
secondary.

Human Machine Interface:

This is the eye candy part the host station. The values that have been
stored in the host computers are presented to the human operator in an
understandable and comprehensible from using HMIs. These may
provide trending, diagnostic or management a detailed schematic and
animations representing the current states of the machines under its
control. Pictorial representation being more understandable to human is
the preferred from in SCADA HMIs.

Communication Equipment:

The way the SCADA system network (topology) is set up can vary with
each system but there must be uninterrupted, bidirectional
communication between the MTU and the RTU for a SCADA or Data
Acquisition system to function properly. This can be accomplished in
various ways, i.e. private wire lines, buried cable, telephone, radios,
modems, microwave dishes, satellites, or other atmospheric means, and
many times, systems employ more than one means of communicating to

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the remote site. This may include dial-up or dedicated voice grade
telephone lines, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Integrated Service
Digital Network (ISDN), cable, fiber optics, Wi-Fi, or other broadband
services.
There are many options to consider when selecting the appropriate
communication equipment and can include either a public and/or
private medium. Public medium is a communication service that the
customer pays for on a monthly or per time or volume use. Private
mediums are owned, licensed, operated and serviced by the user. If
you choose to use a private medium, consider the staffing
requirements necessary to support the technical and maintenance
aspects of the system.

Fig No.14: SCADA Network

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Satellite Link:-
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT): VSAT is a satellite
communications system that serves and business users. A VSAT end
user needs a box that interfaces between the user’s computer and an
outside antenna with a transceiver. The transceiver receives signal from
earth station computer that act as a hub for the system. Each end user to
communicate with another, each transmission has to first go to the hub
station via the satellite in a star topology. For one end user to
communicate with another, each transmission has to first go to the hub
station, which retransmit it via the satellite to the other end user VSAT.
VSAT handle voice, video and data. The BSES use the satellite link as
back-up for its network. The replying time of this satellite link is very
high but it is a very reliable link.

Fig No. 15 VAST

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Four application serve used is SCADA:
➢ DE400
➢ PED500
➢ WS500
➢ IS500

WS500: It is human machine interface based on window that support SCADA.

Options for entering user name and password for each operator login and for
customizing the window according to operator preferences on other hand it
supports facility to present time tagged data in tabular form and trends display
graphs of time tagged data as function of time. It helps in supervising the
status of various equipment in field.

3.5. INPUT DATA/STRUCTURE:

Control and relay panel-
Here we are going to discuss the control and relay panel of BSES Balaji
grid. In BSES Balaji grid all the instrument are operating in 220 volts
DC supply. So we have battery for this. And separate charger also for
the supply of control panel. If in any case dc supply is not there then
until dc supply is not on we can’t do any operation from grid that is until
dc supply on grid is not in use because we can’t get any information of
fault.

Transformer indication taken from CR panel

➢ Oil Temperature alarm and trip
➢ Winding temperature alarm and trip
➢ Buchholz alarm and trip
➢ PRD trip

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➢ OLTC trip
➢ OLTC OSR
➢ Tap changer

Fig No. 16: CR PANEL (11KV)

Fig No.17 CR PANEL (33KV)

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Breakers indication taken from CR panel
➢ Open
➢ Close
➢ Trip circuit
➢ Spring discharge
➢ SCADA Control
➢ O/C
➢ E/F
➢ Auto Trip
➢ SF6 pressure
➢ Protection
➢ Breaker In
➢ Main DC

Process Communication Unit:

PCU400 is used for flexible and effective data acquisition in SCADA
system. The PCU handles Communication with RTUs, IEDs and Substation
Automation System. It provide flexibility, performance and scalability in a
cost-effective manner. PCU400 support a number of different protocols.
Each unit connect up to 64 asynchronous communication lines at rate up to
64Kbit/s. PCU400 Features:
➢ Different protocols configured per communication channel
➢ Bit-oriented protocol with occ2-8 hardware
➢ Cycle scanning of RTUs and scan groups
➢ Reduce SCADA serve I/O overhead
➢ Connected to sever via LAN/WAN (TCP/IP), dual LAN
➢ Performs dead-band based report by exception of data to the SCADA
server
➢ Data engineering with SCADA engineering tool or Excel-based tool
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3.6. NETWORK DEVICES

Network repeater:
A network device used to regenerate or replicate a signal. Repeaters are
used in transmission systems to regenerate analog or digital signals
distorted by transmission loss. Analog repeaters frequently can only
amplify the signal while digital repeaters can reconstruct a signal to near
its original quality.
A Wi-Fi Repeater effectively contains two wireless routers, similar to
the wireless router you already have in your home or office. One of
these wireless routers picks up the existing Wi-Fi network. It then
transfers the signal to the other wireless router, which transmits the
boosted signal.

Network Router:
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between
computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on
the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to
another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork until
it reaches its destination node. The section on routing explains the
theory Network Device behind this and how routing table are used to
help determine packet destination.
Routing occurs at the network layer of the OSI model. They can connect
networks with different architectures such as Token Ring and Ethernet.
Although they can transform information from one data format such as
TCP/IP to another such as IPX/SPX. Routers do not send broadcast
packet or corrupted packets. If the routing table does not indicate the
proper address of packet, the packet is discarded.

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Gateway:
A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a key stopping
point for data on its way to or from other networks. Thanks to gateways,
we are able to communicate and send data back and forth. The Internet
wouldn't be any use to us without gateways (as well as a lot of other
hardware and software).
While forwarding an IP packet to another network, the gateway might or
might not perform Network Address Translation. A gateway is an
essential feature of most routers, although other devices (such as any PC
or server) can function as a gateway. This does not mean that the routing
machine is a gateway as defined here, although it could be.

Transmission Control protocol (TCP):

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) takes large blocks of information
from an application and breaks them into segment. It number and
sequences each segment so that the destination’s TCP protocol can put
the segment back into the order the application intended. After these
segment are sent, TCP (on the transmitting host) waits for acknowledge
of the receiving end’s TCP virtual circuit session, Retransmitting those
that aren’t acknowledged.

User Datagram Protocol:

UDP uses a simple connectionless communication model with a
minimum of protocol mechanism. UDP provides checksums for data
integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the
source and destination of the datagram. It has no handshaking dialogues,
and thus exposes the user's program to any unreliability of the
underlying network.
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 If error-correction facilities are needed at the network interface level, an
application may use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or Stream
Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) which are designed for this
purpose.

Geographical Information System

Main features of technology include mapping and indexing of all Grid
Station, Cable, Transformers, Poles, street light & consumers.

Fig No. 18: GIS

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Single Line Diagram (SLD):
The Single Line Diagram program is an interface for user to construct a
single line diagram of a power system and to enter the system
parameters of the various system components. Results of the power
flow, bus bar voltage, penalty factor and three phase fault phase fault
level can be displayed alongside the equipment.
Present loading capability is displayed alongside the line symbol.
Special Feature Include:
➢ Automatic checking of all circuit connections

➢ Automatic assignment of colors to different voltage levels

➢ Zoom in and zoom out facility

➢ Group copying, deletion and movement of object

➢ Navigation map

➢ Grid layout

➢ Easy location of a user specific equipment

➢ Function controlled either mouse or keyboard

Designing of single line diagrams is done using software DE400, pad

and WS500. Rough design is done using subnets add bays in DE400.
Initial step is to select a subnet for a particular bus bar e.g. LT line, HT
line. Next bay is selected for individual element to be connected with
the bus bar such as circuit breaker, C.T’s, P.T’s, isolators, earthling
isolators. It means bay is a subpart of subnet. For power
Transformers individual subnet are selected.
Now this image is presented in a pad where further modification is
carried out by locating correct position for spring of spring of circuit
breaker, transformer connection etc. and finally it is placed is WS500.

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 WS500 is the user interface for the Network Manager System and is a
proven tools for the demand in real time control of geographically
distributed processes. In addition, by supporting ABB’s Industrial IT,
the WS500 also performs Aspect and Object navigation. This adds more
flexibility by making it possible to add object specific user functionality.

WS500 Feature:
➢ State of the art Microsoft Windows look and Feel with Multi

Document Interface (MDI) Support

➢ Personal On-Line configurable menus, toolbars and color palettes

included in operator setting

➢ Unique document concept for combining traditional process

displays with web pages and any active X-based component as

display documents

➢ Low bandwidth requirement

➢ Unique displays sub division and automatic run time local

cashing mechanism for fast call up times, even over serial modem

connections

➢ Support of all types of Character Unicode’s

➢ Context sensitive help, on-line help and ToolTip

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 Fig No.19: SLD OF SOUTH CIRCLE

Layout of grid Substation:

Layout of a grid substation showing the position of different breaker and
isolator position of different equipment-
➢ Position of line, Bus Bar and Transformer isolator
➢ Position of earthling isolator of line
➢ Position of line, bus bar and transformers breaker.
➢ Position of bus couplers

Capacity of Circuits:
Capacity and type of line are available in SCADA system. In this
example here are two incoming circuits in the grid, one from 220KV
Okhla Substation and second from 66KV Malviya Nagar Grid
Substation.

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Chapter 4

Conclusion

Through the logic of SCADA, implementation of various method to improve

the energy distribution. Efficiency of DISCOM were closely monitored and
tested for their feasibility. Hence the need and necessity for substation
automation in Delhi is realized. Control and monitoring of substation through
WS500 software purchased from ABB.
With the help of the Automation of grid we have increased the efficiency of
the electricity distribution system. There are some other method which help in
identifying the zone causing loss. Automation is improving the efficiency of
the distribution system. Major advantage of using a SCADA system in Power
system are:
✓ Automation of Substation Grid
✓ Automated Meter Reading (AMR)
✓ Geographical Information System (GIS0)
✓ Energy audit and accounting
✓ LT-ABC
✓ High Voltage Distribution System (HDVS)

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Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The global recession has affected most business, including industrial

automation. After several year of stagnation the industrial automation market
is growing again. We can find complete shift from traditional practices to more
sophisticated and developed technology in the field of industrial automation as
new technologies are coming up. Automation will play a key role in
facilitating the quest for being truly world class and ensuring a competitive
advantage for the Indian industries.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.bsesdelhi.com/HTML/wb_bsesataglance.html
http://www.bsesdelhi.com/docs/pdf/BSES_Journey.pdf
http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_Power/power/home/about+us

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