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Alloy yield strength modeling with MatCalc

(rel. 6.00.0200)

P. Warczok
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, σYS


• Intrinsic strength, σi

• Work hardening, σdisl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Solid solution strengthening, σss

• Precipitation strenghtening, σprec

σ YS = f (σ i , σ disl , σ gb , σ sgb , σ ss , σ prec )


Page  2
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, σYS


• Intrinsic strength, σi

• Work hardening, σdisl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Solid solution strengthening, σss

• Precipitation strenghtening, σprec

σ YS = f (σ i , σ disl , σ gb , σ sgb , σ ss , σ prec )


Page  3
Intrinsic strength, σi

Page  4
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, σYS


• Intrinsic strength, σi

• Work hardening, σdisl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Solid solution strengthening, σss

• Precipitation strenghtening, σprec

σ YS = f (σ i , σ disl , σ gb , σ sgb , σ ss , σ prec )


Page  5
Work hardening, σdisl

• Taylor equation

σ disl = AαGb ρ

α - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress

b - Burger’s vector
ρ - Dislocation density

Page  6
Work hardening, σdisl

• Taylor equation

σ disl = AαGb ρ

α - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress

b - Burger’s vector
ρ - Dislocation density

E
G=
2(1 − υ )
Page  7
Work hardening, σdisl

• Taylor equation

σ disl = AαGb ρ

α - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress

b - Burger’s vector
ρ - Dislocation density

Page  8
Work hardening, σdisl

• Taylor equation
• Two parameter model

σ disl = A1αGb ρ1 + A2αGb ρ 2

Page  9
Work hardening, σdisl

• Taylor equation
• Two parameter model

σ disl = A1αGb ρ1 + A2αGb ρ 2

Page  10
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, σYS


• Intrinsic strength, σi

• Work hardening, σdisl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Solid solution strengthening, σss

• Precipitation strenghtening, σprec

σ YS = f (σ i , σ disl , σ gb , σ sgb , σ ss , σ prec )


Page  11
Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ

D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page  12
Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ

D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page  13
Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ

D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant

Page  14
Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ

D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page  15
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, σYS


• Intrinsic strength, σi

• Work hardening, σdisl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Solid solution strengthening, σss

• Precipitation strenghtening, σprec

σ YS = f (σ i , σ disl , σ gb , σ sgb , σ ss , σ prec )


Page  16
Solid solution strengthening, σss

ki - Coefficient for element i


1

mtot
msub
mtot
mint  mtot ci - Element i content in the prec. Domain
 
(
σ ss =  ∑ ki cini )
msub  
( )
 +  ∑ ki cin
mint 
 
(mole fraction)

 i  sub  i int  ni - Exponent for element i


  msub - Exponent for substitutional elements
mint - Exponent for interstitial elements
mtot - Global exponent
Page  17
Solid solution strengthening, σss
1
 
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint

 
(
σ ss =  ∑ ki cini )
msub  
( )
 +  ∑ ki cin
mint 
 
 i  sub  i int 
 

ki - Coefficient for element i


ci - Element i content in the prec. domain
ni - Exponent for element i
msub - Exponent for substitutional elements
mint - Exponent for interstitial elements
mtot - Global exponent
Page  18
Solid solution strengthening, σss

1
 
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint

 
(
σ ss =  ∑ ki cini )
msub  
( )
 +  ∑ ki cin
mint 
 
 i  sub  i int 
 

Page  19
Solid solution strengthening, σss
• Solid solution strengthening, σss

1
 
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint

 
(
σ ss =  ∑ ki cini )
msub  
( )
 +  ∑ ki cin
mint 
 
 i  sub  i int 
 

Page  20
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, σYS


• Intrinsic strength, σi

• Work hardening, σdisl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb

• Solid solution strengthening, σss

• Precipitation strenghtening, σprec

σ YS = f (σ i , σ disl , σ gb , σ sgb , σ ss , σ prec )


Page  21
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Angle between dislocation line and Burger’s vector θ (edge:screw ratio, θ = 0
for pure screw, θ = π/2 for pure edge)

Page  22
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Equivalent radius, req (describes precipitate-dislocation interference area)

π
req = rm
4

rm - Precipitate mean radius

Page  23
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, LS

ln 3 2 ∑ V ,class m,class
N r 2

LS = + 4rSS2 − 2rss rss = class


2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class 3 ∑N r
V ,class m ,class
class class

NV ,class - Precipitate number density within the class

rm ,class - Precipitate mean radius within the class


Page  24
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  25
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  26
Non-shearable particles

JGb  2req 
τ nsh = ln 
2π 1 − υ Ls  ri 

   π  
2

 1 − υ  cos − θ   
  2  
J = 
 1 − υ 
 
 

ri = 2b

Page  27
Non-shearable particles

JGb  2req 
τ nsh = ln 
2π 1 − υ Ls  ri 
If req < 2ri , then
 2

 1 − υ  cos π − θ   
 
2  ln (2 )
 JGb
J =  τ nsh =
1−υ 2π 1 − υ Ls
 
 
 

π
req = rm ri = 2b
4
Page  28
Non-shearable particles

JGb  2req 
τ nsh = ln 
2π 1 − υ Ls  ri 

  π 
2

 1 − υ  cos − θ   
  2  
J = 
 1 − υ 
 
 

π
req = rm ri = 2b
4
Page  29
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  30
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation bending angle, ψ - weak and strong particles

0° ≤ ψ ≤ 120°  “strong” particles

120° ≤ ψ ≤ 180°  “weak” particles

Page  31
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L

ln 3
LS = + 4rSS2 − 2rss
2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class
class

Strong
particles
2 ∑ V ,class m,class
N r 2

rss = class
3 ∑N
class
r
V ,class m ,class

Page  32
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L

−1 2
Weak   ψ 
Leff = LS cos 
particles   2 

Page  33
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L

−1 2
Weak   ψ 
particles Leff = LS cos 
  2 

Page  34
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple model

Gb 2
T=
2
• Advanced model

Gb 2  1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ   LS  Gb 2  1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ   Leff 


Tstrong =   ln  Tweak =   ln 
4π  1−υ   ri  4π  1−υ   ri 
Page  35
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple model

Gb 2
T=
2
• Advanced model

Gb  1 + υ − 3υ sin θ   LS
2 2
 Gb 2  1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ   Leff 
Tstrong =   ln  Tweak =   ln 
4π  1−υ   ri  4π  1−υ   ri 
Page  36
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple

• Advanced

Page  37
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Inner cut-off radius, ri (multiplication of Burger’s vector)

Gb 2  1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ   LS 
Tstrong =   ln 
4π  1 −υ   ri 

Gb 2  1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ   Leff 
Tweak =   ln 
4π  1−υ   ri 

Page  38
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  39
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles

( θ + 2.1352 sin θ )  T
1/ 4
2 cos 2 2 3
Gεrm  2 2
τ coh, strong =
strong
 ε = ∆ lin = ∆ vol
LS  b 3  3 9
 
• Weak particles
∆ lin - Linear misfit
(1.3416 cos θ + 4.1127 sin 2 θ )  G ε r b 
3 3 3 1/ 2
2
τ coh, weak =
 T
eq
 ∆ vol - Volumetric misfit
LS  weak 
Page  40
Coherency effect
• Shearable particles – Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit

• Strong particles
2 2
ε = ∆ lin = ∆ vol
( θ + 2.1352 sin 2 θ )  Tstrong Gεrm 
3 1/ 4
2
2 cos 3 9
τ coh, strong =
 
LS  b3 
• Weak particles
∆ lin - Linear misfit
(
1.3416 cos 2
θ + 4.1127 sin θ )  G ε r b 
2

3 3 3
1/ 2

τ coh, weak =  ∆ vol


m
- Volumetric misfit
LS  Tweak 
Page  41
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles

( θ + 2.1352 sin θ )  T
1/ 4
2 cos 2 2 3
Gεrm 
τ coh, strong =
strong

LS  b 3  2 2
ε = ∆ lin = ∆ vol
 
3 9
• Weak particles

τ coh, weak =
(
1.3416 cos 2
θ + 4.1127 sin θ )  G ε r b 
2

3 3 3
m

1/ 2
∆ lin - Linear misfit

LS  Tweak  ∆ vol - Volumetric misfit

Page  42
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles

( θ + 2.1352 sin θ )  T
1/ 4
2 cos 2 2 3
Gεrm 
τ coh, strong =
strong

LS  b 3 
 
• Weak particles

( θ + 4.1127 sin θ )  G ε r b 
3 3 3 1/ 2
2 2
1.3416 cos
τ coh, weak =
 T
eq

LS  weak 
Page  43
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  44
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ  dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ

• 2 models
• Nembach

• Siems

Page  45
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ  dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ

• 2 models
• Nembach

• Siems

Page  46
Modulus effect
• Nembach model
• Strong particles
0.85
 req 
Fmod Fmod = 0.05 G − GP b  
2
τ mod,strong =  b 
bLS

• Weak particles

3/ 2 Gp - Particle shear modulus


2Tweak  Fmod 
τ mod,weak =  
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  47
Modulus effect
• Siems model
υp - Particle Poisson ratio

Strong Weak
2 1/ 2 2 3/ 4
2Tstrong   E p   2Tweak   E p  
τ mod,strong = 0.8 1 −    τ mod,weak = 1 −   
bLS   E   bLS   E  
  

GP (1 − υ ) log + G (1 − υ p )log + G (1 − υ p )log


req req Leff
GP (1 − υ ) log
LS
Ep ri req Ep ri req
= =
G (1 − υ p )log S G (1 − υ p )log
E L E Leff
ri ri
Page  48
Modulus effect
• Nembach model
• Strong particles
0.85
 req 
Fmod Fmod = 0.05 G − GP b  
2
τ mod,strong =  b 
bLS

• Weak particles

3/ 2 Gp - Particle shear modulus


2T  Fmod 
τ mod,weak = weak  
bLS  2Tweak 

Page  49
υp - Particle Poisson ratio Gp - Particle shear modulus
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ  dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ

• 2 models
• Nembach
τ mod,weak
• Siems
τ mod,strong

Page  50
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  51
Anti-phase boundary (APB) effect
• Dislocation passing through ordered precipitate increases the energy
by creating the APB
• Strong particles

0.69  8wTstrong reqγ APB 


1/ 2

τ APB , strong =   γ APB - APB energy


bLS  3 
w, β - Interaction parameter between
• Weak particles
the leading and trailing dislocation
2   reqγ APB  16 βγ r 
3/ 2 2

τ APB , weak = 2Tweak   − 


APB eq
s - Number of pair dislocations
sbLS   Tweak  3πLS 
 
Page  52
Anti-phase boundary (APB) effect
• Dislocation passing through ordered precipitate increases the energy
by creating the APB
• Strong particles

0.69  8wTstrong reqγ APB 


1/ 2

τ APB , strong =  1/ 2 γ APB - APB energy


.69S 8wTstrong3reqγ APB 
0bL
τ APB , strong =  
bLS  3  w, β - Interaction parameter between
• Weak particles
the leading and trailing dislocation
2   reqγ APB  16 βγ APB req2 
3/ 2

τ APB , weak = 2Tweak  r γ  3 / 2− 16 βγ r 2


2S   Teq APB  3πLAPB eq
s - Number of pair dislocations
τ APB , weak = sbL 
 weak 
2T  weak  − 

S
sbLS   Tweak  3πLS 
Page  53  
Anti-phase boundary (APB) effect
• Dislocation passing through ordered precipitate increases the energy
by creating the APB
• Strong particles

0.69  8wTstrong reqγ APB 


1/ 2

τ APB , strong =  
bLS  3 

• Weak particles

2   r γ 
3/ 2
16 βγ r 2 

τ APB , weak = 2Tweak  eq APB  − APB eq



sbLS   Tweak  3πLS 
 
Page  54
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  55
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

γ SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix


FSF = 2(γ SFM − γ SFP ) Weff req − W 2
eff 4
Page  56
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
• Strong particles

F Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
τ SF , strong = SF K SF =
bLS 8π (1 − υ )

• Weak particles Weff =


2 K SF
γ SFM + γ SFP
3/ 2
2Tweak  FSF 
τ SF , weak =  2T 
FSF = 2(γ SFM − γ SFP ) Weff req − Weff2 4
bLS  weak 
Page  57
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

γ SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix


FSF = 2(γ SFM − γ SFP ) Weff req − W 2
eff 4

Page  58
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

γ SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix


FSF = 2(γ SFM − γ SFP ) Weff req − W 2
eff 4

Page  59
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

γ SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix


FSF = 2(γ SFM − γ SFP ) Weff req − W 2
eff 4

Page  60
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
• Strong particles

FSF
τ SF , strong =
bLS

• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak  F 
τ SF , weak =  SF 
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  61
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)


• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect

Page  62
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles

Fint
τ int, strong =
bLS Fint = 2γ PM b

• Weak particles

2Tweak  Fint 
3/ 2
γ PM - Precipitate/matrix interface energy
τ int, weak =  
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  63
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles

Fint
τ int, strong =
bLS Fint = 2γ PM b

• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak  Fint 
τ int, weak =  
bLS  2Tweak 

γ PM - Precipitate/matrix interface energy


Page  64
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles

Fint
τ int, strong =
bLS

• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak  Fint 
τ int, weak =  
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  65
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated τregime of each precipitate

• Conversion of τprec to σprec

Page  66
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated τi,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of τprec to σprec

Page  67
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of τ evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)

τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong

τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak +τ msh
i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak +τ msh
i , SF , weak +τ msh
i ,int, weak

τ i,nsh

Page  68
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of τ evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)

τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong

τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak +τ msh
i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak +τ msh
i , SF , weak +τ msh
i ,int, weak

τ i,Orowan

Page  69
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of τ evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)

τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong

τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak +τ msh
i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak +τ msh
i , SF , weak +τ msh
i ,int, weak

τ i,nsh

Page  70
Regime of each precipitate
• τi,regime with the lowest value for the precipitate phase i is taken for
the further operations

τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong

τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh

i ,coher , weak +τ msh

i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak
msh
i , SF , weak
msh
i ,int, weak
If coherency radius ≠ 0 and the mean radius of precipitate is greater than
τ i,nsh the coherency radius  the non-shearable regime is taken for further
calculation

Page  71
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated τi,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of τprec to σprec

Page  72
Summation of τi,regime

1
 1

msum
 1

msum
 msum
  msh  sh   mnsh   
=   ∑τ i , sh  +   ∑τ i ,nsh 
m mnsh
τ prec   
  i  

 i

 
 
 

τ i, sh -Shearable particles contribution (weak and strong regime)

τ i,nsh -Non-shearable particles contribution


Page  73
Summation of τi,regime

1
 msum
 sum
msum m

  msh  sh  mnsh  nsh 


=  ∑τ i , sh  +  ∑τ i ,nsh 
m m
τ prec
 i    
 
i

Page  74
Summation of τi,regime
• Precipitation strengthening, σprec (derived from τprec)
• Evaluation of τprec

1
 1

msum
 1

msum
 msum
  msh  sh   mnsh   
=   ∑τ i , sh  +   ∑τ i ,nsh 
m mnsh
τ prec   
  i  

 i

 
 
 

Page  75
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated τi,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of τprec to σprec

Page  76
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated τi,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of τprec to σprec

σ prec = ατ prec

α - Taylor factor
Page  77
Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions

[
σ YS = σ
msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig

Page  78
Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions

σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig

Page  79
Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions

[
σ YS = σ
msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig

Page  80
Thank you for your attention !

Page  81
Page  82
Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
 
 ln 3 
LS = K  + 4rSS − 2rss 
2

 2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class 
 class 

−1 / 4
2+h 2

K = h  1/ 6

 3 
h - Shape factor

Page  83
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
 
 ln 3 
LS = K  + 4rSS − 2rss 
2

 2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class 
 class 

−1 / 4
2+h 2

K = h  1/ 6

 3 
h - Shape factor

Page  84
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
 
 ln 3 
LS = K  + 4rSS − 2rss 
2

 2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class 
 class 

−1 / 4
2+h 2

K = h 1/ 6

 3 
h - Shape factor

Page  85
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
Precipitation hardening
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
 2req 
req = (Pedge req ,edge,ns + Pscrew req , screw,ns )
JGb
τ Orowan = ln 
2π 1 − υ Ls  ri 

 2h 2 3  3 3 3  π
req ,edge,ns =  + 2+  rm req ,edge,ns - Equivalent radius for edge disl.
 + 2
+ 2  4
 3  2 h h 2 h  req , screw,ns - Equivalent radius for screw disl.

 2h 2 3  1 1 9  π Pedge - Fraction of edge disl.


req , screw,ns =  + 2+  rm
 + 2  4
 3  h h 2 h  Pscrew - Fraction of screw disl.

Page  86
Precipitation hardening
• Shearable particles – (e.g. coherency effect)
1/ 2
f (θ )  G ε r b 
3 3 3

τ coh, weak =

eq

h
req = (Pedge req ,edge, sh + Pscrew req , screw, sh )
LS  27Tweak 

 h2 3  3 6  π
req ,edge, sh =  +2  rm
 + 2
+ 2  4
 3  2 h 1 5 h  req ,edge, sh - Equivalent radius for edge disl.

 h2 3  1  π req , screw, sh - Equivalent radius for screw disl.


2
req , screw, sh =  +2  rm
 + 2  4
 3  h 1 h 
Page  87
Precipitation hardening
• Shearable particles – Coherency effect for non-spherical particles
• Strong particles
−1 / 4
( θ + 2.1488 sin 2 θ )  T 2+h 
1/ 4
Gεrm 
2 3 2
1.1101 cos
τ coh, strong =
strong
 K K = h 
1/ 6

 
 3 
3
LS  b 
• Weak particles

( 2 2
)
2.7310 cos θ + 3.4736 sin θ  G ε r b 
3 3 3 1/ 2

h≤
(1.3416 cos θ + 4.1127 sin θ )
2 2

τ coh, weak =
(2.7310 cos θ + 3.4736 sin θ )
eq
h ,if
LS   2 2
 27Tweak 
Page  88
Summing up…
• Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions

σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig

• Influence of strain rate, ϕ

[ ]
C2
 ϕ 
+ (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
msig 1 / msig
σ YS = σ 1 + 
msig
disl
 C1 
Page  89
Summing up…
• Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions

σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
ϕ ]
msig 1 / msig

• Influence of strain rate,

[ ]
C2
 ϕ 
+ (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
msig 1 / msig
σ YS = σ 1 + 
msig
disl
 C1 
Page  90
Summing up…
• Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions

σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig

• Influence of strain rate, ϕ

[ ]
C2
 ϕ 
+ (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
msig 1 / msig
σ YS = σ 1 + 
msig
disl
 C1 
Page  91

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