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(rel. 6.00.0200)
P. Warczok
Model overview
Page 4
Model overview
• Taylor equation
σ disl = AαGb ρ
α - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress
b - Burger’s vector
ρ - Dislocation density
Page 6
Work hardening, σdisl
• Taylor equation
σ disl = AαGb ρ
α - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress
b - Burger’s vector
ρ - Dislocation density
E
G=
2(1 − υ )
Page 7
Work hardening, σdisl
• Taylor equation
σ disl = AαGb ρ
α - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress
b - Burger’s vector
ρ - Dislocation density
Page 8
Work hardening, σdisl
• Taylor equation
• Two parameter model
Page 9
Work hardening, σdisl
• Taylor equation
• Two parameter model
Page 10
Model overview
• Hall-Petch equation
k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ
D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page 12
Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb
• Hall-Petch equation
k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ
D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page 13
Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb
• Hall-Petch equation
k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ
D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page 14
Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, σgb , σsgb
• Hall-Petch equation
k gb k sgb
σ gb = σ sgb =
D δ
D - Grain diameter
δ - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page 15
Model overview
(
σ ss = ∑ ki cini )
msub
( )
+ ∑ ki cin
mint
i sub i int
1
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint
(
σ ss = ∑ ki cini )
msub
( )
+ ∑ ki cin
mint
i sub i int
Page 19
Solid solution strengthening, σss
• Solid solution strengthening, σss
1
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint
(
σ ss = ∑ ki cini )
msub
( )
+ ∑ ki cin
mint
i sub i int
Page 20
Model overview
Page 22
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Equivalent radius, req (describes precipitate-dislocation interference area)
π
req = rm
4
Page 23
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, LS
ln 3 2 ∑ V ,class m,class
N r 2
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 25
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 26
Non-shearable particles
JGb 2req
τ nsh = ln
2π 1 − υ Ls ri
π
2
1 − υ cos − θ
2
J =
1 − υ
ri = 2b
Page 27
Non-shearable particles
JGb 2req
τ nsh = ln
2π 1 − υ Ls ri
If req < 2ri , then
2
1 − υ cos π − θ
2 ln (2 )
JGb
J = τ nsh =
1−υ 2π 1 − υ Ls
π
req = rm ri = 2b
4
Page 28
Non-shearable particles
JGb 2req
τ nsh = ln
2π 1 − υ Ls ri
π
2
1 − υ cos − θ
2
J =
1 − υ
π
req = rm ri = 2b
4
Page 29
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 30
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation bending angle, ψ - weak and strong particles
Page 31
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L
ln 3
LS = + 4rSS2 − 2rss
2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class
class
Strong
particles
2 ∑ V ,class m,class
N r 2
rss = class
3 ∑N
class
r
V ,class m ,class
Page 32
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L
−1 2
Weak ψ
Leff = LS cos
particles 2
Page 33
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L
−1 2
Weak ψ
particles Leff = LS cos
2
Page 34
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple model
Gb 2
T=
2
• Advanced model
Gb 2
T=
2
• Advanced model
Gb 1 + υ − 3υ sin θ LS
2 2
Gb 2 1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ Leff
Tstrong = ln Tweak = ln
4π 1−υ ri 4π 1−υ ri
Page 36
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple
• Advanced
Page 37
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Inner cut-off radius, ri (multiplication of Burger’s vector)
Gb 2 1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ LS
Tstrong = ln
4π 1 −υ ri
Gb 2 1 + υ − 3υ sin 2 θ Leff
Tweak = ln
4π 1−υ ri
Page 38
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 39
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles
( θ + 2.1352 sin θ ) T
1/ 4
2 cos 2 2 3
Gεrm 2 2
τ coh, strong =
strong
ε = ∆ lin = ∆ vol
LS b 3 3 9
• Weak particles
∆ lin - Linear misfit
(1.3416 cos θ + 4.1127 sin 2 θ ) G ε r b
3 3 3 1/ 2
2
τ coh, weak =
T
eq
∆ vol - Volumetric misfit
LS weak
Page 40
Coherency effect
• Shearable particles – Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles
2 2
ε = ∆ lin = ∆ vol
( θ + 2.1352 sin 2 θ ) Tstrong Gεrm
3 1/ 4
2
2 cos 3 9
τ coh, strong =
LS b3
• Weak particles
∆ lin - Linear misfit
(
1.3416 cos 2
θ + 4.1127 sin θ ) G ε r b
2
3 3 3
1/ 2
( θ + 2.1352 sin θ ) T
1/ 4
2 cos 2 2 3
Gεrm
τ coh, strong =
strong
LS b 3 2 2
ε = ∆ lin = ∆ vol
3 9
• Weak particles
τ coh, weak =
(
1.3416 cos 2
θ + 4.1127 sin θ ) G ε r b
2
3 3 3
m
1/ 2
∆ lin - Linear misfit
Page 42
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles
( θ + 2.1352 sin θ ) T
1/ 4
2 cos 2 2 3
Gεrm
τ coh, strong =
strong
LS b 3
• Weak particles
( θ + 4.1127 sin θ ) G ε r b
3 3 3 1/ 2
2 2
1.3416 cos
τ coh, weak =
T
eq
LS weak
Page 43
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 44
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ
• 2 models
• Nembach
• Siems
Page 45
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ
• 2 models
• Nembach
• Siems
Page 46
Modulus effect
• Nembach model
• Strong particles
0.85
req
Fmod Fmod = 0.05 G − GP b
2
τ mod,strong = b
bLS
• Weak particles
Strong Weak
2 1/ 2 2 3/ 4
2Tstrong E p 2Tweak E p
τ mod,strong = 0.8 1 − τ mod,weak = 1 −
bLS E bLS E
• Weak particles
Page 49
υp - Particle Poisson ratio Gp - Particle shear modulus
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ
• 2 models
• Nembach
τ mod,weak
• Siems
τ mod,strong
Page 50
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 51
Anti-phase boundary (APB) effect
• Dislocation passing through ordered precipitate increases the energy
by creating the APB
• Strong particles
τ APB , strong =
bLS 3
• Weak particles
2 r γ
3/ 2
16 βγ r 2
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 55
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle
F Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
τ SF , strong = SF K SF =
bLS 8π (1 − υ )
Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle
Page 58
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle
Page 59
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
Gb p2 (2 − υ − 2υ cos(2θ ))
K SF =
8π (1 − υ )
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff = γ SFP
γ SFM + γ SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle
Page 60
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
• Strong particles
FSF
τ SF , strong =
bLS
• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak F
τ SF , weak = SF
bLS 2Tweak
Page 61
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Derived from τprec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
• Modulus effect
• Interfacial effect
Page 62
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles
Fint
τ int, strong =
bLS Fint = 2γ PM b
• Weak particles
2Tweak Fint
3/ 2
γ PM - Precipitate/matrix interface energy
τ int, weak =
bLS 2Tweak
Page 63
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles
Fint
τ int, strong =
bLS Fint = 2γ PM b
• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak Fint
τ int, weak =
bLS 2Tweak
Fint
τ int, strong =
bLS
• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak Fint
τ int, weak =
bLS 2Tweak
Page 65
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately
Page 66
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately
Page 67
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of τ evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)
τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong
τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak +τ msh
i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak +τ msh
i , SF , weak +τ msh
i ,int, weak
τ i,nsh
Page 68
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of τ evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)
τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong
τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak +τ msh
i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak +τ msh
i , SF , weak +τ msh
i ,int, weak
τ i,Orowan
Page 69
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of τ evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)
τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong
τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak +τ msh
i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak +τ msh
i , SF , weak +τ msh
i ,int, weak
τ i,nsh
Page 70
Regime of each precipitate
• τi,regime with the lowest value for the precipitate phase i is taken for
the further operations
τ i , strong = (τ )1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong +τ msh
i , mod, strong +τ msh
i , APB , strong +τ msh
i , SF , strong +τ msh
i ,int, strong
τ i , weak = (τ )1 / msh
msh
+τ
i ,coher , weak +τ msh
+τ
i , mod, weak +τ msh
i , APB , weak
msh
i , SF , weak
msh
i ,int, weak
If coherency radius ≠ 0 and the mean radius of precipitate is greater than
τ i,nsh the coherency radius the non-shearable regime is taken for further
calculation
Page 71
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately
Page 72
Summation of τi,regime
1
1
msum
1
msum
msum
msh sh mnsh
= ∑τ i , sh + ∑τ i ,nsh
m mnsh
τ prec
i
i
1
msum
sum
msum m
Page 74
Summation of τi,regime
• Precipitation strengthening, σprec (derived from τprec)
• Evaluation of τprec
1
1
msum
1
msum
msum
msh sh mnsh
= ∑τ i , sh + ∑τ i ,nsh
m mnsh
τ prec
i
i
Page 75
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately
Page 76
Precipitation strengthening, σprec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately
σ prec = ατ prec
α - Taylor factor
Page 77
Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions
[
σ YS = σ
msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig
Page 78
Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions
σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig
Page 79
Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions
[
σ YS = σ
msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig
Page 80
Thank you for your attention !
Page 81
Page 82
Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
ln 3
LS = K + 4rSS − 2rss
2
2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class
class
−1 / 4
2+h 2
K = h 1/ 6
3
h - Shape factor
Page 83
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
ln 3
LS = K + 4rSS − 2rss
2
2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class
class
−1 / 4
2+h 2
K = h 1/ 6
3
h - Shape factor
Page 84
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
ln 3
LS = K + 4rSS − 2rss
2
2π ∑ NV ,class rm ,class
class
−1 / 4
2+h 2
K = h 1/ 6
3
h - Shape factor
Page 85
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
Precipitation hardening
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
2req
req = (Pedge req ,edge,ns + Pscrew req , screw,ns )
JGb
τ Orowan = ln
2π 1 − υ Ls ri
2h 2 3 3 3 3 π
req ,edge,ns = + 2+ rm req ,edge,ns - Equivalent radius for edge disl.
+ 2
+ 2 4
3 2 h h 2 h req , screw,ns - Equivalent radius for screw disl.
Page 86
Precipitation hardening
• Shearable particles – (e.g. coherency effect)
1/ 2
f (θ ) G ε r b
3 3 3
τ coh, weak =
eq
h
req = (Pedge req ,edge, sh + Pscrew req , screw, sh )
LS 27Tweak
h2 3 3 6 π
req ,edge, sh = +2 rm
+ 2
+ 2 4
3 2 h 1 5 h req ,edge, sh - Equivalent radius for edge disl.
( 2 2
)
2.7310 cos θ + 3.4736 sin θ G ε r b
3 3 3 1/ 2
h≤
(1.3416 cos θ + 4.1127 sin θ )
2 2
τ coh, weak =
(2.7310 cos θ + 3.4736 sin θ )
eq
h ,if
LS 2 2
27Tweak
Page 88
Summing up…
• Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions
σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig
[ ]
C2
ϕ
+ (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
msig 1 / msig
σ YS = σ 1 +
msig
disl
C1
Page 89
Summing up…
• Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions
σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
ϕ ]
msig 1 / msig
[ ]
C2
ϕ
+ (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
msig 1 / msig
σ YS = σ 1 +
msig
disl
C1
Page 90
Summing up…
• Total yield strength, σYS
• Summation of contributions
σ YS = σ [ msig
disl + (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec ) ]
msig 1 / msig
[ ]
C2
ϕ
+ (σ i + σ gb + σ sgb + σ ss + σ prec )
msig 1 / msig
σ YS = σ 1 +
msig
disl
C1
Page 91