Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IN
NORTH-EAST INDIA
Dr. Sandip Das
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
IIT Guwahati
Content
• Seismic environment of Northeast India
• Major faults and seismotectonic zones
• Magnitude-recurrence relationship
• G-R relationship
• Return period
• Seismic hazard analysis
• PSHA
• Local site effects
• Seismic demand for design
• Design spectrum
• Spectrum compatible ground motion
2
SEISMIC ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-EAST INDIA
Tectonic Map with Major Faults
3
SEISMIC ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-EAST INDIA
Zone-2
Zone-3
4
SEISMIC ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-EAST INDIA
Major Earthquakes in Different Seismotectonic Zones
Seismotectonic Magnitude
Year
Zones (Mw)
1934 8.3 Seismotectonic Magnitude
Year
Zone-01 1787 7.8 Zones (Mw)
1885 7.0 1950 8.5
1908 7.5 1905 7.1
Zone-07 1950 7
1954 7.3
1950 7
1938 7.2 1918 7.6
1957 7.2 Zone-08 1762 7.5
Zone-02 1906 7 1869 7.5
1932 7 1897 8.1
1950 7 825 8
1988 7 1990 8
Zone-09 1943 7.2
1947 7.7
Zone-03 1697 7.2
1923 7.1
1930 7.1
Zone-04 1950 7 1912 8
1839 7.8
Zone-05 1806 7.7
Zone-10 1946 7.8
1951 8 1931 7.6
1411 7.7 1946 7.5
Zone-06
1952 7.5
1915 7.1 5
SEISMIC ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-EAST INDIA
7
MAGNITUDE-RECURRENCE RELATIONSHIP
Zones 𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃
1 1.770 0.443
2 1.607 0.406
3 3.796 1.020
4 3.805 0.965
5 3.053 0.827
6 2.053 0.493
7 5.711 1.740
8 1.956 0.477
9 2.594 0.646
10 3.494 0.955
8
MAGNITUDE-RECURRENCE RELATIONSHIP
Occurrence Model
• Poisson process (memory-less): suitable for smaller earthquakes
Probability that the number of occurrences of an event (𝑿𝑿𝒕𝒕 ) in a time interval 𝑡𝑡 be
equal to 𝑥𝑥 is given by
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎 𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐, … … .
𝑷𝑷 𝑿𝑿𝒕𝒕 = 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒆−𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎 𝒕𝒕
𝒙𝒙!
𝜆𝜆m : average number of occurrences of the event per unit time or mean occurrence rate
1
= 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 : Mean return period (from G-R relationship)
𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚
Return Period
The probability that an event, greater than a specified magnitude, occurs at least
once in a time interval t
For Poisson occurrence model
𝑃𝑃 𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1 = 1 − 𝑃𝑃 𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡 = 0 = 1 − 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
Components
• Probability distribution of source-to-site distance
• From fault geometry and site location
𝑟𝑟
• 𝑓𝑓𝑅𝑅 𝑟𝑟 =
2
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟 2 −𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Probabilistic SHA
Example :
The site shown in Figure is located in western
United States and two active faults are near the
site.
Fault 1 Fault 2
Closest distance to site (km) 10 20
Maximum distance to site (km) 18 31
Length of fault (km) 30 65
Max. Magnitude of earthquake 7.5 8.5
a & b values a=2.25, b=0.75 a=3.3, b=0.88
Find the probabiltiy of exceeding a PGA of 0.3g at the site in 100 years considering a lower
threshold magnitude of 5.0 for both faults.
Assume an avg. shear wave velocity of 1396 m/s for the soil deposits at site.
Assume also that the closest distances to the faults correspond to their geometric centers.
11
SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS
Probabilistic SHA
Solution :
Mean annual frequency of earthquakes of magnitude >= 𝑚𝑚0 , 𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚0 = exp(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚0 )
𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚0 = exp 2.303 2.25 − 2.303 0.75 5.0 = 0.032 events/year for Fault-1
𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚0 = exp 2.303 3.30 − 2.303 0.88 5.0 = 0.079 events/year for Fault-2
Probabilistic SHA
Solution :
𝑠𝑠2
−
2(2.027) 31 8.5 −𝑧𝑧 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 2 +2.027(𝑚𝑚−5)
Fault-2 : 𝑃𝑃 𝑌𝑌 > 0.30𝑔𝑔 = ∫ ∫ ∫ d𝑠𝑠d𝑚𝑚d𝑟𝑟 = 0.00182
2𝜋𝜋(65) 𝑟𝑟=20 𝑚𝑚=5 𝑠𝑠=−∞ 𝑟𝑟 2 −202
Schematic representation of a
building on different topographic,
geological and soil conditions
15
LOCAL SITE EFFECTS
Effect of Site Conditions on Ground Motions
16
LOCAL SITE EFFECTS
Evaluation of Site Effects using Analytical Techniques
One-Dimensional Continuous Model
17
SEISMIC DEMAND FOR DESIGN
Design spectrum for different soil types specified in IS-1893 (Part 1) : 2002 18
SEISMIC DEMAND FOR DESIGN
19
LITERATURE
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Steven L. Kramer, 1996, Prentice Hall International Series
1 in Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics.
Fundamental Concepts of Earthquake Engineering, Roberto Villaverde, 2009, CRC Press,Taylor &
2 Francis Group.
Earthquake Catalogue in and around North Eastern Region of India (including Historical
3 Earthquakes) First Interim Report (Medieval Period to 1999), Geoscience Division NEIST Jorhat,
2013.
Earthquake Catalogue in and around North Eastern Region of India (2000-2013), Geoscience
4 Division NEIST Jorhat, 2013.
Temporal and Spatial Variations in the Magnitude of Completeness for Homogenized Moment
5 Magnitude Catalogue for North East India, Ranjit Das, H.R Wason, M L Sharma,2012
20
LITERATURE
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of India, Nath S.K and Thingbaijam K.K.S, 2012,
9 Seismological Research Letters, 83.
Estimation of Maximum Earthquakes in Northeast India, Thingbaijam K.K.S and Nath S.K, 2008,
10 Pure and Applied Geophysics, 165, 889-901.
Himalayan tectonic model and the great earthquakes: an appraisal, Kayal J.R, 2010, Geomatics,
11 Natural Hazards and Risk, 1, 51-67.
Probabilities for the occurrences of medium to large earthquakes in northeast India and adjoining
12 region, Yadav R.B.S, Tripathi J.N, Shanker D, Rastogi B.K, Das M.C and Kumar V, 2011, Nat Hazards,
56, 145-167.
Return Period Analysis of Earthquakes of Northeast India and its Adjoining Region, Devi A and
13 Kalita S, 2013, International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 2, 15-28.
The Dauki Fault at the Shillong Plateau-Bengal Basin Boundary in Northeastern India: 2D Finite
14 Element Modeling, Md Shofiqul Islam and Shinjo R, 2012,Journal of Earth Science, 23, 854-864.
Aftershock Statistics, Shcherbakov R, Turcotte D.L and Rundle J.B, 2005,Spure and Applied
16 Geophysics, 162, 1051-1076.
21
LITERATURE
Assessing the Quality of Earthquake Catalogues: Estimating the Magnitude of Completeness and
17 its Uncertainty, Woessner J and Wiemer S, 2005, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
95, 684-698.
Earthquake Hazard After a Mainshock in California, Reasenberg P.A and Jones L.M,1988,
18 REPORTS, 1173-1176.
Long-term earthquake clustering, Kagan Y.Y and Jackson D.D, 1991, Geophysical Journal
19 International, 104, 117-133.
A GIS based tectonic map of northeastern India, Baruah S and Hazarika D, 2008, Current Science,
20 95, 176-177.