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z x 3 x
2
x x
= 2,6595 − 0,6075 + 0,1147 for 0 ≤ ≤ 0,2025
c c c c c
z x x
= 0,02208 1 − for 0,2025 ≤ ≤ 1,0
c c c
Calculate:
a. The angle of attack at zero lift
b. The lift coefficient when α = 4°
c. The moment coefficient about the quarter chord, and
d. The location of the centre of pressure in terms of xcp/c, when α = 4°
Solution
We will need dz/dx. From the given shape of the mean camber line, this is
dz x 2 x x
= 2,6595 3 − 1,215 + 0,1147 for 0 ≤ ≤ 0,2025
dx c c c
and
dz x
= −0,02208 for 0,2025 ≤ ≤ 1,0
dx c
dz 3
( )
= 2,6595 1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ − 0,6075(1 − cos θ ) + 0,1147 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 0,9335 [rad ]
dx 4
dz
= 0,684 − 2,3736 cos θ + 1,995 cos 2 θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 0,9335 [rad ]
dx
and
dz
= −0,02208 for 0,9335 ≤ θ ≤ π
dx
π
= − ∫ (cos θ − 1)dθ
1 dz
α L =0
π 0 dx
π 0
π
From a table of integrals, the solution for the last equation can be found by:
∫ cosθ dθ = sin θ
1 θ
∫ cos θ dθ = sin θ cos θ +
2
2 2
−
1
[0,02208θ − 0,02208 sin θ ]π0 ,9335
π
α L =0 = −
1
(− 0,0065 + 0,0665 ) = −0,0191 [rad ]
π
π
c m ,c / 4 = ( A2 − A1 )
4
For this, we need to find the values of the two Fourier coefficients A1 and A2:
For A1:
π π
∫ (− 0,02208 cos θ ) dθ
2 dz 2 2
A1 = ∫ cos θ dθ = 2
π 0 dx π 0
π 0 , 9335
A1 =
2
π
[0,684 sin θ − 1,1868 sin θ cos θ − 1,1868θ + 0,665 sin θ (cos 2
θ + 2 )]0
0 , 9335
+
2
π
[− 0,02208 sin θ ]π0 ,9335
A1 =
2
(0,1322 + 0,0177 ) = 0,0954
π
For A2:
π π
∫ dx (2 cos θ − 1) dθ
2 dz 2 dz
A2 = ∫ cos 2θ dθ = 2
π 0 dx π 0
π 0
π
π 0 , 9335
With the values of this two Fourier sine series coefficients the value of cm,c/4 can be obtain:
π
c m ,c / 4 = ( A2 − A1 ) = π (0,0792 − 0,0954 ) = −0,0127
4 4
This figure shows an example of the moment at the c/4 exerted in an aerofoil
c π
x cp = 1 + ( A1 − A2 )
4 cl
1 π
(0,0954 − 0,0792 ) = 0,273
x cp
= 1+
c 4 0,559
This figure shows as an example, the location of the a.c. and the c.p. in an aerofoil
Theoretical values NACA 23012 Aerofoil:
Analysis: The results from TAT for a cambered aerofoil agree very well with the experimental data,
this illustrates that the development of TAT in the early 1900s was a crowning achievement in
theoretical aerodynamics and validates the mathematical approach of replacing the chord line of the
aerofoil with a vortex sheet, with the flow tangency condition evaluated along the mean camber line.
Proposed Exercise:
z x x 2 x
= 0,125 0,8 − for 0 ≤ ≤ 0,4
c c c c
z x x
2
x
= 0,0555 0,2 + 0,8 − for 0,4 ≤ ≤ 1,0
c c c c
Calculate:
a. The angle of attack at zero lift
b. The lift coefficient when α = 2
c. Construct the graph of cl vs. α for a range of AoA from -9° to +9°
d. The moment coefficient about the quarter chord, and
e. The location of the centre of pressure in terms of xcp/c, when α = 2°, 4° and 6°
Compare and validate the results of TAT with experimental data (NACA report).