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CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
CLASS-XII

EXPERIMENT No. 1

AIM – (a) To prepare 100ml of M/20 solution of oxalic acid.

(b)Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given
KMnO4 solution.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Oxalic acid,

weighing bottle, weight box, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled
water, chemical balance, beakers, conical flask, funnel, burette,
pipette, clamp stand, tile, dilute H2SO4, KMnO4 solution.

THEORY- (a) Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid having molar

mass 126gmol-1. It is a primary standard and has the molecular
formula COOH-COOH.2H2O. Its equivalent mass is 126/2 = 63 as
its n factor is 2 as per the following reaction:
COOH-COOH → 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e-.
Calculation of amount of oxalic acid to be weighed to prepare
100ml M/20 solution:

wt. X 1000
M =
Mol. Wt V(ml)

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.
2. Add more weights to the pan containing the
weights for the weighing bottle.
3. Add oxalic acid in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so
that the pans are balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.

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5. Using a funnel, transfer the oxalic acid to the volumetric

flask.
6. Add a few drops of distilled water to dissolve the oxalic
acid.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled
water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.

(b) THEORY-
1. The reaction between KMnO4 and oxalic acid is a redox
reaction and the titration is therefore called a redox
titration.
2. Oxalic acid is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing
agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e.
acidic, basic and neutral medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic
medium and therefore dil. H2SO4 is added to the conical flask
before starting the titration.
5. The titration between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is a slow
reaction, therefore heat the oxalic acid solution to about 600C
to increase the rate of the reaction.
6.
IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:
Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O] X 2
Oxidation Half: C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e- ] X 5
Overall Equation: 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 +
8H2O

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INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)

PROCEDURE-
1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.
2. Pipette out 10ml. of oxalic acid solution into the conical
flask.
3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4 and heat the solution to
about 600C to increase the rate of the reaction.
4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical
flask on it.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.
6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop
wise with shaking.
7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in
the solution.
8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are
obtained.

OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE

BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)
Volume of Oxalic Acid solution taken =
VOLUME
S.No BURETTE READINGS OF KMnO4

INITIAL FINAL USED (ml)

1
2
3
4
5

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Concordant Value =

CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE

USING A PENCIL)
Using formula:
N1M1V1 = N2M2V2
Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1= , M1 =?
N2=2 (for oxalic acid), V2 = 10ml, M2 =

Strength = M X Molar Mass.

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 =

And the strength of KMnO4 =

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EXPERIMENT No. 2

AIM – (a) To prepare 100ml of M/50 solution of Mohr’s salt.

(b) Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given
KMnO4 solution.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Mohr’s salt,

weighing bottle, weight box, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled
water, chemical balance, dilute H2SO4, beakers, conical flask,
funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, KMnO4 solution.

THEORY- (a) Mohr’s salt having the formula FeSO4.

(NH4)2SO4.6H2O has molar mass 392gmol-1. It is a primary
standard.
Its equivalent mass is 392/1 = 392 as its n factor is 1 as per the
following reaction:
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-
Calculation of amount of Mohr’s Salt to be weighed to prepare
100ml M/20 solution:

wt. X 1000
M =
Mol. Wt V(ml)

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.
2. Add more weights to the pan containing the
weights for the weighing bottle.
3. Add Mohr’s salt in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so
that the pans are balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.
5. Using a funnel, transfer the Mohr’s salt to the volumetric
flask.

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6. Add about 5ml. of dilute H2SO4 to the flask followed by

distilled water and dissolve the Mohr’s salt.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled
water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.

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(b) THEORY-
1. The reaction between KMnO4 and Mohr’s salt is a redox
reaction and the titration is therefore called a redox
titration.
2. Mohr’s salt is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing
agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e.
acidic, basic and neutral medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic
medium and therefore dil. H2SO4 is added to the conical flask
before starting the titration.
5.
IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:
Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidation Half: 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e-
Overall Equation: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)

PROCEDURE-
1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.
2. Pipette out 10ml. of Mohr’s salt solution into the conical
flask.
3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4.
4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical
flask on it.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.
6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop
wise with shaking.

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7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is

obtained in the solution.
8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are
obtained.
10.
OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE
BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken =
VOLUME
S.No BURETTE READINGS OF KMnO4

INITIAL FINAL USED (ml)

1
2
3
4
5

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Concordant Value =

CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE

USING A PENCIL)
Using formula:
N1M1V1 = N2M2V2
Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1= , M1 =?
N2 =1 (for Mohr’s salt), V2 = 10ml, M2 =

Strength = M X Molar Mass.

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 =

And the strength of KMnO4 =

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EXPERIMENT No.3

AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of starch.

THEORY: Starch forms a lyophilic sol with water which is the

dispersion medium. The sol of starch can be prepared by water to
about 1000C. The sol is quite stable and is not affected by the
presence of an electrolytic impurity.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take 50 ml of distilled A colourless, Sol of starch has
water in a transluscent sol is been prepared
beaker and heat it to
about 1000C. obtained
Add a thin paste of
starch to water with
stirring.

RESULT- Colloidal sol of starch has been prepared.

EXPERIMENT No.4

AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide.

THEORY: Ferric hydroxide forms a lyophobic sol with water

which is the dispersion medium. It is prepared by the hydrolysis of
ferric chloride with boiling distilled water as per the reaction:

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FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl (aq).

The HCl formed during the reaction tries to destabilize the sol and
therefore should be removed from the sol by dialysis. A wine red
sol of ferric hydroxide is obtained.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Sol of ferric
Take 50 ml of distilled A wine red sol is hydroxide has been
water in a obtained prepared
beaker and heat it to
about 1000C.
Add the solution of
FeCl3 to water with
stirring.

RESULT- Colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide has been prepared.

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EXPERIMENT No.5

AIM: To prepare crystals of Mohr’s salt.

THEORY: Mohr’s salt i.e. ferrous ammonium sulphate [FeSO4.

(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] is a double salt. It can be prepared by making
equimolar solution of hydrated ferrous sulphate and ammonium
sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is
added to prevent the hydrolysis of FeSO4.7H2O. Cooling of the hot
saturated solution yields light green crystals of Mohr’s salt.
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2 SO4 → FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O

RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Light green

Shape of the crystals: Monoclinic.

NOTE – DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP

POUCH AND PASTE THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE
BLANK PAGE.

EXPERIMENT No.6

AIM: To prepare crystals of Potash alum.

THEORY: Potash alum, a double salt, commonly known as fitkari

has the formula K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. It can be prepared by
making equimolar solution of potassium sulphate and aluminium
sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is
added to prevent the hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. Cooling of the
hot saturated solution yields colourless crystals of Potash alum.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O →
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Colourless

Shape of the crystals: Octahedral.

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NOTE – DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP

POUCH AND PASTE THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE
BLANK PAGE.

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EXPERIMENT No.7

AIM: To separate the coloured components present in a mixture of

red and blue ink by ascending paper chromatography and find their
Rf values.

THEORY: In this type of chromatography a special adsorbent

paper (Whatman filter paper) is used. Moisture adsorbed on this
Whatman filter paper acts as stationary phase and the solvent acts
as the mobile phase. The mixture to be separated is spotted at one
end of the paper. This paper is then developed in a particular
solvent by placing the paper in a gas jar, taking care that the spot is
above the solvent. The solvent rises due to capillary action and the
components get separated out as they rise up with the solvent at
different rates. The developed paper is called a chromatogram.
Rf (retention factor) values are then calculated, which is the
ratio of the distance moved by the component to the distance
moved by the solvent front.
Rf = Distance traveled by the component
Distance traveled by the solvent front

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: (ON THE BLANK

PAGE, USING A PENCIL)

DISTANCE DISTANCE Rf
S.No SUBSTANCE TRAVELLED BY TRAVELLED BY VALUE
DIFFERENT
COMPONENTS SOLVENT
RED +
1 BLUE INK
RED +
2 BLUE INK

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RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Rf of blue ink =

Rf of red ink =

NOTE: PASTE THE CHROMATOGRAM ON THE BLANK

SIDE AND MARK THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY THE
INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS AND THE SOLVENT FRONT
USING A PENCIL.

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EXPERIMENT No.8

AIM: To test the presence of unsaturation in the given organic

compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

BAEYER'S TEST OR
1 alk.KMnO4 TEST
Dissolve organic
compound in Unsaturation
water/acetone and add a Pink colour of present in the
few drop of Baeyer's KMnO4 organic
reagent and shake decolorizes. compound.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

2KMnO4 + H2O → 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3[O]

>C =C< + H2O + [O] → >C(OH) ─ (OH)C< + KOH

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) Unsaturation is present in the

given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.9

AIM: To test the presence of alcoholic group in the given organic

compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

CERRIC AMMONIUM
1 NITRATE TEST

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Organic compound + few

drops of cerric ammonium
nitrate solution. Shake A pink or red Alcoholic –OH
well. colour appears. group present.
ESTER TEST
Organic compound + few
drops of glacial acetic acid
+ 1-2 drops of conc.
H2SO4 + warm on water
bath for 5 min. Cool and
pour into 15ml of Na2CO3 Alcoholic –
solution. Smell the A fruity smell is OH group
2 contents. obtained present

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. ROH + (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 → (NH4)2[Ce(OR)(NO3)5] +

HNO3
Cerric amm. nitrate pink or red
2. ROH + CH3COOH → CH3COOR + H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Alcoholic –OH present in the

given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.10

AIM: To test the presence of phenolic group in the given organic

compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION INFERENCE

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1 LITMUS TEST Blue litmus Phenolic –OH

Organic compound + few turns red. group present.
drops of blue litmus
solution.
2 NEUTRAL FeCl3 TEST
Organic compound + few A violet Phenolic –OH
drops of neutral FeCl3 colouration is group present.
solution. obtained.
3 LIEBERMANN NITROSO
TEST A deep blue or
Organic compound + sodium green colouration
nitrite + conc. H2SO4 is obtained which
turns red on the
addition of water. Phenolic –OH
The blue or green group present.
colour reappears
on the addition of
NaOH.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. HO —

(PHENOL)
+ FeCl3 →

2. Phenol
(structure)
NaNO2 + H2SO4 HO –N=O

↔O = - NOH conc. H2SO4 /

PHENOL(structure)

[HO –N=
= OH+] HSO4- H2O

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(Deep Blue)

[HO – N= = O] NaOH
Sodium salt of phenol indophenol

Phenol indophenol (red) (blue)

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) Phenolic –OH present in the

given organic compound.

{ equations are incomplete}

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EXPERIMENT No.11

AIM: To test the presence of aldehydic group in the given organic

compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 2,4-DNP TEST
Organic compound + Crystalline Carbonyl
2,4-DNP orange ppt. group present.
obtained
2 TOLLEN’S TEST
Organic compound + A silver mirror is Aldehydic
Tollen’s reagent (amm. obtained the group present.
silver nitrate solution). walls of the test
Heat on water bath. tube.
3 BENEDICT’S /
FEHLING’S TEST A brick red ppt. Aldehydic
Organic compound + is obtained. group present.
Benedict’s reagent/
Fehling’s reagent (A
mixture of equal
amounts of Fehling’s A
and Fehling’s B). Heat.
4 SCHIFF”S TEST
Organic compound + A red/ pink/violet Aldehydic
Schiff’s reagent colouration is group present.
obtained.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. RCHO + NH2NH =

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(equation 1 is incomplete)
2. RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- → RCOO- + 4NH3 + 2Ag ↓ +
2H2O
3. RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- → RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) Aldehyde present in the given

organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.12

AIM: To test the presence of ketonic group in the given organic

compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 2,4-DNP TEST
Organic compound + Crystalline Carbonyl
2,4-DNP orange ppt. group present.
obtained
2 m-DINITROBENZENE
TEST A violet Ketonic group
Organic compound + m- colouration is present.
dinitrobenzene + NaOH obtained.
3 SODIUM
NITROPRUSSIDE A red colouration Ketonic group

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TEST is obtained. present.

Organic compound +
sodium nitroprusside +
NaOH

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. CH3COCH3 + OH- → CH3COCH2- + H2O

[Fe(CN)5NO]2 - + CH3COCH2- →
[Fe(CN)5NO(CH2COCH3)]3 -
Nitroprusside ion Red complex

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Ketone present in the given

organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.13

AIM: To test the presence of carboxylic acid group in the given

organic compound.

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PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 LITMUS TEST
Organic compound + Blue litmus Carboxylic
blue litmus turns red acid may be
present.
2 SODIUM
BICARBONATE TEST Brisk Carboxylic
Organic compound + effervescence is acid group
aq. NaHCO3 obtained. present.
3 ESTER TEST
Organic compound + A fruity smell is Carboxylic
few drops of alcohol + obtained. acid group
2-3 drops of conc. present.
H2SO4 + heat on a water
bath. Cool the contents
and pour them into cold
water.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. RCOOH + NaHCO3 → RCOONa + H2O + CO2↑

conc. H SO
2. RCOOH + CH3CH2OH 2 4 RCOO
CH2CH3

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Carboxylic acid present in the

given organic compound.

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EXPERIMENT No.14

AIM: To test the presence of amino group in the given organic

compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 LITMUS TEST
Organic compound + Red litmus turns Amino group
few drops of red blue present.
litmus solution.
2 SOLUBILITY TEST
Organic compound + 1- Organic Amino group
2 ml of dil.HCl. Shake compound present
well. dissolves.
3 CARBYLAMINE
TEST An obnoxious Primary amine
Organic compound + smell is obtained. present.
CHCl3 + Alc.KOH. Heat
4 AZO DYE TEST
Dissolve organic A red or orange Primary
compound in dil.HCl dye is obtained. aromatic
and cool in ice. Add ice amino group
cold NaNO2 solution to present.
it. Mix well. Add ice
cold solution of β-
naphthol + NaOH.

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EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. R-NH2 + HCl → R- NH3+Cl-

amine amine salt
2. R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → R- N≡ C + 3KCl + 3H2O
Isocyanide
or carbylamine
3. NaNO2 + HCl → HNO2 + NaCl

ArNH2 + HNO2 + HCl → Ar- N+≡ N-Cl + 2H2O

Aromatic Aryldiazonium chloride
0
1 amine (stable between 0- 50C)

β- naphthol (draw structure) + Ar- N+≡ N-Cl → (draw

structure of the azo dye obtained) + NaCl + H2O
RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Amino present in the given
organic compound.

NOTE: After performing the carbylamine test add 1ml

conc.HCl to the reaction mixture and heat to decompose the
isocyanide formed and throw the reaction mixture into running
water.

EXPERIMENT No.15

AIM: To test the presence of carbohydrate in the given food

sample.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 CONC H2SO4 TEST Charring occurs
Food sample + conc. with smell of Carbohydrate
H2SO4. Heat burnt sugar present.
2 MOLISCH’S TEST
Food sample + A purple ring is Carbohydrate

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Molisch’s reagent (1% obtained at the present.

alcoholic solution of α junction of the
naphthol) + conc. two layers.
H2SO4 along the sides of
the test tube.
3 BENEDICT’S /
FEHLING’S TEST A red ppt. is Carbohydrate
Food sample + obtained. present.
Benedict’s reagent/
Fehling’s reagent (A
mixture of equal
amounts of Fehling’s A
and Fehling’s B). Heat.
4 TOLLEN’S TEST
Food sample + A silver mirror is Carbohydrate
Tollen’s reagent (amm. obtained the present.
silver nitrate solution). walls of the test
Heat on water bath. tube.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- →

COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH + Cu2O + 3H2O
Glucose Gluconic acid
+ -
2. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2[Ag(NH3)2] + 3OH →
COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH + 4NH3
Glucose (Gluconic
acid) + 2Ag ↓ + 2H2O

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been

tested for carbohydrate.

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EXPERIMENT No.16

AIM: To test the presence of oil or fat in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 SOLUBILITY TEST
Food sample + water Does not Oil / fat
Food sample + dissolve present.
chloroform(CHCl3) Miscible

2 SPOT TEST
Smear the food A translucent Oil / fat
sample on paper. spot is observed. present.
3 ACROLEIN TEST
Food sample + An irritating Oil / fat
KHSO4. Heat odour is present.
obtained.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Oil/ fat heat glycerol + fatty acid

CH2 (OH)CH(OH) CH2 (OH) KHSO4, Heat

CH2═CHCHO (acrolein) + 2H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested
for oil/fat

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NOTE – THE PARER OBTAINED IN SPOT TEST TO BE

PUT IN A ZIP POUCH AND PASTED ON THE BLANK
SIDE.

EXPERIMENT No.17

AIM: To test the presence of protein in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

S.No f OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 BIURET TEST
Food sample + few A violet Protein
drops of NaOH + colouration is present.
CuSO4 solution. obtained.

2 XANTHOPROTEIC
TEST A yellow ppt. is Protein
Food sample + few obtained. present.
drops of conc. HNO3.
Heat.
3 NINHYDRIN TEST
Food sample + few A blue colour is Protein
drops of 0.15 obtained. present.
ninhydrin solution.

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Boil the contents.

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested
for proteins.

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