Streams COD TDS TSS Flow COD

(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (kl/d) (kg/d)

1 CTCMP 700 2000 1000 2 1.4
scrubber
washing
2 2CP floor 500 5000 500 5 2.5
washing
3 CTCMP floor 500 1000 500 5 2.5
washing
4 CTCMP 500 500 500 25 12.5
ejector
5 Composite 1000 10000 1000 100 100
6 CETP 1000 15000 1000 150 150
discharge

Flow = 150 kl/d and COD = 1000 mg/ l is considered while designing.

ETP

Any water treatment plant broadly consist of following steps

1. Preliminary treatment
2. Primary treatment
3. Secondary treatment
4. Tertiary treatment

Preliminary treatment

It usually involves the removal of solid contents which would cause problems of chocking downstream.

This can be done by providing mesh, screens of adequate size.

Bar screens need to be provided at each and every chamber and periodical cleaning should be done to
avoid chocking of pumps, foot valves due to plastics, wrappers.
Primary treatment

It consist of equalization (to produce feed of uniform chemical and physical characteristics),
neutralization (to produce a neutral pH to facilitate coagulation and can assimilated by bacteria in
secondary treatment),

Avoid shock loading to the secondary treatment.

Neutralization is done by using dilute acid or alkali.

Suspended solids can be removed by using coagulants and flocculants.

Chemicals such as alum, polyaluminium chloride, different types of polyelectrolyte, ferrous sulfate,
lime, ferric chloride can be used one or in combination to reduce the suspended solids which reduces
the organic load of the feed.

Flash mixer for the rapid mixing of coagulants and clariflocculator to separate the solid content from the
feed is required.
Equalization tank

Retention time of 5 hrs is considered.

Two equalization tanks of equal dimensions are provided, one standby.

Volume required = 6.25 x 5 = 31.25 kl = 32 kl

If square configuration provided,

32 = A x 3 ( 3.0 m standard depth is considered )

A = 11 m

Side = 3.25 m

Dimension = 3.25m x 3.25m x 3.25m x 0.5 m (finished board)

Two tanks of above dimension will be required.

Blowers for equalization tank

Capacity = 0.9 x 32 = 29 cum/hr of air

Blower should provide air at the rate of 29 cum/hr at the pressure of 3500 mm water gauge.

Flash mixer:

In flash mixer rapid mixing of coagulant with feed water takes place. High speed stirrer is provided and
retention time of 2 min is sufficient.

Flow = 150 cum / day

Volume of flax mixer= 0.208 cum

Finished board of 0.5 m is standard for flash mixer

Stirrer of 120 rpm is required for rapid mixing.

Clariflocculator or settling tank will be required to obtain sludge of good consistency.

Clariflocculator will require less space.

If alum is used in flocculation then alum floc loading rate is 24 cum/ sqm/d is considered.

Area of the clariflocculator should be minimum 6.25 sqm

Diameter of clariflocculator would be 2.8 m and depth 2.5 m

Points to be considered

Currently we are using conc. acid and conc. caustic, In ETP for neutralization acid or alkali of 15-20% is
used. This reduces the hazards in handling and sudden rise or fall in pH.

Acid and alkali are stored in syntax tanks, MS tanks should be provided.

Dose of coagulants, optimum pH for primary treatment and reduction in COD can be studied in lab by
Jar test method. This will help to design the secondary (biological treatment) more accurately.

Biological treatment

Bacteria in presence of dissolved oxygen oxidize the organic matter and convert it into simple forms like
CO2, water and energy is produced.

Care should be taken that feed should be of uniform chemical and physical characteristics, organic load
should not exceed the design capacity, toxic chemicals should not be present, pH should not vary
beyond acceptable range, dissolved oxygen should be between the ranges 0.5-2.0 ppm

Free chlorine content should be minimum, since free chlorine is detrimental to the bacteria its
concentration should be less than 2ppm.

Since our product is pyridine based. We may have to use specific strains of bacteria to degrade the feed.

Chloropyridine derivatives are recalcitrant and are difficult to degrade in biological treatment.
Aeration tank

COD = 150 kg / d

BOD = 45 kg/d (theoretically considered)

f/m ratio = 0.2 – 0.3

Volume

If 15% reduction in primary treatment is considered then volume of the tank = 64.16 = 65 cum

If 30% reduction in primary treatment is considered then volume of the tank = 52.5 = 53 cum

Oxygen requirement

81 kg oxygen/d will be required.

Surface aerator of 3 hp will be required.

Recirculation pump in bioreactor

If 0.75 consistency in secondary clarifier and 67% recycle percentage is considered then sludge
recirculation pumps (one standby) of 5 cum/hr will be required.
Secondary clarifier

Rapid mixing is done in aeration tank to have maximum contact time with feed and bacteria. Biomass
needs to be separated and returned to the biological tank to maintain MLSS content in bioreactor and
produce clear water for tertiary treatment. This can be done by secondary clarifier.

Considering a standard loading rate area would be 10 sqm

Dia will be 3.6m and depth of 2.5 would be sufficient.

ETP

Preliminary treatment

It consists of unit processes in which solid waste is removed from the water by using screens, mesh etc.

Screens should be installed at each chamber, solids should be removed periodically. This would reduce
the problems of chocking the pumps. Since wrappers, cotton waste, plastics, nose masks are the major
cause of choking in the plant.

Primary treatment

Primary treatment is physiochemical treatment which includes rapid mixing of coagulant and water,
destabilization of charges (coagulation) and formation of floccules, agglomerates (flocculation) and
subsequent removal (settling) of solid particles.

Chemicals such as alum, polyelectrolyte, ferric chloride, poly aluminium chloride can be used.

Dose of the chemicals can be optimized by conducting tests (Jar Test) in the lab.

Secondary treatment

It is a biological treatment. Bactria oxidizes the organic matter into CO2 and H2O.

Dissolved oxygen level should be maintain upto 2 ppm,