Reinforced Concrete Design

Bending in Beam 3

Strength Design Method (SDM)

Beam behavior under increasing load

Nominal Moment Strength (Mn)

Design Procedure

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Strength Design Method (SDM)

Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Working Stress Design (WSD): early 1900s → early 1960s

Strength Design Method (SDM) is more realistic for safety and reliability at
the strength limit state.

Advantage of SDM over WSD:

1) Consider mode of failure

2) Nonlinear behavior of concrete

3) More realistic F.S.

4) Ultimate load prediction ≅ 5%

5) Saving (lower F.S.)

Strength Design Method (SDM)

Design Strength ≥ Required Strength (U)

Design Strength = Strength Reduction Factor (φ) × Nominal Strength (N)

φ) accounts for
Strength Reduction Factor (φ

(1) Variations in material strengths and dimensions

(2) Inaccuracies in the design equations

(3) Ductility & reliability of the members

(4) Importance of the member in the structure

Nominal Strength = Strength of a member calculated by using SDM

Required Strength = Load factors × Service Load

REQUIRED STRENGTH (U)

Load Combinations:
U = 1.4(D + F)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
where
D = dead load, E = earthquake, F = fluid pressure, H = lateral soil pressure,
L = live load, Lr = roof live load, R = rain load, S = snow load, T = temp. load,
U = required strength to resist factored load, and W = wind load
 Required Strength for Simplified Load Combinations

Loads Required Strength

Dead (D) and Live (L) 1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr

Dead, Live and Wind (W) 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 1.0L

1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5Lr
0.9D + 1.6W

Dead, Live and Earthquake (E) 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E

0.9D + 1.0E

In Thailand, we still use: U = 1.4D + 1.7L

Strength Reduction Factors φ in the Strength Design Method

Tension-controlled sections 0.90

Compression-controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.70
Other reinforced members 0.65

Shear and torsion 0.75

Bearing on concrete 0.65
Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85
Struts, ties, nodal zones and shearing areas 0.75
Behavior of Concrete Beam under increasing load

Before crack

As

b
εc fc

h d
As εs fs
ε ct fct

After crack

As

Ultimate strain
εc fc ε cu fc
Overload

εs εs fs
fs

Working Stress State Strength Limit State

Nominal Moment Strength ( Mn )
f c’
b
εcu = crushing strain
C = k fc’ bx
x
N.A.
d

As T = As fy ( for εs > εy )
εs

0.85 fc’
Equivalent Stress Distribution
(Whitney stress block)

a/2 [ΣFx = 0] C = T
a = β1x C = 0.85 fc’ a b

0.85 fc’ a b = As fy
d – a/2
As fy ρ fy d
a = =
0.85 fc′ b 0.85 fc′
T = As f y

Equivalent Stress Distribution

(Whitney stress block)
0.85 fc’
 ρ fy d 
M n = T (d − a / 2) = As fy  d − 
a/2  2(0.85) fc′ 
a = β1x C = 0.85 fc’ a b

 ρ fy 
d – a/2 M n = ρ fy bd 2  1 − 
 1.7fc′ 
T = As f y

Flexural resistance factor Rn : M n = Rn b d 2

 ρ fy 
Rn = ρ fy  1 − 
 1.7 fc′ 

fy  1 
Modular ratio: m = Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m 
0.85 fc′  2 
 for fc’ ≤ 280 ksc, β1 = 0.85
 fc′ − 280 
for fc’ > 280 ksc, β1 = 0.85 − 0.05   ≥ 0.65
 70 
β1
0.85 fc′ β1
0.65 210 0.85
240 0.85
280 0.85
0 fc′ 320 0.82
280 560
350 0.80
Reinforcement Ratio ρ :

 1 
From Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m  m fy ρ 2 − 2 fy ρ + 2 Rn = 0
 2 

1 2 m Rn 
ρ = 1− 1− 
m  fy 

Balance Steel Ratio ( ρb )


ก  ก 
กก  !ก
εcu = 0.003

C = 0.85 fc′ a b
Concrete crushing
c
d d

Steel yielding
T = As f y
ε s = ε y = f y / Es

c εcu  εcu 
= c=
 ε + ε 
From strain condition, d
d εcu + ε y  cu y

From force equilibrium, [ΣFx = 0] C=T

0.85 fc′ ab = A s fy 0.85 fc′ β1 c b = ρ fy b d

0.85 fc′  εcu 

ρb = β1 
Balance Steel Ratio:
fy  ε + ε 
 cu y

" εcu = 0.003   εy = fy / 2.04×106

0.85 fc′  6,120 

ρb = β1 
fy  6,120 + f 
 y 


ก  #$%&

ก ρ = As/bd
ρ = ρb ρ > ρb ρ < ρb
εcu εcu εcu

εy εs < εy εs > εy



กก 
ก
balance condition Over RC Under RC
$'" ก$%&

ก (Under RC)
30 cm
fc′ = 240 ksc 0.85 × 240  6,120 
ρb = × 0.85 ×  
4,000  6,120 + 4,000 
50 cm

β1 = 0.85
= 0.0262
fy = 4,000 ksc
2DB25
As = 2×4.91 = 9.82 cm2

As 9.82
ρ= = = 0.0073 ρ < ρb Under RC
b d 30 × 45
ρ < ρb
εcu
Steel Yield : fs = fy

C=T 0.85 fc′ β1 c b = A s fy

εs > εy
0.85×240×0.85×c×30 = 9.82×4,000

ก
c = 7.55 cm
Under RC

εcu = 0.003 εs d−c

Strain Condition: =
εcu c
c
εs = (45 – 7.55) / 7.55 × 0.003 = 0.0149
d
εy = fy / Es = 4,000 / 2.04e6 = 0.00196

εs > ε y Steel Yield : fs = fy Under RC

εs = ?

ACI 318-08 Section 10.5 : Minimum reinforcement of flexural members

10.5.1 – At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is

required, As provided shall not be less than that given by

0.8 fc′
A s, min = bd
fy

and not less than 14 b d / fy To prevent concrete first crack

$'" ก$%&

ก (Over RC)
30 cm
fc′ = 240 ksc 0.85 × 240  6,120 
ρb = × 0.85 ×  
4,000  6,120 + 4,000 
50 cm

β1 = 0.85
= 0.0262
8DB25 fy = 4,000 ksc

As = 8×4.91 = 39.28 cm2

39.28 ρ > ρb
ρ= = 0.0312 Over RC
ρ > ρb 30 × 42
εcu
Steel NOT Yield : fs < fy

C=T 0.85 fc′ β1 c b = A s fs

εs < ε y
0.85×240×0.85×c×30 = 39.28 fs 1

กก
Over RC 2 unknowns: c and fs ?

εcu = 0.003 εs d−c

Strain Condition: =
εcu c

c fs d−c
d εs = =   εcu
Es  c 

 42 − c 
fs = 6,120   1
 c 
εs = fs/Es
 42 − c 
5,202 c = 39.28 × 6,120  
 c 

5,202 c2 + 240,393.6 c – 10,096,531.2 = 0

MATLAB:
>> roots([5202 240393.6 -10096531.2])
c = 26.6 cm
a ns =
fs = 3,543 ksc fs < f y
-72.8530
26.6412 Steel NOT Yield Over RC
 ACI 318-08: Section 10.3 – General principles and requirements

10.3.5 – For flexural members, a net tensile strain εt in extreme tension

steel shall not be less than 0.004.

ACI Code before 2002, ρmax = 0.75 ρb

For conservative design, we may use

ρ = 0.5 ρmax = 0.375 ρb

From
If we use ρmax Rn,max Mn,max
2
Mn = Rn b d
where Mn,max is the maximum moment
 ρ fy 
Rn = ρ fy  1 −  capacity of the section
 1.7 fc′ 

 ก.5


ก "
*+ 
 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2

f’c ρmin ρb ρmax m Rn,max

(ksc) (ksc)
180 0.0035 0.0197 0.0147 26.1 47.62
210 0.0035 0.0229 0.0172 22.4 55.55
240 0.0035 0.0262 0.0197 19.6 63.49
280 0.0035 0.0306 0.0229 16.8 74.07
320 0.0035 0.0338 0.0253 14.7 82.46
350 0.0035 0.0360 0.0270 13.4 88.36
 Strength Curve (Rn vs. ρ) for SD40 Reinforcement

Coefficient of resistance Rn (kg/cm2) 80

70
f’c = 280 ksc
60 f’c = 240 ksc
50 f’c = 210 ksc
40 f’c = 180 ksc

30

20

10
Upper limit at 0.75ρb
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Reinforcement ratio ρ = As /bd


กก Required moment from load = Mu

Mu Mu
Design Moment Strength = Mn = = Rn b d2 Rn =
φ φ b d2
 1  fy
From Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m  where m =
 2  0.85 fc′

() m fy ρ2 − 2 fy ρ + 2Rn = 0 กกก



2 fy ± 4 fy2 − 8mRn fy 1 2mRn 

ρ = = 1 ± 1 − 
2m fy m  fy 

ก ρb  !ก"! 1/m ($ก$%) '

1 2mRn 
ρ = 1 − 1 − 
m  fy 
,-กก&& ก
ก
STEP 1 
ก

ก*(+,-!" ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax

ρ min = 14 / f y ρ max = 0.75 ρb

0.85 f c′  6,120 
ρb = β1  
fy  6,120 + f y 
0.85 ; f c′ ≤ 280 ksc

  f ′ − 280 
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05  c  ; 280 < f c′ ≤ 560 ksc
  70 
0.65 ; f c′ > 560 ksc

Conservative design select ρ = 0.5ρmax = 0.375 ρb

STEP 2 
ก. *%ก b d2
Mn Mu
ก Mn = Rn b d2 b d2 = =
Rn φ Rn

 1  fy
Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m   m =
 2  0.85 fc′

STEP 3 
ก d ก "
/ก h *(0
ก

12ก!%"

ก b ≈ d/2
oneway
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slab

BEAM L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

ก
ก.% (,-
.% . -! 30x50 .
 STEP 4

  ! ρ %.%*
ก (b, d)
Mn Mu
ก Mn = Rn b d2 Rn = =
b d2 φ b d2

1 2mRn 

fy
ρ = 1 − 1 −  m =
m  fy 
 0.85 fc′

STEP 5 %"

ก"!$!,-!" ρmin < ρ < ρmax )! ?
4 ρ < ρmin ,,- ρ = ρmin
4 ρ > ρmax ,0.% 
" ",!
STEP 6 "0'*
ก As = ρbd 
"
ก.
("
ก
 ρ fy  M
STEP 7 %"ก
% Mn = ρ fy b d2  1 −  ≥ u
 1.7 fc′  φ
A s fy  a Mu
 a = Mn = A s fy  d −  ≥
0.85 fc′ b  2 φ

 ก.4  ก (.)

 ก  
 
ก

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
DB12 16.9 20.6 24.3 28.0 31.7 35.4 39.1 3.7
DB16 17.3 21.4 25.5 29.6 33.7 37.8 41.9 4.1
DB20 17.7 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.7 40.2 44.7 4.5
DB25 18.2 23.2 28.2 33.2 38.2 43.2 48.2 5.0
DB28 18.8 24.4 30.0 35.6 41.2 46.8 52.4 5.6

AB C D
A = 4 . ( ก9" ก%4/
ก

ก
B = 9 . 
ก

ก
C = 1.9 .
D = -!"!("!
ก = db  2.5 .
Example 2.5 Design B1 in the floor plan shown below.
8.00
Slab thickness = 12 cm
2.00 LL = 300 kg/m2
B1
f c′ = 280 kg/cm2
B2
4.00
Steel: SD40
Slab DL = 0.12(2,400) = 288 kg/m2
5.00 3.00 Ultimate load = 1.4(288) + 1.7(300) = 913.2 kg/m2

 
Load on B2 = 913.2(4) + 913.2(3)  3 − 0.75
2

 = 2,331 kg/m
3 3  2 
B2 weight (assume section 30 × 50 cm) = 1.4(0.3)(0.5)(2,400) = 504 kg/m

Reaction at B2’s ends = wL/2 = (2,331+504)(4)/2 = 5,670 kg

Load on B1: 5,670 kg

1,437 kg/m 913.2

913.2 kg/m
B1

B2:5,670 kg

5,670 kg

2,350 kg/m 1,826 kg/m

5.00 m 3.00 m

B1 weight: simply support min. depth = 800/16 = 50 cm

Try section 30 × 60 cm, wu = 1.4(0.3)(0.6)(2400) = 605 kg/m

Max. moment on B1:

1,826 + 605 = 2,431 kg/m Mmax = 2,431(8.0)2/8

8.00 = 19,448 kg-m

2,350-1,826=524 kg/m
524(5)(5 / 2)
R1 = = 819 kg
8
5.00 3.00 M max = 819(3) = 2, 456 kg-m
R1

5,670 kg 5, 670(5.0)(3.0)
M max =
8
5.00 3.00 = 10, 631 kg-m

Mu = 19,448 + 2,456 + 10,631 = 32,535 kg-m

USE DB20: d = 60 - 4 - 2.0/2 - 0.9 = 54 cm

ρmin = 14/fy = 14/4,000 = 0.0035

0.85(280)  6120 
ρb = (0.85)   = 0.0306
4, 000  6120 + 4000 

ρmax= 0.75ρb = 0.75(0.0306) = 0.0230

fy 4, 000
m= = = 16.81
0.85 f c′ 0.85(280)

Mu 32,535(100)
Rn = = = 41.32
φ bd 2 0.9(30)(54)2
 1 2 m Rn 
Required ρ = 1 − 1 − 
m  fy 


1  2 (16.81) (41.32) 
= 1 − 1 − 
16.81  (4, 000) 
= 0.0114

ρmin = 0.0035 < ρ = 0.0114 < ρmax = 0.0230 OK

As = ρbd = 0.0114(30)(54) = 18.51 cm2

USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2) 0.60

BUT 6DB20 need bmin = 35.7 cm NG 6DB20

0.30

Home work: redesign section