Reinforced Concrete Design

Bending in Beam 2

Working Stress Design (WSD)

Practical Design of RC Beam

Analysis of RC Beam

Double Reinforcement

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WSD of Beam for Moment

Assumptions:
1) Section remains plane
2) Stress proportioned to Strain
3) Concrete not take tension
4) No concrete-steel slip

Modular ratio (n):

Es 2.04 × 106 134

n= = ≈
Ec 15,100 f c′ f c′
Effective Depth (d) : Distance from compression face to centroid of steel

Cracked transformed section

strain condition force equilibrium

compression face εc f c = Ecε c
C
kd
d N.A.
jd

εs T = As f s
b f s = Es ε s

f c = Ecε c
1
Compression in concrete: C = f c b kd kd
C
2
N.A.
jd
Tension in steel: T = As f s
T = As f s
f s = Es ε s
Equilibrium ΣFx= 0 :
Compression = Tension
1
f c b kd = As f s
2
Reinforcement ratio: ρ = As / bd
fc 2 ρ
= 1
fs k
Strain compatibility:
εc εc kd k
= =
ε s d − kd 1 − k
kd
d f c / Ec k
=
f s / Es 1 − k

fc k
εs n = 2
fs 1 − k

k = 2n ρ + ( n ρ ) − n ρ
2
Analysis: know ρ find k 1 2

n fc 1
Design: know fc , fs find k 2 k= =
n fc + fs 1 + fs
n fc

Allowable Stresses
Plain concrete: Steel:
f c = 0.33 f c′ ≤ 60 kg/cm 2 SR24: fs = 0.5(2,400) = 1,200 ksc

Reinforced concrete: SD30: fs = 0.5(3,000) = 1,500 ksc

f c = 0.375 f c′ ≤ 65 kg/cm 2 SD40, SD50: fs = 1,700 ksc

Example : f c′ = 150 ksc , fs = 1,500 ksc

134
n= = 10.94 ⇒ 11 (nearest integer)
150
f c = 0.375(150) = 56 ksc

1
k= = 0.291
1,500
1+
11(56)
 Resisting Moment
kd/3 Moment arm distance : j d
1 kd
C= fc k b d jd = d −
M 2 3
jd
k
j = 1−
T = As fs 3

Steel: M = T × jd = As f s jd
1
Concrete: M = C × jd = fc k j b d 2 = R b d 2
2
1
R= fc k j
2

Design Step: known M, fc, fs, n

1) Compute parameters
1 1
k= j = 1− k / 3 R= fc k j
1 + f s n fc 2

R (kg/cm2)
fc
n
(kg/cm2) fs=1,200 fs=1,500 fs=1,700
(kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
45 12 6.260 5.430 4.988
50 12 7.407 6.463 5.955
55 11 8.188 7.147 6.587
60 11 9.386 8.233 7.608
65 10 10.082 8.835 8.161
Design Parameter k and j

fs=1,200 fs=1,500 fs=1,700

fc (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
n
(kg/cm2)
k j k j k j
45 12 0.310 0.897 0.265 0.912 0.241 0.920
50 12 0.333 0.889 0.286 0.905 0.261 0.913
55 11 0.335 0.888 0.287 0.904 0.262 0.913
60 11 0.355 0.882 0.306 0.898 0.280 0.907
65 10 0.351 0.883 0.302 0.899 0.277 0.908

1) For greater fs , k becomes smaller → smaller compression area

2) j ≈ 0.9 → moment arm j d ≈ 0.9d can be used in approximation
design.

2) Determine size of section bd2

Such that resisting moment of concrete Mc = R b d 2 ≥ Required M

Usually b ≈ d / 2 : b = 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, . . .

d = 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, . . .

3) Determine steel area

M
From M = As f s jd → As =
fs j d

4) Select steel bars and Detailing


 ก.1   
ก
   , .2

Number of Bars
Bar Dia.
1 2 3 4 5 6
RB6 0.283 0.565 0.848 1.13 1.41 1.70
RB9 0.636 1.27 1.91 2.54 3.18 3.82
DB10 0.785 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71
DB12 1.13 2.26 3.53 4.52 5.65 6.79
DB16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06
DB20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85
DB25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45

 ก.3 !"ก #$%!

& ACI

Simple One-end Both-ends

Member Cantilever
supported continuous continuous

One-way slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10

Beam L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

L = span length

For steel with fy not equal 4,000 kg/cm2 multiply with 0.4 + fy/7,000
Example 3.2: Working Stress Design of Beam

w = 4 t/m Concrete: fc = 65 kg/cm2

Steel: fs = 1,700 kg/cm2

5.0 m From table: n = 10, R = 8.161 kg/cm2

Required moment strength M = (4) (5)2 / 8 = 12.5 t-m

Recommended depth for simple supported beam:

d = L/16 = 500/16 = 31.25 cm

USE section 30 x 50 cm with steel bar DB20

d = 50 - 4(covering) - 2.0/2(bar) = 45 cm

Moment strength of concrete:

Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (30) (45)2

= 495,781 kg-cm

= 4.96 t-m < 12.5 t-m NG

TRY section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm

Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (40) (75)2

= 1,836,225 kg-cm

= 18.36 t-m > 12.5 t-m OK

M 12 . 5 × 10 5
Steel area: As = = = 10 . 8 cm 2
f s jd 1,700 × 0 . 908 × 75

Select steel bar 4DB20 (As = 12.57 cm2)

Alternative Solution:

From Mc = R b d2 = required moment M

M M
bd 2
= ⇒ d =
R Rb

For example M = 12.5 t-m, R = 8.161 ksc, b = 40 cm

12 . 5 × 10 5
d = = 61 . 88 cm
8 . 161 × 40

USE section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm

Revised Design due to Self Weight

From selected section 40 x 80 cm

Beam weight wbm = 0.4 × 0.8 × 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m

Required moment M = (4 + 0.768) (5)2 / 8 = 14.90 < 18.36 t-m OK

Revised Design due to Support width

Column width 30 cm
30 cm 30 cm Required moment:

M = (4.768) (4.7)2 / 8

= 13.17 t-m

4.7 m clear span

5.0 m span
Practical Design of RC Beam
B1 30x60 Mc = 8.02 t-m, Vc = 6.29 t.
fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,500 ksc, n = 10
Load
w = 2.30 t/m
dl 0.43
k = 0.302, j = 0.899, R = 8.835 ksc
wall 0.63
slab 1.24
b = 30 cm, d = 60 - 5 = 55 cm
5.00 w 2.30
Mc = 8.835(30)(55)2/105 = 8.02 t-m
M± = (1/9)(2.3)(5.0)2 = 6.39 t-m
Vc = 0.29(173)1/2(30)(55)/103
As± = 8.62 cm2 (2DB25)
= 6.29 t
V = 5.75 t (RB9@0.20 St.)
As± = 6.39×105/(1,500×0.899×55)
= 8.62 cm2

B2 40x80 Mc = 19.88 t-m, Vc = 11.44 t.

w = 2.64 t/m w = 2.64 t/m

8.00 5.00
8.54 9.83
SFD 12.58 3.37
+13.81 +2.15
BMD -16.17
13.65 15.99 2.13
As 3DB25 4DB25 2DB25
GRASP Version 1.02
B11-B12

Membe
Mz.i [T-m] Mz.pos [T-m] Mz.j [T-m] Fy.i [Ton] Fy.j [Ton]
r
1 0 39.03 -53.42 33.04 -50.84
2 -53.42 17.36 -37.97 44.52 -39.36
3 -37.97 20.75 -46.35 40.54 -43.34
4 -46.35 25.88 -28.26 44.96 -38.92
5 -28.26 6.59 -92.25 31.27 -52.61
6 -92.25 81.47 0.00 69.70 -47.73

Analysis of RC Beam

Given: Section As , b, d Materials fc , fs

Find: Mallow = Moment capacity of section

STEP 1 : Locate Neutral Axis (kd) εc

kd
k = 2ρ n + ( ρ n ) − ρ n
2
d

j = 1− k / 3
εs
As
where ρ = = Reinforcement ratio
bd
Es 2.04 × 106 134
n= = ≈
Ec 15,100 fc′ fc′
 STEP 2 : Compute Resisting Moment

1
Concrete: Mc = fc k j b d 2

2
Steel: M s = As f s j d

If Mc > Ms , Under reinforcement Mallow = Ms

If Mc < Ms , Over reinforcement Mallow = Mc

Under reinforcement is preferable because steel is weaker

than concrete. The RC beam would fail in ductile mode.

From Example 3.2: Analysis for Bending Strength of Beam Section

Design Section
w = 4 t/m Concrete: fc = 65 kg/cm2
80 cm

Steel: fs = 1,700 kg/cm2

5.0 m 4DB20
(As = 12.57 cm2)
40 cm
Required moment, M = (4.768) (4.7)2 / 8 = 13.17 t-m

Effective depth, d = 80 – 2.5(cover) – 2.0/2 = 76.5 cm

Reinforcement ratio, ρ = As/bd = 12.57/(40×76.5) = 0.00411 ρn = 0.0411

k = 2ρ n + ( ρ n )2 − ρ n = 2 × 0.0411 + (0.0411)2 − 0.0411

k = 0.249 j = 1 – 0.249/3 = 0.917

1 1
Mc = fc k j b d 2 = × 65 × 0.249 × 0.917 × 40 × 76.52 / 105 = 17.37 t-m
2 2
Ms = As fs j d = 12.57 × 1, 700 × 0.917 × 76.5 / 105 = 14.99 t-m CONTROL
Double Reinforcement (Double RC)

- Increase steel area

- Enlarge section
When Mreq’d > Mallow
- Double RC
only when no choice

A’s εc T’ = A’s f’s

d’ ε’s 1
M C = 2 fc k b d

As As1 fs
T = As fs
εs As2 fs

 
  ก ก
T’ = A’s f’s
1 T’ = A’s f’s
C=
1
f kbd C = 2 fckbd
2 c

jd d-d’

T = As fs T1 = As1 fs T2 = As2 fs
1 M2 = M − Mc
Moment strength M1 = M c = f c kjbd 2
2
M = M1 + M2 = As 2 f s (d − d ′)
= As1 f s jd
= As′ f s′(d − d ′)
Mc M − Mc
Steel area As = As1 = + As 2 =
f s jd f s ( d − d ′)
Compatibility Condition
d’ εc
εs d − kd
=
kd ε’s ′
εs kd − d ′
d From Hook’s law: εs = Es fs, ε’s = Es f’s

Es f s f d − kd
= s =
Es f s′ f s′ kd − d ′
εs
k − d′ d
f s′ = f s
1− k

... ก
  k − d′ d
f s′ = 2 f s
1− k

 ก ( A’s )

T’ = A’s f’s Force equilibrium [ ΣFx=0 ]
T’ = T2
d-d’
A’s f’s = As2 fs

T2 = As2 fs k − d′ d
Substitute f s′ = 2 f s
1− k

1 1− k
As′ = As 2
2 k − d′ d
 ก  ( k ) Compression = Tension

d’
εc Cc + Cs′ = T
1
f c b kd + As′ f s′ = As f s
kd ε’s 2
d k − d′ d A′
Substitute f s′ = 2 f s , ρ′ = s
1− k bd

1− k A
εs fs = n fc , ρ= s
k bd

 d′ 
2n  ρ + 2 ρ ′  + n 2 ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ ) − n ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ )
2
k =
 d

Example 3.4 Design 40x80 cm beam using double RC

w = 6 t/m fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,700 ksc,

n = 10, d = 75 cm
5.0 m k = 0.277, j = 0.908, R = 8.161 ksc

Beam weight wbm = 0.4 × 0.8 × 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m

Required M = (6.768) (5)2 / 8 = 21.15 t-m

Mc = Rbd2 = 8.161(40)(75)2/105 = 18.36 t-m < req’d M Double RC

Mc 18.36 × 105
As1 = = = 15.86 cm 2
f s jd 1, 700 × 0.908 × 75

M − Mc (21.15 − 18.36) ×105

As 2 = = = 2.34 cm 2
f s ( d − d ′) 1, 700 × (75 − 5)
 Tension steel As = As1 + As2 = 15.86 + 2.34 = 18.20 cm2

USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)

Compression steel
1 1− k 1 1 − 0.277
As′ = As 2 = × 2.34 × = 4.02 cm 2
2 k − d′ d 2 0.277 − 5 / 75
USE 2DB20 (As = 6.28 cm2)

2DB20
0.80 m

6DB20

0.40 m

Double RC : Analysis for Bending Strength of Beam Section

Design Section
Concrete: fc = 65 ksc
w = 6 t/m 2DB20
(A’s = 6.28 cm2) Steel: fs = 1,700 ksc
80 cm

n = 10
5.0 m 6DB20
(As = 18.85 cm2)
40 cm
Required moment, M = (6.768) (4.7)2 / 8 = 18.69 t-m

Effective depth, d = 80 – 2.5(cover) – 2.0/2 = 76.5 cm d ′ = 2.5 + 2.0 / 2 = 3.5 cm

Reinforcement ratio, ρ = As/bd = 12.57/(40×76.5) = 0.00411

ρ ′ = As′ / bd = 6.28 / ( 40 × 76.5 ) = 0.00205

 d′ 
2n  ρ + 2 ρ ′  + n 2 ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ ) − n ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ )
2
k =
 d
k = 0.222 j = 1 – 0.222/3 = 0.926
Strain compatibility:
d′ εc
εc kd k f c / Ec k fc k
ε s′ = = → = → n =
ε s d − kd 1 − k f s / Es 1 − k fs 1− k
kd
Assume fc = 65 ksc:
d
fs = nfc (1 − k ) / k = 10 × 65 (1 – 0.222 ) / 0.222

= 2,278 ksc > 1,700 ksc NG

εs Use fs = 1,700 ksc:

fc = fs k / n (1 − k ) = 1,700 × 0.222 / (10 × (1 – 0.222))

= 48.5 ksc < 65 ksc OK

fs′ = 2 fs (k − d ′ / d ) / (1 − k )

= 2 × 1,700 (0.222 – 3.5/76.5) / (1 – 0.222)

= 770 ksc < 1,700 ksc OK

Moment Strength: M = M1 + M2

1 1
M1 = Mc = fc k j b d 2 = × 48.5 × 0.222 × 0.926 × 40 × 76.52 / 105
2 2
= 11.67 t-m

M2 = As′ fs′ (d − d ′) = 6.28 × 770(76.5 − 3.5) /105 = 3.53 t-m

M = 11.67 + 3.53 = 15.2 t-m < [ Mreq’d = 18.69 t-m ] NG

REVISE DESIGN ???