Lecture 5 PDF

Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
Lecture 5
Fluid in Motion &
Bernoulli Equation
Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli

Equation
Chapter Summary
n Introduction
n Euler Equation
n Bernoulli Equation
n Applications of Bernoulli Equation
n Limitations of Bernoulli Equation
n Real fluid effects - Separations and Its
Effect on Pressure Variation
5.1. Introduction
n Fluid motions are govern by 3 conservation
laws - mass, momentum and energy
conservation
n Fluid motion leads to pressure variations.
n Importance of knowing pressure variations
– Force Structure Interaction
– Hydraulic Turbomachines – Cavitation
– Aerodynamic – Lift and Drag
– Medical – Blood Pressure
– Meteorological – Cyclonic Storms
5.2. Euler Equation

n Consider application of NSL on a fluid element
n Note that if acceleration is zero.

The equation is reduced back to
hydrostatic equation
5.2. Euler Equation
n Euler Equation of Motion

5.3. Bernoulli Equation

n Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline : -
at
an
– Applying Euler Equation along a pathline : -
– Tangential component of acceleration is given by : -
– For steady and incompressible flow


n Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline : -
– Moving terms to one side : -
– Integrating along a streamline : -

Daniel Bernoulli
– This is the BE which states that the sum of piezometric

pressure and kinetic pressure is constant along a
streamline for steady flow of an incompressible fluid
P1, z1, V1 P2, z2, V2


n Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow : -
– For irrotational flow, BE is also applicable normal to the
streamline
– Thus BE is applicable anywhere in the irrotational flow.
– Example 3 : P2, z2, V2 , A2
P1, z1, V1 , A1
5.4. Applications of BE
n Stagnation Tube : -
– Applying BE from 1-2 :
– Or :
– Using Hydrostatic Eqn :
– Hence :
n Pitot Tube : -
– P1 measure the stagnation pressure
– P2 measure the static pressure
n Pitot Tube : -
– Applying BE from 1-2 :
– V1 = 0, z1 ~ z2. Solving for V2 gives :
– If manometer is connected to both taps

– and assuming rm >> rf :
– Where h1 & h2 are height of the manometer columns

n Pitot Tube is commonly used to measure speed
n Pitot Tube (Example 4)
A flow metering device consists
of a stagnation probe at station
2 and a static pressure tap at
station 1. A2=0.5A1. Air with a
density of 1.2 kg/m3 flows
through the duct. A water
manometer is connected
between the stagnation probe
and the pressure tap, and a
deflection of 10 cm is
measured. What is the velocity
at station 2.
n Velocity of fluid exiting from a large tank
– Apply BE A-B along the
streamline A
- PA = PB = Patm
- VA = 0
- zA-zB = h B
- Hence : -
n Pressure variation in a tornado
1 3
n Pressure difference between the centre and outside part of

the vortex gives rise to secondary flow radially inward
n Pressure variation near curved boundaries
n Applying BE along a streamtube (assuming irrotational) :

n Pressure variation near curved boundaries : -
n If hydrostatic effect is negligible (e.g. gas) :
n Combining with MCE and defining ‘Pressure Coefficient’, Cp :
n If ‘n’ is the streamline spacing :

n Pressure variation near curved boundaries : -
n Variation of Cp within the transition :
n Pressure variation around a circular cylinder : -
n Assuming ideal/inviscid/irrotational flow :
n Pressure variation around a circular cylinder : -
n Assuming ideal/inviscid/irrotational flow :
n Pressure variation around a circular cylinder.
n Example 5 :
The pressure coefficient
distribution on a cylinder in a
cross flow is given by
Where q is the angular

displacement from the forward with a density of 1.2 kg/m3
stagnation point. Assume that 2 and a velocity of 50 m/s in the
pressure taps are located at +- direction as shown in the figure.
30o as shown and connected to What will be the deflection on
a water manometer. The the manometer, in cm ?
cylinder is immersed in air
5.5. Limitations of Bernoulli Equation

n Incompressible flow
n Steady flow
n Irrotational flow
n Inviscid fluid
n No heat transfer
n No work transfer
5.6. Real Fluid Effects -Separation

and Its Effect on Pressure Variation
n In real fluid, the fluid at the boundary will have zero velocity.
n This is called ‘no-slip condition’
n ‘Boundary layer’ will be developed very close to the body
Separation point
n If the main stream is accelerating (pressure decreasing or
negative pressure gradient), boundary layer will remain thin
n If the main stream is deccelerating (pressure increasing or
adverse pressure gradient), boundary layer will separate

n Hence on the front part streamlines are similar to ideal
n However downstream, separation occurs
n Separation starts to occur at

Reynolds Number of 50.

n Flow past a square rod, a disk and through sharp edge
orifice
n Separation occurs at boundary discontinuity

n Effect of Separations on Pressure Distribution
n Pressure remains almost constant within the separation zone
n This causes force imbalance towards the right (drag)
End of Lecture 5

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Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation

Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli

5.2. Euler Equation

n Note that if acceleration is zero.

5.2. Euler Equation

n Euler Equation of Motion

5.3. Bernoulli Equation

– Tangential component of acceleration is given by : -

– For steady and incompressible flow

5.3. Bernoulli Equation

– Integrating along a streamline : -

– This is the BE which states that the sum of piezometric

P1, z1, V1 P2, z2, V2

5.3. Bernoulli Equation

– Example 3 : P2, z2, V2 , A2

– Using Hydrostatic Eqn :

– V1 = 0, z1 ~ z2. Solving for V2 gives :

– If manometer is connected to both taps

– Where h1 & h2 are height of the manometer columns

n Pressure difference between the centre and outside part of

n Applying BE along a streamtube (assuming irrotational) :

n Combining with MCE and defining ‘Pressure Coefficient’, Cp :

n If ‘n’ is the streamline spacing :

Where q is the angular

5.5. Limitations of Bernoulli Equation

5.6. Real Fluid Effects -Separation

5.6. Real Fluid Effects -Separation

n Separation starts to occur at

5.6. Real Fluid Effects -Separation

5.6. Real Fluid Effects -Separation

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