Bab 123

DE GRUYTER International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems.
2018; 20180008
Sabha Raj Arya1 / Rakesh Maurya1 / Ashutosh K Giri1
Enhancement of Power Quality in Wind Based

Distributed Generation System Using Adaptive
Vectorial Filter
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395007, India, E-mail:
sabharaj1@gmail.com, rmaurya@eed.svnit.ac.in, ashu_ee2002@rediffmail.com
Abstract:
Voltage and frequency fluctuation under variable load or variable wind speed is the key issue to solve in dis-
tributed generation based on wind power. Further, harmonic and zero sequence current flow through the gen-
erator windings due to connection of nonlinear load deteriorate the power quality of the supply. In this paper
a control algorithm known as adaptive vectorial filter (AVF) is developed for the solution of the aforesaid prob-
lems. This method lies in the category of frequency lock loop (FLL) rather than phase locked loop (PLL) and
having no PI coefficient in the loop filter. Therefore it is easy to tune for that frequency component which is
desired at output. The frequency locked loop extracts the frequency of the source voltage which is less affected
by sudden changes in the system. Hence it is more suitable than the PLL based techniques in wind based
distributed power generation system. The entire system is tested under different operating conditions using
field-programmable gate array based controller with MATLAB interface in real time. The dynamic response
and steady state response shown by it is found satisfactory.
Keywords: battery, distortion, frequency locked loop, load balancing, PLL, zero sequence current
DOI: 10.1515/ijeeps-2018-0008
Received: January 5, 2018; Revised: May 4, 2018; Accepted: June 30, 2018
1 Introduction
Distributed power generation takes the burden of grid up to the certain extent by supplying the power in the
isolated mode of operation [1]. Wind, solar, biomass and tidal etc are the natural resources of distributed gener-
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ation. The wind energy has a lot of potential to meet the power challenges in the current scenario of the world.
The availability of advance technology in this sector has made it cheap and viable option among all renewable
energy sources [2]. The induction generators have gained the popularity for wind energy conversion due to
its less cost and maintenance as well as robust construction. The problems related with operational control are
eliminated with the development of custom power devices [3]. Voltage source converter (VSC) is a popular
custom power device which is used in the wind based distributed power generation system for power qual-
ity improvement as well as for mitigation of voltage and frequency fluctuations due to load or wind variation
[4].The effective utilisation of VSC is dependent on the pattern of gate pulses generated from the control al-
gorithms [5]. Therefore the selection of proper control approach is playing a lead role to maintain the power
quality and to put the checks and balances for voltage and frequency problems. If control method is not suit-
able to the particular system either it fails due to its poor dynamics or become unstable during transients [4–6].
The various standalone systems based on mini hydro and wind along with active power filter working as a
compensating device are available in literature [7–10]. In [8], the application of zig-zag transformer along with
active filters in distributed generation system for power quality improvement is proposed. Zero sequence cur-
rent due to unbalance load is compensated by the zig-zag transformer connected at the load end. In [9] wind
energy based distributed power generation had been taken in isolated mode of operation. The main problem
in [7–9] is the control method used in it. Mostly used control methods are either transformation based or PLL
based which fails under variable frequency conditions. The ample amount of information on different control
algorithms are reported in the literature [10–21]. The major duties of these control mechanisms are to offer syn-
chronization with the source voltage. Numerous techniques can be used to synchronize the VSC with the PCC
voltage. Generally the phase-locked loop (PLL) technology is the most conventional [10, 11]. This technique
is based on synchronous reference frame (SRF-PLL) thanks to Clarke and park transformation and has been
Sabha Raj Arya is the corresponding author.

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Arya et al. DE GRUYTER
widely used in single as well as three-phase systems [10]. The foremost weakness of SRF-PLLs is that their dy-
namic performance becomes very poor. This makes SRF-PLLs incompatible for the VSC working in the wind
energy based distributed power generation. The variants of SRF-PLL such as two SRFs based on decoupling
networks to split the effects of the positive and negative-sequence voltage components have been proposed [11,
12].The other variant like three units of single-phase PLLs are combined with a positive-sequence calculator
without using any SRF have been proposed [11]. All types of SRF-PLL based control are dependent on phase
angle. Whenever phase angle jumps occur their dynamics suffers and hence authors have decided to explore
other control algorithms that consist of frequency-locking loop (FLL) concept for synchronization. The key ben-
efit of the FLL approach [12] is that it extracts the frequency of the source voltage, which is a given to the filter
as reference frequency. Thus, it is more suitable than the PLL algorithms based on phase angle estimation. A
second order generalised integrator (SOGI) for synchronising single phase and multiple SOGI for three phase
system based on FLL have been proposed in [13]. The online accurate frequency estimation based on real time
is the major advantage of this control but at the same time when amplitude of the source signal varies its accu-
racy suffers. For addressing such kind of estimation parallel adaptive notch filters (ANFs) has been presented
in literature [14]. A single-phase adaptive notch filter was presented in and its subsequent version amplitude
adaptive notch filter for three-phase systems was available in [15–17]. The main problems with these kind of
filters are their complex structure and therefore not easy to implement on real time hardware. In [18] four wire
system, three techniques namely simple peak detection method (SPDM), active reactive power (PQ) theory and
control based on SRF frame theory are compared and studied. In [19, 20] a novel synchronization technique
for estimating fundamental frequency component of load current in three-phase four wire system is presented.
This is known as AVF-FLL because it is based on the use of adaptive nature vectorial filters (AVFs) which works
according to the output of frequency adaptation loop. In [21], different topology of power converters are dis-
cussed used as active filter in grid connected system. The popular topology are the isolated and non-isolated
with or without transformer. Moreover topology related to number of legs of VSC is also presented.
In this paper, AVF-FLL method has been proposed for detecting only fundamental frequency components
from the distorted load current for the estimation of reference source current in three-phase four wire dis-
tributed generation systems thereby improving the power quality. The main difference between other FLL
based methods like SOGI-FLL and ANF with the AVF-FLL is that latter was simple to implement due to ab-
sence of loop gain coefficient (kp ) in the extraction process. The tuning of loop gain is time consuming and its
value affects the steady state error as well as bandwidth of the filter. The proposed method uses a vectorial
property where the α-axis quantity is affecting the filtered β-axis signal and vice versa. Thus, the projected
method lies with a vectorial method, which is dissimilar from preceding approach because the equations are
derived from the vectoral behavior of the input signals giving valuable characteristics for the tuning of the
design coefficient. The key benefit of the AVF-FLL is that these coefficients can be selected to give required
and desired results. Further, it is easy to implement on comparatively economic DSP hardware with less pro-
cessing burden. The limitations of the proposed topology are (a) It operates at near to synchronous speed. For
wide range of wind speed, specially below the rated speed the induction generator will not generate maximum
power without maximum power point tracking mode of turbine.
2 System configuration and problem formulation

The circuit diagram of proposed four wire system is presented in Figure 1.The horizontal axis wind turbine
has been used as a prime-mover for the three phase induction generator. This generator is connected with non
linear load. The non linear load consists of diode- bridge rectifier connected across the R-L load. The voltage
build-up process at no load is supported by the three phase star connected excitation capacitor. These capacitors
also work as high pass filter for switching harmonics. For interfacing the VSC with point of common coupling
(PCC), bank of three inductors one in each phase is connected between VSC and PCC. For providing the load
compensation to the generator - load system, voltage source convertor (VSC) is used as a static shunt compen-
sator. Moreover, it is supported with Battery energy storage system for active and reactive power management.
The voltage source convertor consists of six IGBT arranged in three leg to form one bridge. The star-delta trans-
former is also used along with VSC for neutral current compensation. The rating of equipment used in the
proposed system is provided in Table 1.

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DE GRUYTER Arya et al.
Figure 1: Proposed system configuration.
Table 1: Parameters of three phase SEIG.

Power rating 3.7kW
Rated voltage 230 V L-L
Frequency 50 Hz
No of pole 04
Resistance of the stator 2.93 Ohm
Mutual inductance 0.0267544 H
Resistance of the rotor 0.4816 ohm
Inductance of rotor 0.002016 H
VAR rating of excitation 4 kVAR
Capacitor (Ceg )
The main problem associated with the induction generator in standalone mode of operation is its voltage
and frequency fluctuation under the application of load on it. The operation of generator is governed by the
following two relations:
𝑑𝜔𝑚
𝐽 = 𝑇 𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜔𝑒
𝐻 = 𝑇 𝑒 − 𝑇𝐿 (2)
𝑑𝑡
Where J is moment of inertia of the turbine shaft, H is inertia constant of the generator, ωm is the rotor mechani-
cal angular speed, ωe is the rotor electrical angular speed and Tm , TL , Te are mechanical torque, load torque and
electrical torque respectively. From the above two relations it is clear that the torque equilibrium is required
for constant frequency and voltage operation of the generator. For some instance such as increased wind ve-
locity, if turbine torque (Tm ) is more than generator electromagnetic torque (Te ), the effect is rotor acceleration
which directly increases the frequency of the system and visa-versa. Similarly if disturbance occurs from the
load side like load torque (TL ) more than generator electromagnetic torque creates deceleration and frequency
goes down. The voltage and frequency are directly related in voltage generated equation therefore due to fre-
quency fluctuation voltage fluctuation also starts. Actually load torque is not under the direct control of utility
and moreover its nature is variable. Therefore without any custom power device it is impossible to maintain
constant voltage and frequency operation of the generator and its performance is deteriorated. More- over the
connections of non linear load is adding more problem such load unbalance and generation of harmonics in
the supply current which is not desired from the supply side. Data related to implementation of DSTATCOM
in Proposed is given in Appendix.

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3 Control algorithm
Adaptation of frequency can be achieved without any PI coefficient therefore it takes very less time for funda-
mental frequency extraction as compared to SOGI-FLL and SRF-PLL[10], [15] where tuning of the PI gains are
required which is not an easy task and time consuming. Figure 2 shows the complete block diagram of control
algorithm. The dynamics of Adaptive Vectorial Filter [20] is represented by the relation as given below in eq.
(3)
𝑑𝑖𝑓 𝛼𝛽
= 𝜔𝐴𝑖𝑓 𝛼𝛽 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 (𝑖𝐿𝛼𝛽 − 𝑖𝑓 𝛼𝛽 ) (3)
𝑑𝑡
Figure 2: Block diagram of AVF based control for gate pulse generation.
Where[𝑖𝑓 𝛼𝛽 ], [𝑖𝐿𝛼𝛽 ],[𝐴],[𝑘𝑓 ] and [𝜔] are representing the instantaneous values of fundamental current,
transformed load current in the alpha-beta frame, adaptation gain matrix, frequency adaptation gain and esti-
mated frequency respectively.
3.1 Calculation of unit voltage templates and in-phase component of reference current
The amplitude of three phase source voltage (vt ) can be calculated as follows,
2 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣2 )]
𝑣𝑡 = √[0.667(𝑣𝑠𝑎 (4)
𝑠𝑏 𝑠𝑐
Where vsa , vsb and vsc are the instantaneous phase voltages at PCI. The in phase unit voltage templates (upa ,
upb , upc ) are calculated by the ratio of instantaneous phase voltages to magnitude of PCI voltage (vt ). Similarly
quadrature phase unit templates (uqa , uqb , uqc ) can be calculated from the ratio of respective phase voltages to
magnitude of PCI voltage (vt ).
In the beginning of the computation process of fundamental load current, the three phase load current is
converted in the α-β reference frame by the relation in eq. (5) given below.
2 1 −1/2 𝑖
𝑖𝐿𝛼 −1/2 ⎡ 𝐿𝑎 ⎤
( ) = [ ]⎢
⎢ 𝑖𝐿𝑏 ⎥
⎥ (5)
𝑖𝐿𝛽 3 0 √3/2 −√3/2
⎣ 𝑖𝐿𝑐 ⎦
In this process, the difference of load current with extracted fundamental component of load current in vector
form is taken for calculation of the error signal. The multiplication of estimated frequency through frequency

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adaptation loop and vectorial fundamental load current. The frequency estimation in real time from the fre-
quency adaptation loop will be discussed separately in the next subsection.
Further, the magnitude of active and reactive component of the fundamental load current is obtained by
passing the load fundamental component (ifαβ ) through two different zero crossing detector (ZCD) and sample
and hold (S/H) circuit. The quadrature phase unit templates has been applied at the input of first zero crossing
detector (ZCD-1) which generates the edge triggering pulses for first sample and hold (S/H-1) circuit whose
input is α component (ifα ) of fundamental load current vector(ifαβ ). Taking the real value of output generated by
first signal and hold (S/H-1) circuit followed by low pass filter yields the active component of load current (iLfα ).
The cut of frequency for low pass filter has been taken as 30 rad/sec so that it could allow only dc component.
To get the in phase component of the reference source current, the active component of load current (iLfα ) is
added with the output of PI controller (idp ) in the frequency loop. The difference in the frequency is calculated
as follows
𝑓𝑒 (𝑖) = 𝑓 ∗ (𝑖) − 𝑓 (𝑖) (6)
𝑖𝑑𝑝 (𝑖) = 𝑖𝑑𝑝 (𝑖 − 1) + 𝑘𝑑𝑝 {𝑓𝑒 (𝑖) − 𝑓𝑒 (𝑖 − 1)} + 𝑘𝑑𝑖 𝑓 (𝑖) (7)
Where idp (i) represents the current component of power loss, kdp and kdi are the coefficient of the PI controller.
The amplitude of active part of the reference current for source (isp ) is calculated as isp = idp + iLfα and in-phase
component of (isp ) is as per the expression given below,
𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑎 = 𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝑢𝑝𝑎 , 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑏 = 𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝑢𝑝𝑏, 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑐 = 𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝑢𝑝𝑐 (8)
3.2 Computation of reactive component

For the sake of constant voltage at the PCC, reactive component of reference source currents is required. The
magnitude of reactive component of the fundamental load current (isq ) is obtained by the addition of magnitude
of reactive component of load current (iLfβ ) with the output of PI controller (iqq ) working in the voltage control
loop. The reactive component of load current (iLfβ ) is obtained from the path of computation in which in phase
unit template is used at the input of ZCD-2 for edge triggering signal generation of signal and hold (S/H-2)
circuit. For extracting the smooth and ripple free component, low pass filter is used. The error of voltage (vte )
at PCC and at the ith sampling moment is as follows,
𝑣𝑡𝑒 (𝑖) = 𝑣𝑡 ∗ (𝑖) − 𝑣𝑡 (𝑖) (9)
𝑖𝑞𝑞 (𝑖) = 𝑖𝑞𝑞 (𝑖 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑡 {𝑣𝑡𝑒 (𝑖) − 𝑣𝑡𝑒 (𝑖 − 1)} + 𝑘𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑡𝑒 (𝑖) (10)
The reactive component of reference current (isq ) is calculated by isq = iqq –iLfβ and three phase reference current
quadrature component is calculated by multiplication of unit quadrature templates as below.
𝑖∗𝑠𝑞𝑎 = 𝑖𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑞𝑎,; 𝑖∗𝑠𝑞𝑏 = 𝑖𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑞𝑏,; 𝑖∗𝑠𝑞𝑐 = 𝑖𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑞𝑐 (11)
3.3 Reference current calculation and gate pulse generation

The reference source current is computed by addition of active component of reference source current and
reactive component of reference source current as,
𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑎 = 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑎 + 𝑖∗ ,𝑠𝑞𝑎 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑏 = 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑏 + 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑞𝑏, 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑐 = 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑐 + 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑞𝑐 (12)
The source currents (isa , isb , isc ) are sensed and compared with the estimated reference source current (i*sa„ i*sb,
i*sc ). The obtained current error is minimised using PI controller followed by gate pulse generation.

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3.4 Tuning and stability analysis of AVF
The characteristics of AVF can be analysed through its transfer function. For obtaining the AVF transfer function,
eq. (3) may be represented in a more appropriate form as below.
𝑖𝑓 𝛼 0 −1 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
𝑠[ ] = 𝜔[ ] [ 𝑓 𝛼 ] + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 {[ 𝐿𝛼 ] − [ 𝑓 𝛼 ]} (13)
𝑖𝑓 𝛽 1 0 𝑖𝑓 𝛽 𝑖𝐿𝛽 𝑖𝑓 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛼 −𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛽 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛼

[ ]=[ ] + {[ ]−[ ]} (14)
𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛽 𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛼 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛽 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛼 −𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛽 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛼

[ ]=[ ] (15)
𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛽 𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛽 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = −𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛽 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 (16)
𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛽 − 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛽 (17)
(𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 )𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛽 (18)
𝜔 𝜔𝑘𝑓
𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝑖 (19)
(𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) 𝐿𝛽
𝜔2 𝜔2 𝑘𝑓
𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = − 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 − 𝑖 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 − 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 (20)
𝜔2 𝜔2 𝑘𝑓
(𝑠 + + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 )𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 − 𝑖 (21)
(𝑠2 + 2𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑠 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔2 𝑘𝑓2 ) 𝜔 2 𝑘𝑓

𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 − 𝑖𝐿𝛽 (22)
(𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 )
2
((𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜔2 ) 𝜔2 𝑘𝑓
𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 − 𝑖𝐿𝛽 (23)
(𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 )
(𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) 𝜔2 𝑘𝑓
𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑘𝑓 2
𝑖𝐿𝛼 − 2
𝑖𝐿𝛽 (24)
((𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜔2 ) ((𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜔2 )
𝜔2 𝑘𝑓 (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 )
𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 2
𝑖𝐿𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 2
𝑖𝐿𝛽 (25)
((𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜔2 ) ((𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜔2 )
𝑖𝑓 𝛼 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 −𝜔 𝑖
[ ]= 2
[ ] [ 𝐿𝛼 ] (26)
𝑖𝑓 𝛽 (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜔 2 𝜔 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛽
Applying the complex notation the transfer function (TF) can be obtained from (26) like,
𝑞𝛼𝛽 = 𝑖𝐿𝛼 + 𝑗𝑖𝐿𝛽 (27)

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𝑝𝛼𝛽 = 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝑗𝑖𝑓 𝛽 (28)
𝑞𝛼𝛽 𝜔𝑘𝑓 (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 + 𝑗𝜔)

𝑇𝐹 = = 2
(29)
𝑝𝛼𝛽 (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜔2
The eq. (29) shows the close loop transfer function of AVF. For obtaining the Nyquist stability criteria, open
loop transfer function (OLTF) of AVF is required and it can be derived from the closed loop transfer function
eq. (30) as follows,
𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐹/ (1 − 𝑇𝐹) (30)
𝜔𝑘𝑓 (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 + 𝑗𝜔)

𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐹 = (31)
𝑠2 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑠 + 𝜔2 (1 − 𝑗𝑘𝑓 )
Taking the Indian grid conditions into consideration, the ω has been chosen to be 314.15 rad/sec. This value
is normally adopted as the grid frequency. The nyquist Plot has been represented for three different value of
parameter k, which finally defines the AVF design constant kf through the relation kf ≈ 0.73 k. From the plot it
is evident that for any value of k, the net encirclement of the point (−1, 0) is zero and it ensures the stable filter
operation as per the nyquist criteria. The nyquist criteria says that the system will be stable if and only if there
is no closed loop transfer function poles in the right half plane (RHP) of jω axis (N = P-Z, where N is no. of
encirclements around (−1, 0) in the G(s) H(s) plane, P is the no. of open loop transfer function poles in RHP of
jω axis and Z is the no. of closed loop transfer function poles in RHP of jω axis. From the Figure 3, it is clear that
N is always zero for any value of adaptation gain kf and from the open loop transfer function shown in eq. (31)
it is seen that P is equal to zero. Therefore Z is also always zero and hence nyquist criteria is proved.
Figure 3: Nyquist plot of AVF transfer function.
3.5 Analysis of frequency adaptation loop
The frequency coefficient (ω) of the AVF is vital to attain the accurate restoration of the input signal. As it has
been seen in Figure 3, if the input signal has a dissimilar frequency than the AVF frequency coefficient ω, then
either this signal will be attenuated or shifted and hence the desired value of the output signal will never be
achieved. This is the only reason for developing the frequency adaptation loop which permits to estimate the
accurate frequency (ω). This task can be achieved by a frequency locked loop (FLL) which allows calculating
∧
the actual value of ω[20]. Let us assume that the estimated frequency parameter of the AVF is[𝜔] . Under this
assumption, dynamics of AVF in eq. (3) can be rewritten as below.
𝑑 ∧ ∧
𝑖 = 𝜔 𝐴𝑖𝑓 𝛼𝛽 + 𝜔 𝑘𝑓 (𝑖𝐿𝛼𝛽 − 𝑖𝑓 𝛼𝛽 ) (32)
𝑑𝑡 𝑓 𝛼𝛽
and the error in the estimated frequency [𝜔]̃ is calculated as,

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∧
𝜔̃ ≅ 𝜔 −𝜔 (33)
̃ The positive semi definite function w is

A method based on Lyapunov function [17] is used to estimate the[𝜔].
described as follows.
1 1 ̃2
𝑤 = 𝑣𝑝2 + 𝜔 (34)
2 2𝛾
𝑣𝑝 = 𝑖𝑓𝑇𝛼𝛽 𝐴𝑖𝐿𝛼𝛽 (35)
Where γ is known as design coefficient and its value is greater than zero and vp is vector product of input and
output current of AVF used in the proposed method. The differentiation of eq. (34) on the path of vp is given
as,
• ∧ 1 𝑑
𝑤 = 𝑣𝑝 (𝑠𝑝 𝜔̃ − 𝑘𝑓 𝜔 𝑣𝑝 ) + 𝜔̃ 𝜔̃ (36)
𝛾 𝑑𝑡
Where sp is a scalar product of input and output current of AVF and is represented as,
𝑠𝑝 = 𝑖𝑓𝑇𝛼𝛽 𝑖𝐿𝛼𝛽 (37)
eq. (36) which can be made negative semi definite by proposing the adaptive law as,
𝑑
𝜔̃ = −𝛾𝑠𝑝 𝑣𝑝 (38)
𝑑𝑡
̃ it is needed to assume that ω of a signal is changing very slowly or a constant and hence,
To calculate[𝜔],
𝑑 𝑑 ∧
𝜔̃ = 𝜔 (39)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Therefore, the [𝜔]can

̃ be calculated from the expression as,
𝑑 ∧
𝜔 = −𝛾𝑠𝑝 𝑣𝑝 (40)
𝑑𝑡
It is concluded from the above discussion that accurate frequency estimation is must and thereafter desired
component can be achieved at the output of AVF.
4 Results and discussion

The proposed distributed power generation system was tested in laboratory environment under various oper-
ating conditions and dynamics as well as steady state outcomes are shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure
7 and Figure 8. The implementation is carried out on real time FPGAXC3S5000 controller under non linear and
linear loading conditions. The four channels AGILENT DSO-X 2004A was used for recording the dynamics
performance results of the system with proposed control algorithm. The harmonics spectrum and waveforms
in the steady state was recorded using FLUKE 43Bpower quality analyser. The sampling time (Ts ) of 50 µsec
is considered to generate C-code in FPGA controller during real-time testing of the system. The FPGA is used
for the real-time implementation of the proposed AVF control for reference source current extraction followed
by gate pulses generation. Satisfactory level of frequency and voltage control, in addition with power quality
features of the distributed generation system is yield and the observed test performance have been explained
in the subsections below.

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Figure 4: Waveforms of intermediate control signal using AVF control (a) iLa , iLα ,ωf , iLβ (b) iLa , kf , ωf , ie (c) iLa , kf ,
ωf Aiαβ ,d(iαβ)/dt, kf ωf ie (d) zpa , zqa , ifα , ifβ.
Figure 5: Results and waveforms of Dynamic performance of Distributed Generation System under variable load (a) vsa ,
iLa , iLb , iLc (b) vsa , ica , icb , icc (c) vsa , iLa , f, vt (d)vsa , iLa , f, isb.

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Figure 6: Results and waveforms of Dynamic performance of Distributed Generation System under variable wind (a) vsa ,
vt , f, Vw (b) vsa , vsb ,vsc , isc.
Figure 7: Waveforms of Dynamic performance of VSC (a) Verification of KCL between isa , iLa , ica (b) Load balancing pow-
ers PL , Pg , Pb and f.

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Figure 8: Results of steady state showing the waveforms and harmonic spectrum (a) vsa , isa (b)vsa , iLa (c)vsa , ica (d) THD of
isa (e) THD of vsa (f) THD of iLa (g) Pg , Qg , Sg (h) PL , QL , SL (i) Pc , Qc , Sc (j) vsa ,iTn (k) vsa , iSn (l)vsa , iLn.
4.1 The dynamic performance of AVF control and its application for generating the reference source
current
The reference current is generated by AVF control algorithms by taking the sensors output as its input. The load
currents (iLa , iLb , iLc ), source voltages (vsa ,vsb ,vsc ), source currents (isa ,isb ,isc ) and frequency (f) are sensed and
given to analog to digital converter (ADC) of the FPGA controller. The proposed control algorithm is dumped
into the FPGA controller in the form of C code generated by the C code compiler from the MATLAB block
sets used to frame the AVF control logic diagram. Whenever the aforesaid controller gets the input parameters
from the sensor card, the gate pulses are generated through various intermediate stages. The inter stage signals
and reference source current is shown in the Figure 4(a–d). Due to limitation of channels in DSO, authors have
only shown the one phase load current along with necessary generated signals. In Figure 4(a) the load current
(iLa ), output of the frequency adaptation loop (ωf )and the output of Clarke transformation (iLα ,iLβ ) which is
used in the control process are shown. The load dynamics are introduced at some moment and significant
change is observed in the α component of current while very small change is observed on the β component.
During entire period the frequency adaptation loop response is unchanged. The β component have not shown
the large variation during load dynamics due to its decoupled nature from the α axis. In Figure 4(b) the load
current (iLa ), filter coefficient (kf ), estimated frequency (ωf ) and the current error (ie ) have been shown. The kf and
ie are the new terms introduced here therefore some explanation is required for them. The value of kf , ranging
from zero to one [20] is required to tune the filter for the fundamental frequency or any specific harmonic
frequency. Here, filter coefficient (kf ) is taken 0.8 for extraction of the 50 Hz component from the distorted load
current. The term ie is known as the current error which is the difference of actual load current on α-β axis and
filtered output current on the same axis. In other words, the current error (ie ) can be termed as a harmonics
current on the α-β reference frame. In Figure 4(c) the load current (iLa ), vector product of load current on α-β
reference, the derivative of the same current and error dependence of frequency adaptation has been shown.
These quantities are intermediate signals in the path of reference current generation. Figure 4(d) shows the
unit voltage templates (zpa zqa ) along with the filtered current on the α-β reference (ifα ,ifβ ). They all are purely
sinusoidal as per the requirement of power quality.
4.2 The dynamic performance of distributed generation system under variable load
The dynamic performance of distributed generation system under variable nonlinear load is carried out and
depicted in Figure 5(a–e). In Figure 5(a) load currents (iLa , iLb ,iLc ) dynamics are shown with the variation in the
phase voltage (vsa ). Initially load current in phase ‘a’ was zero and in remaining phases current was flowing at
a rated value. When load is injected in the phase ‘a’ upto the rated value, the phase voltage magnitude remains
same before and after the load injection. Moreover frequency is also unchanged. The effect of load injection
in phase ‘a’ upon the compensator currents (ica , icb , icc ) as well as PCC voltage has been shown in Figure 5(b).
It is evident from the results that the moment when load is injected, compensating currents are increased to
meet increased load demand. The variation in terminal voltage and frequency with load dynamics is shown in
Figure 5(c). It is clear here that despite the load is injected on phase ‘a’ which was initially open circuited, the
conditions of voltage and frequency remains same. This shows that the working of VSC under AVF control is
satisfactory. In Figure 5(d) the effect of load variation in phase ‘a’ on source voltage (vsa ), source current (isa ) and
source current (isb ) along with frequency (f ) has been studied. From the depicted results it can be concluded
that the zero voltage regulation is achieved with the good frequency control under variable loading conditions.
4.3 The dynamic performance of distributed generation system under variable wind
The dynamic performance of the proposed system has been carried out under variable wind condition and
outcomes are shown in Figure 6(a–b). The wind velocity is changed from 12 m/s to 14 m/s at some time instant
and the effect of it on the source voltage waveform (vsa ), PCI terminal voltage (vt ) and frequency (f ) has been
recorded and demonstrated in Figure 6(a). From the depicted waveform it is clear that the terminal voltage
and frequency is almost unchanged for the both cases of wind velocity. In Figure 6(b) the balanced voltage and
balanced current is maintained through the performance of VSC.

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4.4 Kirchoff's current rule verification and load balancing operation of VSC
The verification KCL is carried out when one load is changed. It is depicted in Figure 7 (a).The compensator
current is following the source current after the removal of load in the same phase. The dynamics of battery
energy storage system has been shown in Figure 7(b). It is shown that when wind speed is changed at some
moment without changing the load, there is a mismatch in generation and demand. Due to increased wind
velocity power generation is increased and therefore surplus power has been diverted to battery system by the
VSC to maintain the frequency. Authors have achieved the desired dynamic response of VSC with AVF control
for the voltage and frequency control with power quality features in developed system.
4.5 Steady state performance of distributed generation system
The performance of DG system in steady state is recorded on Fluke 43B and presented in Figure 8(a–l). The
waveform of source current (isa ), load current (iLa ) and compensator current (ica ) with the PCC voltage (vsa ) of
phase ‘a’ are depicted in Figure 8(a–c). The RMS value of PCC voltage (vsa ) is 135 V (for 195 V peak to peak per
phase and 240 V L-L three phase four wire system).The RMS value of source current (isa ), load current (iLa ) and
compensator current (ica ) are 9.47 A, 9.0 A and 5.7 A respectively. The frequency is maintained constant and near
to its reference value of 50 Hz. The major power quality indices are THD in the supply current and voltage and
in this case THD of source current (isa ), PCC voltage (vsa ) and load current (iLa ) for phase ‘a’ are represented
in Figure 8(d–f). The value of THD in the supply current is 1.3 % and in supply voltage it is 2.1 % while in
load current the THD is 31.3 %. Looking at the percentage THD of all three quantities, it is clear that power
quality of the distributed supply system is maintained and contents of harmonics are limited to permissible
limit of 5 % as per IEEE-519–2014 standards. The active power (Pg ), reactive power (Qg ) and complex power
(Sg ) of distributed generation source is depicted in Figure 8(g).The measured values of the aforesaid quantities
are 1.15 kW, 0.35 kVAR and 1.20 kVA respectively. The power factor of the same source is 0.97(lead). The active
power (PL ), reactive power (QL ) and complex power(SL ) of the load are presented in Figure 8(h) and the values
of each are 0.98 kW, 0.72 kVAR (0.81 pf lag) and 1.22 kVA respectively. The compensating power provided by the
VSC is presented in Figure 8(i). The values of active power (Pc ), reactive power (Qc ) and apparent power (Sc ) of
the compensator are 0.01 kW, 0.76 kVAR and 0.76 kVA respectively. The results are indicating about the effective
compensation provided by VSC because 0.72 kVAR (lagging) demanded by the load is almost supplied by the
compensator whose reactive power is 0.76 kVAR (leading).The results of neutral current compensation are given
in Figure 8(j–l). From the Figure 8(j) it is clear that due to unbalance load, 5.74 Ampere of current has drawn
in load neutral. The effective neutral current compensation is provided by the star-delta transformer connected
along with VSC. The load neutral current is compensated by the transformer neutral current therefore neutral
current has appeared zero in the supply neutral wire and make the supply current balance. The steady state
results are for rated and below rating conditions are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. So it is concluded here that
the desired objective has been achieved during steady state performance of the distributed generation system.

12 Authenticated
DE GRUYTER
Table 2: Steady state performance of distributed generation system with AVF control.
Operating conditions RMS values of Quantity of Phase ‘a’ Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) Remarks
Source Source Load current Compensator Source Source current Load current ZVR and THD in Vs
Voltage (Vs ) current (is ) (iL ) current (ic ) Voltage (Vs ) (is ) (iL ) and is is below
IEEE-519–2014
standards
At rated loading conditions 135.4 V 9.47 A 9.0 A 5.7 A 1.3 % 2.1 % 31.3 %
Below rated load 135.1 V 4.45 A 4.3 A 2.7 A 1.2 % 2.7 % 33.6 %
Operating conditions RMS values of Quantity of Phase ‘b’ Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) Remarks
Source Voltage Source Load current Compensator Source Voltage Source current Load current
(Vs ) current (is ) (iL ) current (ic ) (Vs ) (is ) (iL )
Operating conditions RMS values of Quantity of Phase ‘c’ Total Harmonics Distortion (THD)
Source Voltage Source Load current Compensator Source Voltage Source current Load current
(Vs ) current (is ) (iL ) current (ic ) (Vs ) (is ) (iL )
Arya et al.
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13
Table 3: Power balance performance of distributed generation system with AVF control.
Operating Source power for Phase ‘a’ Load power for Phase ‘a’ Compensator power for Phase
conditions ‘a’
(Ps ) (Qs ) (SS ) (PL ) (Ql ) (SL ) (PC ) (QC ) (SC )
kW kVAR kVA kW kVAR kVA kW kVAR kVA
At rated 1.15 0.35 1.20 0.98 0.72 1.22 0.01 0.76 0.76
loading
conditions
Below rated 1.15 0.35 1.20 0.45 0.72 0.75 −0.689 0.76 1.02
load
5 Conclusion
The wind based distributed generation system is proposed and controlled with VSC using AVF algorithms.
This system is tested for variable input and output conditions under non linear and linear loads. The main
objectives described as power quality, load balancing, reactive power compensation, harmonics compensation
and neutral current compensation have been achieved. All the results are found satisfactory and explained in
the previous sections. The property of AVF is very useful for reference current extraction due to its vectorial
nature and absence of loop gains which always affects steady state error and bandwidth. AVF can be tuned
with the help of adaptation coefficient and centre frequency which is obtained from the frequency adaptation
loop.
Appendix
A1.BESS Parameters: Lithium-ion type, 400 V, 7.5 AH, SOC (10 % to 90 %), internal resistance(rs ) = 0.05 Ω
A2.Non linear load in Phase ‘a’, Phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’: Diode bridge with R = 30 Ω, L = 100 mH in each
phase,
A3.Implementation Parameters: Ls = 4 mH;
PI Controller: In frequency control loop, kp = 0.052, ki = 0.012, In terminal voltage control loop kp = 0.42, ki
= 0.22
Gain parameters of PLL: kp = 320, ki = 76
Wind Turbine Parameters [3]: 5 kW, Radius of blades r = 1.4 m, cp (λ,β) = 0.87, Vw = 12.5 m/s and ρ = 0.48.
References
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DE GRUYTER International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems.

Sabha Raj Arya1 / Rakesh Maurya1 / Ashutosh K Giri1

Enhancement of Power Quality in Wind Based

sabharaj1@gmail.com, rmaurya@eed.svnit.ac.in, ashu_ee2002@rediffmail.com

Sabha Raj Arya is the corresponding author.

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2 System conﬁguration and problem formulation

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Figure 1: Proposed system configuration.

Table 1: Parameters of three phase SEIG.

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𝑓𝑒 (𝑖) = 𝑓 ∗ (𝑖) − 𝑓 (𝑖) (6)

3.2 Computation of reactive component

𝑣𝑡𝑒 (𝑖) = 𝑣𝑡 ∗ (𝑖) − 𝑣𝑡 (𝑖) (9)

3.3 Reference current calculation and gate pulse generation

𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑎 = 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑎 + 𝑖∗ ,𝑠𝑞𝑎 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑏 = 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑏 + 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑞𝑏, 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑐 = 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑝𝑐 + 𝑖∗ 𝑠𝑞𝑐 (12)

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3.4 Tuning and stability analysis of AVF

𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛼 −𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛽 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛼

𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛼 −𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛽 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛼

𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = −𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛽 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 (16)

𝑠𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛽 − 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝛽 (17)

(𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 )𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 𝜔𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑖𝐿𝛽 (18)

(𝑠2 + 2𝜔𝑘𝑓 𝑠 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔2 𝑘𝑓2 ) 𝜔 2 𝑘𝑓

𝑞𝛼𝛽 = 𝑖𝐿𝛼 + 𝑗𝑖𝐿𝛽 (27)

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𝑝𝛼𝛽 = 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 + 𝑗𝑖𝑓 𝛽 (28)

𝑞𝛼𝛽 𝜔𝑘𝑓 (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 + 𝑗𝜔)

𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐹/ (1 − 𝑇𝐹) (30)

𝜔𝑘𝑓 (𝑠 + 𝜔𝑘𝑓 + 𝑗𝜔)

Figure 3: Nyquist plot of AVF transfer function.

3.5 Analysis of frequency adaptation loop

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̃ The positive semi definite function w is

𝑣𝑝 = 𝑖𝑓𝑇𝛼𝛽 𝐴𝑖𝐿𝛼𝛽 (35)

𝑠𝑝 = 𝑖𝑓𝑇𝛼𝛽 𝑖𝐿𝛼𝛽 (37)

Therefore, the [𝜔]can

4 Results and discussion

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4.5 Steady state performance of distributed generation system

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