ANATOMY

ANATOMY OF MOTION LE1

Dr. Adelia Matanguhan || 08/04/2017

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OUTLINE Other Case Studies:

I. Case
II. Approaches to
Studying Anatomy
A. Regional Anatomy
B. Surface Anatomy
C. Systemic Anatomy
D. Clinical Anatomy
III. Anatomical Position
IV. Anatomical Planes
A. Median Plane
B. Sagittal Plane
C. Frontal Plane
D. Horizontal Plane
V. Anatomical Terms
A. Location
B. Laterality
C. Position
D. Movement
VI. Skeletal System
A. Function
B. Functional Parts
C. Composition
D. Bone Classifications
E. Bone markings
VII. Joints
A. Classification of
joints
B. Major types of
synovial joints
VIII. Muscular System
A. General anatomy of
muscles
B. Types of muscles
C. Shapes of skeletal
muscles
D. Functions of skeletal
muscles
E. Intrinsic and extrinsic
muscles
A first year medical student enjoyed running for exercise and relief
of tension. Near the end of a particularly long and strenuous run,
she suddenly developed a severe pain on the bottom of her foot.
She immediately stopped running and sat down to rest; the pain
subsided somewhat, but persisted. Although she rested from
running for several days, the pain did not go away and was
particularly apparent if she stood for long periods in the gross
anatomy lab. In frustration, she finally went to a Sports Medicine
Clinic to seek relief. Clinical evaluation and radiological tests
revealed no fracture or other bone or joint deformities.
Neurological tests revealed no nerve involvement other than the
pain, which appeared to be related entirely to the soft tissues on
the bottom of her foot.
What are some possible diagnoses?
1. One initial diagnosis might be a stress fracture of one of
the metatarsals.
2. Pain therefore appears to be related to the soft tissues
(muscles, ligaments, etc.) which is a common foot injury
in runners.

OBJECTIVES II. APPROACHES TO STUDYING ANATOMY

Regional Anatomy
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: • Human body divided segments: head, neck, trunk, upper limbs,
1. Enumerate and describe the functional parts of the and lower limbs.
skeletal system Surface Anatomy
2. Classify bones and give examples. • Layers of skin, subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia.
3. Enumerate bony markings and give examples. Systemic Anatomy
4. Describe the anatomical position. • Studies interaction of different organs.
5. Define anatomical planes in terms of relationship, Clinical Anatomy
laterality and movement. • Integration of systemic, regional, and clinical application
6. Classify joints and give examples of each.
7. Classify synovial joints and give examples of each.
8. Enumerate and describe the types of muscles.
III. ANATOMICAL POSITION
9. Classify muscles based on shape and give examples
10. Describe the coordinated action of muscle group.

I. CASE STUDY

At the ER, the clinical clerk on duty is tasked to report his physical
examination findings on a 70 y/o male patient who came in with
lacerated wound on the arm associated pain on movement after a
motorcycle accident.

Structure Involved Movements Affected

Elbow Joint (Humeroradial • Movement affected may

Joint, Humeroulnar joint,
Proximal Radioulnar joint and
Annular Ligament)
vary depending on the
Figure 1. Anatomical Position
activity.
• The anatomical position is the common visual reference
• The humeroulnar and
point,
humeroradial joints are
 Subject stands erect facing with face (head level) and
responsible for flexion
eyes forward.
and extension.
 Feet flat on the floor parallel and slightly separated facing
• The proximal radioulnar
forward
joint and the annular
ligament allow for  Arms hanging relaxed at the sides with palms facing
pronation and forward so the radius and ulna are parallel to each other
supination with rotation
of the head of the radius.

Trans 1 Group #3 : Agawin, Aguas, Aguilar, Aguilera, Al-Fawaz 1 of

10
 between the skin
IV. ANATOMICAL PLANES and the humerus
Deep Away from the surface of the The humerus is
body deep to the arm
muscles

Superior Towards the head or nearer The heart is superior

/Cranial the vertex, the topmost point to the stomach
of the cranium
Inferior Towards the coccyx or nearer The stomach is
/Caudal to the sole of the foot inferior to the heart
Proximal Nearer to the trunk or point of The elbow is
origin proximal to the wrist
Distal Farther from the trunk or point The wrist is distal to
of origin the elbow
Medial Towards or nearer to the The 5th digit (little
median plane finger) is on the
medial side of the
hand
Lateral Farther away from the median The 1st digit (thumb)
plane is on the lateral side
of the hand
Internal Nearer to the center of an The brain is internal
organ/cavity to the skull
External Farther from the center of an The ribs are external
Figure 2. Anatomical Planes organ/cavity to the lungs

Midsagittal/Median Plane Table 2. Terms of Laterality

• A vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left Term Definition Example
halves (Snell, 2012) Bilateral Paired structures having Kidneys, lungs,
• In the hand and foot, the median plane is marked by the 3rd right and left members legs, arms, eyes
digit Unilateral On one side of the body Spleen, stomach
Sagittal Plane only
• Vertical plane parallel to the median plane, also divides Ipsilateral Occuring on the same Right arm and leg
the body into equal right and left portions side of the body relative to
• Flexion and extension movements usually occur in this another structure
plane. Contralateral Occuring on the opposite Right arm and left
• Axis of movement: Coronal or frontal side of the body relative to leg
another structure
Frontal or Coronal Plane
• Vertical planes at a right angle to the median plane
• Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
parts
• Abduction and adduction usually occur in this plane
• Axis of movement: Sagittal
Transverse or Horizontal Plane
• Planes at a right angle to both the median and coronal
planes. (Snell, 2012)
• Rotational movements usually occur in this plane
• Divides the upper and lower limb
• Axis of movement: Vertical
Figure 4. Terms of Laterality
V. ANATOMICAL TERMS
• Are made up of: • Movement of body parts is defined:
 Roots (e.g. part of the body, condition)  In relationship to anatomical position
 Prefixes and/or Suffixes (which describe the root e.g.  Is along/aligned with planes
shape, size, location, function, etc.)  Around axes
• Terms in itself provide information about the structure:  Terms in pairs of opposing movements
e.g. The deltoid muscle, like the symbol for delta, the fourth
letter of the Greek alphabet. The suffix -oid means “like” therefore, Table 3. Ordinary Movements
deltoid means “like delta”. Plane and Term Description Example
Axis
Table 1. Terms of Location and Position (1) Along Flexion Decrease joint *see below
Term Definition Example
sagittal angle
Anterior Towards or nearer to the front The toes are anterior
/Ventral surface of the body to the ankle
plane Extension Increase joint
Posterior Towards or nearer to the back The heel is posterior (2) Around angle
/Dorsal surface of the body to the toes transvers
Superficial Towards the surface or nearer The muscles of the e axis
to the outer surface of the arm are superficial
body to its bone
(humerus)

Intermediate Between a superficial and The biceps muscle

deep structure is intermediate

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 2 of 10

 forearm and
hand so that
the palm of the
hand faces
anteriorly (i.e.
moving into
anatomical
position)
Flexion/Extensio
n of digits

(1) Along Abduction Movement

frontal away from the
plane midline
Abduction of Spreading
(2) Around Adduction Movement
digits digits
AP axis toward the
apart/movemen
midline
t of digits away
Around Medial/ Brings the
from neutral
longitudinal internal anterior
position of the
axis rotation surface of a
3rd finger and
limb
2nd toe
closer/Towards
Adduction of Movement of
the median
digits digits
plane
towards/closer
Lateral Brings the
to the neutral
/external anterior
position of the
rotation surface away
3rd finger or 2nd
from the
toe
median plane
Around and Circumduc Combination of
Mnemonics:
along above tion flexion, • "SOUPination": Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if you
mentioned abductions, are holding a bowl of soup.
actions extension, • "POUR-nation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm
adduction down, as if you are pouring out whatever is your bowl.

Table 6. Thumb movements and examples.

Table 4. Special Movements of the foot Term Description Example
Term Description Example Flexion/Extension Movements in
Flexion at the the frontal
Dorsiflexion ankle joint, heel plane from
on the ground and anatomical
toes lifted off the position
ground
Plantar Bends foot and
Flexion toes towards the
ground Opposition Movement of
Eversion Moves the sole of 1st digit
the foot away from (thumb) to
the median plane another digit
as in pinching

Inversion Moves the sole of Reposition Thumb moves

the foot towards back to
the median plane anatomical
position

Table 5. Hand and Arm movements and examples.

Table 7. Other movements and examples.
Term Description Example
Term Description example
Pronation Rotational
Lateral Bending of the neck
movement of
Flexion and trunk to the left
the forearm and
and right
hand medially
so that the palm
of the hand
faces
posteriorly
Supination Rotational
movement of

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 3 of 10

 Elevation Raises or moves a
part superiorly (e.g.
shrugging, opening
of eyes)

Depression Lowers or moves a

part inferiorly (e.g.
slouching, closing
the eyes)

Retrusion Movement
posteriorly/backward
(e.g. retruding the
mandible, lips, or
tongue)
Protrusion Movement Figure 5. Axial (brown) and Appendicular (blue) Skeleton
anteriorly/forward
(e.g. protruding the COMPOSITION
chin, lips, or tongue) • Cartilage
Protraction Anterior movement  Semi rigid, resilient, avascular
of the shoulder (e.g.  Connective tissue that forms part of the skeleton where more
moving to hug flexibility is required
someone, pushing
 Blood vessels do not enter cartilage; instead, its cells obtain
off the ground)
oxygen by diffusion
• Bone
Retraction Posterior movement  Supporting tissue of the body
of the shoulder (e.g.  Highly specialized living tissue
moving to elbow  Serves as clinical landmarks
someone from
behind) PARTS OF A LONG BONE
• Body (Diaphysis)
• 2 terminal ends (Epiphysis)
VI. SKELETAL SYSTEM
• The total number of bones in a typical adult is 206.
 At birth, the total number of bones is close to 300 but will
later be reduced to 206 due to fusion of bones during growth.

Wormian bones, a.k.a. intrasutural bones, are small bones

that are often found within the sutures and fontanelles of the
skull

Function
• Provides the basic shape for the body
• Protect the vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and pelvic Figure 7. Parts of a Long Bone
organs

FUNCTIONAL PARTS

Axial Skeleton (Central Supporting Axis)

• Total number of bones: 80
• Head: cranium (8), facial bone (14), auditory ossicles (6)
• Neck: hyoid bone (1)
• Trunk: ribs (24), sternum (1), vertebrae (24), sacrum (1)
and coccyx (1)
Appendicular Skeleton (Bones of Extremeties)
• Total number of bones: 126
• It consists of the bones of limbs including those forming the
pectoral and pelvic girdles

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 4 of 10

 Sesamoid • Small nodules of bone pisiform, patella
BONE CLASSIFICATIONS Bones that are found in certain (the largest
tendons where they rub sesamoid bone
over bony surfaces. in the body.)
• Functions to reduce
friction on the tendon; it
can also alter the direction
of pull of a tendon

BONE MARKINGS
• Location of the bands of fascia, ligaments, tendons, or
aponeuroses.
• Arteries lie adjacent to them.
• Every bump, groove, and hole contains the name of the
bone.

Table 10. Extensions and Projections of Bones

(Projections that are the site of bones and ligaments)
Term Description Classification
Iliac crest of pelvis

A narrow ridge
Figure 8. Bone Classifications Crest
of the bone
Table 8. Based on solid matter and size of space
Compact Spongy Medial epicondyle of
• Tightly packed and • Consists of a branching network femur
appears as a solid of trabeculae which are arranged
mass in such a manner as to resist
• Strength for weight stresses and strains to which the A projection
bone is exposed (Snell, 2012) Epicondyle superior to a
bearing
condyle
e.g. Shafts of long • Usually short bones, e.g. carpals
bones and tarsals

Nuchal lines of skull

A slightly raised,
Line
elongated ridge

Mastoid Process
Figure 9. Compact bone vs spongy bone
Any bone
Process
prominence
Table 9. Based on Shape
Class Description Examples
Long • Usually found in the limb. Humerus,
Bones • Their length > breadth. femur, Mental Protuberance of
metacarpals, chin
A bony
metatarsals,
Protuberance outgrowth or
phalanges
protruding part
Short • Usually found in the hand Carpals and
Bones and foot. tarsals
• Cuboidal in shape. Spine of scapula
• Length < width A sharp, slender,
Flat • Found in the vault of the Frontal bone, Spine or narrow
Bones skull. parietal bone, process
2 layers; • Usually serve protective scapulae,
diploe in functions. Composed of sternum, ribs
between Greater and lesser
thin inner and outer layers
trochanter of the femur
of compact bone (tables)
with a layer of cancellous
bone at the middle (diploe) Trochanter A blunt elevation
Irregular • Various shapes including Vertebrae,
Bones those not assigned to the ossicles, facial
previous groups. bones, the
pelvic bones

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 5 of 10

 Greater Tubercle of
humerus
A small, rounded
Tubercle
process

Tibial Tuberosity Intertubercular sulcus

of humerus

A groove for a tendon,

Sulcus
Tuberosity A rough surface nerve or blood vessel

Table 13. Bone Passages

Table 11. Surface Features of Bones (Markings) (Passage for blood flow and other bodily fluids)
(Projections that help to form joints) Term Description Example
Term Description Example Condylar canal of the skull
Occipital condyles of
the skull
A tubular passage or
Rounded knob that Canal
tunnel in a bone
Condyle articulates with another
bone

Orbital fissure of eye

Articular facets of
vertebrae

Fissure A slit through a bone

Smooth, flat, slightly

Facet concave or convex
articular surface
Foramen magnum

A hole through a
Foramen
bone, usually round
Head of the femur

Prominent expanded end

of a bone, sometimes Acoustic meatus of ear
Head
rounded

Meatus An opening into a

Soleal line of tibia canal

Ramus Arm-like bar of bone

VII. JOINTS
• Also known as articulations
Table 12. Bone Depressions • unions or junctions between two or more bones or rigid
(Depressions and Openings around blood vessels and nerves) parts of the skeleton
Term Description Example
Alveolus A pit or socket Tooth socket CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Mandibular Fossa
BASED ON FUNCTION
Table 14. Classification of joints based on function
A shallow, broad, or Joint Description Example
Fossa
elongated basin Synarthrosis Immovable joints Cranium
Amphiarthrosis Slightly movable Vertebral column
joints

Fovea A small pit Fovea Capitis of femur

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 6 of 10
 Diarthrosis Freely movable Joints in the Hinge -Uniaxial; Elbow Joint
joints upper and lower permit flexion-
limbs extension only

BASED ON STRUCTURE
• Synovial Joints
 united by a joint capsule spanning and enclosing an articular
cavity
 separated by joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Saddle -Biaxial; Carpometacarpal
 permits a great degree freedom of movement permit flexion- joint at the base of
 Synovial Fluid extension and the 1st digit (thumb)
▪ viscous, slippery texture – “raw egg white” abduction-
▪ rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid adduction
▪ Functions: -
 nourishes articular cartilages Circumduction
 remove their wastes is also
 serves as lubricant for joint surfaces possible

Condyloid -Biaxial; Metacarpophalangeal

permit flexion- joints (knuckle joints)
extension and
abduction-
adduction
-
Circumduction
is limited

Ball and Socket -Multiaxial: Hip joint

permit flexion-
extension,
abduction-
adduction,
medial and
lateral
Figure 10. Parts of a synovial joint. rotation, and
circumduction;
highly mobile
Pivot -Uniaxial; Median atlantoaxial
Table 15. Parts of a Synovial Joint Permit joint
Term Description rotation
Fibrous outer layer and lined internally by around a
Joint Capsule central axis
serous synovial membrane
Potential space containing synovial fluid from -Rounded
Joint Cavity process of
synovial membrane
Articular bone rotates
Cartilages within a
▪ fibrocartilaginous articular disc sleeve or ring
▪ absorbs shock and pressure Gliding -Very limited
▪ guides bones across each other movement
Meniscus
▪ lessens chances of dislocation
▪ distributes the force across the entire joint

Accessory ▪ Tendon, Ligament, Bursa, Tendon Sheaths

Structures

Table 16. Types of Synovial Joints • Fibrous Joints

Synovial Joint Description Example  united by fibrous tissue
Plane -Permit gliding Acromioclavicular  movement depends on the length of the fibers uniting the
and sliding in joint articulating bones
the plane of  permits very little movement
the articular
surfaces

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 7 of 10

Table 17. Types of Fibrous Joints  Joints have rich nerve supply
Fibrous Joint Description Example ▪ fibrous capsule and ligament have abundant sensory
Syndesmosis -Unites the bones with a Distal articulation of nerves
sheet of fibrous tissue tibia and fibula ▪ stretch receptors – joint position sense
(ligament or fibrous ▪ few nerves at articular cartilage
membrane)
-Partially movable AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
1.Decreased collagen production VS mineral content – more
brittle bone
2. Decreased bone mass – fracture
3. Ligaments and tendons shorten and become less flexible –
decrease in range of motion
Gomphoses -Fit into a socket Articulations of teeth 4. Articular cartilages of joints can wear down and decline in
articulation between the in jaw bones production of the lubricating synovial fluid – Arthritis
rooth of the tooth and the
alveolar process of the VIII. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
jaw
-Peg-like process AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Origin
- attachment site
Sutures -Bones are close either Sutures between the
- does not move during contraction
interlocking in a wavy skull bones
- less movement, proximal
line or overlapping
- usually a bone
Insertion
- moves during contraction
- more movement, distal
Belly
- part where you cut in dissection
Tendon
- attachments of muscle to bone
Aponeurosis
• Cartilaginous Joints - flat sheets formed by tendons of some muscles
 United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
 Freely movable
 Can be:
▪ Primary
o synchondroses
o united by a plate or a bar of hyaline catilage
o temporary unions
o union between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a
growing bone
o found in epiphyseal plates in long bones
o no movement
• Secondary
o symphyses
o strong, slightly movable joints united by fibrocartilage
o found between the vertebrae (intervertebral discs)
and pubic symphysis of the pelvic girdle
Figure 12. Origin, Insertion, and belly of the gastrocnemius
o provide strength and shock absorption
muscle.
o small amount of movement

COORDINATED ACTION OF MUSCLE GROUP

1. Prime mover (Agonist)
- chief muscle
- muscle with major responsibility for certain movement
- contracts concentrically to produce the desired movement
2. Synergist
- muscle that aids and complements the action of the prime
mover
- helps prevent rotation
- contracts and stabilizes the intermediate joints
3. Antagonist
- muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
- contracts eccentrically
- before a prime mover can contract, the antagonist muscle
must be equally relaxed
Figure 11. Cartilaginous joints 4. Fixator
- stabilizes the origin of the prime mover
BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY OF JOINTS - contracts isometrically
 Numerous articular branches from arteries and anastomosis
in synovial layer form a fine network of blood vessels

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 8 of 10

*Example: for elbow flexion
Prime mover: Brachialis
Synergist: Biceps brachii
Antagonist: Triceps brachii
Fixators: Shoulder and scapular stabilizers
Table 18. Types of Synovial Joints
Muscle Description
Flat -parallel fibers often with
aponeurosis
Pennate -feather-like in the
arrangement of their
fascicles
a. Unipennate
b. Bipennate
c. Multipennate
Fusiform -Spindle-shaped with a
round thick belly and
tapered ends
Convergent -form a broad area
-converge to form a
single tendon
Quadrate -four equal sides
Circular or -surrounds a body
Sphincteral opening or orifice and
constricting it when
contracted
Multi-headed -more than one head or
or Multi- attachment or more than
bellied one contractile belly
NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Nerve trunk to a muscle is a mixed nerve
▪ 60% motor
▪ 40% sensory
▪ Some sympathetic autonomic fibers
 Motor Point
 Place of entrance of nerve (midpoint on its deep surface, often
Example near the margin)
External oblique,
Sartorius
AGING ON THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
a. Extensor digitorum 1. Decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia) – slower pace
longus 2. Increased fibrous connective tissue – body weakness
b. Rectus femoris 3. Decreased elasticity – less flexible
c. Deltoid
Biceps brachii
Pectoralis Major
Rectus abdominis
Orbicularis oculi
Biceps and triceps
(three heads),
Digastric and
Gastrocnemius (two
bellies)

Figure 14. Architecture and shape of skeletal muscles. The

architecture and shape of a skeletal muscle depend on the
arrangement of its fibers.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Complete each statement using the everyday term for

Figure 13. Different forms of the internal structure of skeletal
muscle. A relaxed and a contracted muscle are also shown; note
how the muscle fibers, on contraction, shorten by one third to one
half of their resting length. Note also how the muscle swells.
NAMING OF MUSCLES
1. Direction of muscle fibers – e.g. Rectus abdominis
2. Relative size of the muscle – e.g. Pectoralis minor
3. Location of the muscle – e.g. Subscapularis
4. Number of origins – e.g. Triceps brachii
5. Location of muscle’s origin and insertion – e.g.
Sternocleidomastoid or SCM
6. Shape of the muscle – e.g. Deltoid
7. Action of the muscle – e.g. Flexor digitorum profundus
the body part.
a. The distal femoral (thigh) area is immediately
superior to the ____.
b. The proximal brachial (upper arm) area is
immediately inferior to the ____.
c. The patellar (kneecap) area is directly proximal to
the ____.
d. The volar (palmar) area is directly distal to the ____.
2. Complete each statement using the everyday term for
the body part.
a. The distal femoral (thigh) area is immediately
superior to the ____.
b. The proximal brachial (upper arm) area is
immediately inferior to the ____.
c. The patellar (kneecap) area is directly proximal to
the ____.
d. The volar (palmar) area is directly distal to the ____.

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 9 of 10

 REFERENCES

1. 2020 A,B,C Transes

2. Matanguihan-Quijano, A. n.d. Anatomy of Motion [PowerPoint
Slides]. Department of Anatomy, UERMMMCI.
3. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. (n.d.). Clinically
oriented anatomy (7th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
4. Scanlon, V.C. and Sanders, T. Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology
5. Snell, R. S. (2012). Clinical anatomy by regions (9th ed.).
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

ANATOMY Anatomy of Motion 10 of 10