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EXAMPLE 1.

If 𝐴 = 10𝑎𝑥 – 4𝑎𝑦 + 6𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = 2𝑎𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 , find (a) the component of A


along ay .,(b) the magnitude of 3A-B ,(c) a unit vector along A + 2B

Solution:

(a) the component of A along ayis Ay = -4


(b) 3A – B =3 (10𝑎𝑥 – 4𝑎𝑦 + 6𝑎𝑧 ) – (2𝑎𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 )

Hence |3A –B| =√282 + (−13)2 + 182 = √1277 =35.74

(c) Let C = A + 2B = (10𝑎𝑥 – 4𝑎𝑦 + 6𝑎𝑧 ) + 2(2𝑎𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 ) = 14ax – 2ay + 6az

A unit vector along C is


𝐶 (14,−2,6)
ac= =
|𝐶| √14 2 +(−22 )+62

ac= 0.9113ax – 0.1302ay + 0.3906az

note that |ac| = 1 as expected

PRACTICE 1.1

Given vector A = ax + 3az and B = 5ax + 2ay – 6az

(a) |A + B |
(b) 5A – B
(c) The component of A along ay
(d) A unit vector parallel to 3A + B

Solution

(a) |A+ B| = |(ax + 3 az )+(5ax + 2ay – 6az )|


= |(6ax+ 2ay– az)|
=√62 + 22 − 32
= √49
=7
(b) 5A-B = 5(ax + 3az) – (5ax + 2ay – 6az)
= (5ax + 15az) – (5ax + 2ay – 6az)
= (5ax + 15az) – (5ax + 2ay – 6az)
(c) Component of A along ay =0
(d) A unit vector parallel to 3A+B
3𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3(𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑧) + (5𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 – 6𝑎𝑧)
= (3𝑎𝑥 + 9𝑎𝑧) + (5𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 – 6𝑎𝑧)
= 8𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 + 3𝑎𝑧
A Unit vector parallel to C is =
𝐶 8ax + 2ay +3az
𝐴𝐶 = |𝐶| =
√82 +22 +32
8ax + 2ay +3az
=
√77
8𝑎𝑥
= 𝑎𝐴𝑥 = = 0.9117 𝑎𝑥
√77
2𝑎𝑦
= 𝑎𝐴𝑦 = = 0.2279 𝑎𝑦
√77
3𝑎𝑧
= 𝑎𝐴𝑥 = = 0.3419 𝑎𝑧
√77
Example 1.2
Point P and Q are located at (0ax+2ay+4az) and (-3ax+ay+5az). Calculate:

1. The position vector P

2. The distance vector from P to Q

3. The distance vector between P and Q

4. A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10

Solution:

1. 𝑟𝑃 = 0𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧 = 2𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧

2. 𝑟𝑃𝑄 = 𝑟𝑄 − 𝑟𝑃 = (−3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 5𝑎𝑧) – (0𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧) =


−3𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧

3. Since r PQ is the distance vector from P to Q, the distance between P and


Q is the magnitude of this vector ; that is,

d = |r PQ| = √9 + 1 + 1 =3.317

Alternatively :
d = √(𝑥𝑄 − 𝑥𝑃)2 + (𝑦𝑄 − 𝑦𝑃)2 + (𝑧𝑄 − 𝑧𝑃)2

= √9 + 1 + 1 = 3.317

4. Let the required vector be A then

A = AaA

Where A = 10 is the magnitude of A. since A is thw parallel to PQ it


must have the same unit vector as r PQ or r QP. Hence,
𝑟 𝑃𝑄 (−3𝑎𝑥−1𝑎𝑦+1𝑎𝑧)
aA =  =
|𝑟 𝑃𝑄| 3.317

and
10(−3𝑎𝑥−1𝑎𝑦+1𝑎𝑧)
A= =  (-9.045ax - 3.015ay + 3.015az)
3.317

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.2


Given point P(ax-3ay+5az) , Q(2ax+4ay+6az) , and R(0ax+3ay+8az) , find :

a) the positions vectors of P and R,

b) the distance vector r QR ,

c) the distance between Q and R

1. r P = ax-3ay+5az ;

r R = 3ay+8az

2. r PQ = rp – rQ = (0ax+3ay+8az) – (2ax+4ay-6az) = (-2ax-ay+az)

3. d = |r PQ| = √(−2)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2 = 1

Example 1.4
Given vectors 𝑨 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 and 𝑩 = 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟓𝒂𝒛

Find the angle between A and B

Solution

The angle 𝜽𝑨𝑩 can be found by usingeither dot product or cross product
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = (𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 )(𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟓𝒂𝒛 )

= 𝟖𝒂𝒚 − 𝟓𝒂𝒛 = 𝟑

|𝑨| = √𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 = √𝟐𝟔

|𝑩| = √𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + (−𝟓)𝟐 = √𝟐𝟗

𝑨∙𝑩 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑨𝑩 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐
|𝑨||𝑩| √(𝟐𝟔)(𝟐𝟗)

𝜽𝑨𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑, 𝟕𝟑°

Alternatively
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚
𝑨×𝑩= |𝟑 𝟒 𝟏|𝟑 𝟒
𝟎 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟎 𝟐
= (−𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐)𝒂𝒙 + (𝟎 + 𝟓)𝒂𝒚 + (𝟔 − 𝟎)𝒂𝒛

= (−𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟔𝒂𝒛 )

|𝑨 × 𝑩| √(−𝟐𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 = √𝟒𝟖𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓 + 𝟑𝟔 = √𝟕𝟒𝟓

|𝑨 × 𝑩| √𝟕𝟒𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝑨𝑩 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟒
|𝑨||𝑩| √(𝟐𝟔)(𝟐𝟗)

𝜽𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟒 = 𝟖𝟑, 𝟕𝟑°

Practice exercise 1.4


If A= 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒂𝒛 and B= 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟔𝒂𝒛 , find 𝜽𝑨𝑩

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = (𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒂𝒛 )(𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟔𝒂𝒛 , )

= 𝟓𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖𝒂𝒛 = −𝟏𝟑

|𝑨| = √𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 = √𝟏𝟎

|𝑩| = √𝟓𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + (−𝟔)𝟐 = √𝟔𝟓

𝑨∙𝑩 −𝟏𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑨𝑩 = = = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟗
|𝑨||𝑩| √(𝟏𝟎)(𝟔𝟓)

𝜽𝑨𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (−𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟗) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟕° = 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟔°

Example 1.5
Three field quantities are given by

𝑃 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧

𝑄 = 2𝑎𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧

𝑅 = 2𝑎𝑥 – 3𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧

Determine

(a) (P + Q) × (P – Q)
(b) Q∙R×P
(c) P∙Q×R
(d) sin 𝜃QR
(e) P × (Q × R)
(f) A unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R
(g) The component of P along Q

Solution:

(a) (𝑃 + 𝑄) × (𝑃 – 𝑄) = 𝑃 × (𝑃 – 𝑄) + 𝑄 × ( 𝑃 – 𝑄)
= 𝑃 × 𝑃– 𝑃 × 𝑄 × 𝑃– 𝑄 × 𝑄
= 0 + 𝑄× 𝑃 + 𝑄 × 𝑃– 0
= 2𝑄 × 𝑃
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
= 2| 2 −1 2 |
2 0 −1
= 2(1 − 0) 𝑎𝑥 + 2(4 + 2) 𝑎𝑦 + 2(0 + 2) 𝑎𝑧
= 2 𝑎𝑥 + 12 𝑎𝑦 + 4 𝑎𝑧
(b) The only way Q∙R × P makes sense is
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝑄 ∙ 𝑅 × 𝑃 = (2𝑎𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧) | 2 −3 1 |
2 0 −1
= (2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧 ) ∙ (3 𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 + 6𝑎𝑧 )
= (6 𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑎𝑦 + 12𝑎𝑧 )
= (6 − 4 + 12) = 14
Alternatively
2 −1 2
𝑄 ∙ 𝑅 × 𝑃 = |2 −3 1 |
2 0 −1
To find the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix, we repeat the first two rows and cross
multiply; when the cross multiplication is from right to left, the result should be negated
as shown below. This technique of finding a determinant applies only to a 3 × 3 matrix.

Hence:
2 −1 2
2 −3 1
𝑄 ∙ 𝑅 × 𝑃 = − ||2 0 −1|| +
− 2 −1 2 +
− 2 −3 1 +

= +6 +0 -2 +12 -0-2 = 14
As obtained before
(c) From eq. (1.28)
𝑃 ∙ (𝑄 × 𝑅) = 𝑄 ∙ (𝑅 × 𝑃) = 14
Or
𝑃 ∙ (𝑄 × 𝑅) = (2𝑎𝑥 + 0𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑧 ) ∙ (5𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑧 )
= 10𝑎𝑥 + 0𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧 = 14

(d)

|𝑸 × 𝑹| |(𝟓, 𝟐, −𝟒)|
sin 𝜃𝑄𝑅 = =
|𝑸||𝒓| |(𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟐)||(𝟐, −𝟑, 𝟏)|
√𝟒𝟓 √𝟓
= == 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟔
𝟑√𝟏𝟒 √𝟏𝟒
(e) 𝑷 × (𝑸 × 𝑹) = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟎𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) × (𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )

Alternatively, using the bac-cab rule,

𝑷 × (𝑸 × 𝑹) = 𝑸(𝑷 ∙ 𝑹) − 𝑹(𝑷 ∙ 𝑸)

= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 – 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛)(𝟒𝒂𝒙 + 𝟎𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) ∙ ( 𝟐𝒂𝒙 – 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 )( 𝟒𝒂𝒙 + 𝟎𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )

= 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟒𝒂𝒛

(f) A unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R is given by


±𝑸 × 𝑹 ±(𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )
𝒂= =
|𝑸 × 𝑹| √𝟒𝟓
𝟓
𝑨𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝒂𝒙 = ±(𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟓)𝒂𝒙
√𝟒𝟓
𝟐
𝑨𝒂𝒚 = ± 𝒂𝒚 = ±(𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟖)𝒂𝒚
√𝟒𝟓
(−𝟒)
𝑨𝒂𝒛 = ± 𝒂𝒛 = ±(−𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟔)𝒂𝒛
√𝟒𝟓
Note that |𝒂| = 𝟏, 𝒂 ∙ 𝑸 = 𝟎 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝑹. Any of these can be used to check 𝒂.

(g) The component of P along Q is


𝑷𝑸 = |𝑷| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑷𝑸 𝒂𝑸

(𝑷 ∙ 𝑸)𝑸
= (𝑷 ∙ 𝒂𝑸 )𝒂𝑸 =
|𝑸|𝟐

(𝟒𝒂𝒙 + 𝟎𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )(𝟐𝒂𝒙 – 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )


=
(𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟒)

𝟐
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 – 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒙 – 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒚 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒛

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.5


Let 𝑬 = 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟒𝒂𝒛 and 𝑭 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 – 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟓𝒂𝒛

a) Find the component of E along F


b) Determine a unit vector perpendicular to both E and F

Solution

𝑬 ∙ 𝑭 = (𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )(𝟒𝒂𝒙 – 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟓𝒂𝒛 )

=– 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝒛

𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚
𝑬×𝑭= |𝟎 𝟑 𝟒| 𝟎 𝟑
𝟒 −𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟒 −𝟏𝟎
= (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎)𝒂𝒙 + (𝟏𝟔 + 𝟎)𝒂𝒚 + (𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐)𝒂𝒙

= 𝟓𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒛

a.) The component of E along F is


𝑬𝑭 = |𝑬| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑬𝑭 𝒂𝑭
(𝑬∙𝑭)𝑭
= (𝑬 ∙ 𝒂𝑭 ) 𝒂𝑭 = |𝑭|𝟐
(– 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝒛 )(𝟒𝒂𝒙 – 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟓𝒂𝒛 )
=
|𝟒𝟐 + (−𝟏𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 |
−𝟏𝟎(𝟒𝒂𝒙 – 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟓𝒂𝒛 ) −𝟏𝟎
= = (𝟒𝒂𝒙 – 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟓𝒂𝒛 )
𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟏
= −𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟕𝒂𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟓𝒂𝒛
b.) A unit vector perpendicular to both E and F is given by
±𝑬 × 𝑭 ±(𝟓𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
𝒂= =
|𝑬 × 𝑭| √𝟓𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏6𝟐 + (−𝟏𝟐)𝟐
±(𝟓𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
=
√𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟓𝟔 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒
±(𝟓𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
√𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟓
𝟓𝟓
𝑨𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝒂𝒙 = ±(𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟖)𝒂𝒙 = ±𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝒂𝒙
√𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟔
𝑨𝒂𝒚 = ± 𝒂𝒚 = ±(𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟒)𝒂𝒚 = ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝒂𝒚
√𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟓
(−𝟏𝟐)
𝑨𝒂𝒛 = ± 𝒂𝒛 = ±(−𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟓)𝒂𝒛 = ±(−𝟎. 𝟐𝟏)𝒂𝒛
√𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟓

Problems
1.3 if
𝑨 = 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛
𝑩 = 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛
𝑪 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛
Determine :
a) 𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 + 𝑪
b) 𝑪 − 𝟒(𝑨 + 𝑩)
𝟐𝑨−𝟑𝑩
c) |𝑪|
d) 𝑨. 𝑪 − |𝑩|𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
e) 𝟐 𝑩 × (𝟑 𝑨 + 𝟒 𝑪)

Solution :
a) 𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 + 𝑪 = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 ) − 𝟐(𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 ) + (−𝟐𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝑎𝒛 )
= 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟔𝒂𝒛
b) 𝑪 − 𝟒(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 − 𝟒 ((𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ))
= 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 − 𝟒(𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )
= 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 − (𝟖𝒂𝒙 + 𝟖𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒛 )
= −𝟓𝒂𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝟑𝒂𝒛
𝟐𝑨−𝟑𝑩 𝟐(𝟐𝒂𝒙 +𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛 )−(𝟑𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛 )
c) |𝑪|
=
√𝟑𝟐 +𝟓𝟐 +𝟕𝟐
(𝟒𝒂𝒙 +𝟐𝒂𝒚 +𝟔𝒂𝒛 )+(−𝟑𝒂𝒚 +𝟑𝒂𝒛 )
=
√𝟗+𝟐𝟓+𝟒𝟗
𝟒𝒂𝒙 −𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛
=
√𝟖𝟑
𝟒𝒂𝒙 −𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛
𝒂𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒛 =
√𝟖𝟑 √𝟖𝟑 √𝟖𝟑
𝟐
d) 𝑨. 𝑪 − |𝑩|𝟐 = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 )(𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 ) − (√𝟏𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 )
= (𝟔𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝟏𝒂𝒛 ) − 𝟐
= 𝟔 + 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
e) 𝑩 × ( 𝑨 + 𝑪) = ( 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) × (( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) +
𝟐 𝟑 4 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
(𝟒 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟒 𝒂𝒛 ))
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗 𝟗
= ( 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) × ( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
𝟏 𝟏
=[𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 ]
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗 𝟗
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
=( − (− ) 𝒂𝒙 + (− 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟎) 𝒂𝒚 + (𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒) 𝒂𝒛 )
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒

𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
= 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 2𝟒
1.8 Given that

𝑷 = 𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛
𝑸 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛
𝑹 = −𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛

Find

a) |𝑷 + 𝑸 − 𝑹|
b) 𝑷∙𝑸×𝑹
c) 𝑸×𝑷∙𝑹
d) (𝑷 × 𝑸) ∙ (𝑸 × 𝑹)
e) (𝑷 × 𝑸) × (𝑸 × 𝑹)
f) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑷𝑹
g) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝑷𝑸

Solution
a) 𝑷 + 𝑸 − 𝑹 = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )— (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟕𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )

|𝑷 + 𝑸 − 𝑹| = √𝟕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐2

= √𝟓𝟒

= 𝟕. 𝟑𝟓

b) 𝑷 ∙ 𝑸 × 𝑹
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )(𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 ) × (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟖𝒂𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 ) × (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )

𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
= [ 𝟖 −𝟑 −𝟒]
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐

= (−𝟔 − (−𝟒))𝒂𝒙 + (𝟔 − (𝟏𝟔))𝒂𝒚 + (𝟖 − (𝟑))𝒂𝒛


= −𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒚 + 𝟓𝒂𝒛
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚
c) 𝑸 × 𝑷 = | 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐|𝟒 𝟑
𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
= (𝟔— 𝟐)𝒂𝒙 + (𝟒— 𝟖)𝒂𝒚 + (−𝟒 − (𝟔))𝒂𝒛

= −𝟒𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒛

𝑸 × 𝑷 ∙ 𝑹 = (−𝟒𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒛 ) (−𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )

= 𝟒𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝒛

𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
d) (𝑷 × 𝑸) = [ 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐]
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐

= (−𝟐— 𝟔)𝒂𝒙 + (−𝟖 − (𝟒))𝒂𝒚 + (𝟔 − (−𝟒))𝒂𝒛


= 𝟒𝒂𝒙 + (−𝟏𝟐)𝒂𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒂𝒛
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝑎𝒛
(𝑸 × 𝑹) = [ 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐]
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= (𝟔— 𝟐)𝒂𝒙 + (−𝟐 − (𝟖))𝒂𝒚 + (𝟒 − (−𝟑))𝒂𝒛
= 𝟒𝒂𝒙 + (−𝟏𝟎)𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛

(𝑷 × 𝑸) ∙ (𝑸 × 𝑹) = (𝟒𝒂𝒙 + (−𝟏𝟐)𝒂𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒂𝒛 )(𝟒𝒂𝒙 + (−𝟏𝟎)𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 )


= −𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝟎𝒂𝒛

e) (𝑷 × 𝑸) × (𝑸 × 𝑹) = (𝟒𝒂𝒙 + (−𝟏𝟎)𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 ) × (−𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝟎𝒂𝒛 )


𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
= [ 𝟒 −𝟏𝟐 1𝟎]
𝟒 −𝟏𝟎 𝟕
= (−𝟖𝟒 − (−𝟏𝟎𝟎))𝒂𝒙 + (𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐𝟖)𝒂𝒚 + (−𝟒𝟎 − (𝟒𝟖))𝒂𝒛
= −𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒚 + 𝟖𝒂𝒛
f) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑷𝑹 = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )(−𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 ) = −𝟕
|𝑷| = √𝟐𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 + (−𝟐)𝟐
= √𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟒 = √𝟗
|𝑹| = √(−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐
= √1 + 1 + 4 = √6

𝑃∙𝑅
cos 𝜃𝑃𝑅 = |𝑃||𝑅|
−7
=
√9×6
−7
= = -0.9526
√54

g) sin 𝜃𝑃𝑄 = (2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑧 ) × (4𝑎𝑦 + 3𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧 )


𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
= [ 2 −1 −2]
4 3 2

= (−2— 6)𝑎𝑥 + (−8 − (4))𝑎𝑦 + (6 − (−4))𝑎𝑧

= 4𝑎𝑥 + (−12)𝑎𝑦 + 100𝑎𝑧


|𝑃 × 𝑄| = √16 + 144 + 100 = √260
|𝑃| = √9
|𝑄| = √16 + 9 + 4 = √29
|𝑃×𝑄|
sin 𝜃𝑃𝑄 = |𝑃||𝑄|
√260
=
√261
= 0.9980

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