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Tema 1
Present simple
To be
Afirmativo I am happy
you/we/they are happy
She/he/it is happy
Negativo I am not happy
you/we/they aren’t happy
She/he/it isn’t happy
Interrogativo Am I happy?
Are you/we/they happy?
Is she/he/it happy?
Frequency adverbs
Always usually often sometimes never
…go before a one-word verb:
I always eat chocolate after lunch.
…go before the second word of a two-word verb:
You don’t always eat chocolate after lunch
…go after the verb to be:
He is always happy.
We use the present perfect with frequency adverbs.
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Apuntes B1
Tema 2
Have got
We do not use do for questions and negatives with have got
To be + a + occupation
I’m/you’re/he’s/she’s/it’s/we’re/they’re a student/teacher etc.
To be + adjective
I’m/you’re/he’s/she’s/it’s/we’re/they’re tall/short/thin etc.
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Apuntes B1
Tema 3
Present continuous
Afirmativo I am working
You/we/they are working
She/he/it is working
Negativo I am not working
You/we/they aren’t working
She/he/it isn’t working
Interrogativo Am I working?
Are you/we/they working?
Is she/he/it working?
State verbs
… are not usually used in continuous tenses. Examples of state verbs are:
Believe, hate, Know, like, love, prefer, think, understand, want.
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Apuntes B1
Tema 4
Prepositions of time
No preposition before
Today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday (morning, evening, etc.) this/next/last
(afternoon, week, month, year)
Future plans
We use the present continuous:
I’m meeting Sally on Wednesday.
They’re arriving next week
We’re not using the car at the weekend
He’s leaving tomorrow morning.
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Apuntes B1
Tema 5
Need + noun
Need + verb
Countable/uncountable nouns
Use a/an, one/two/three, etc., a lot of, a few, a couple of, several, (not)
many + countable nous (singular or plural).
Use a lot of, a little, (not) much, a bottle/piece of, etc. + uncountable nouns
(singular only).
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Apuntes B1
Tema 6
Past simple
Regular verbs.
Spelling
Verbs ending in e (e.g. arrive):
Add d (arrived)
Verbs ending in one consonant (e.g. stop):
Double the consonant and add ed (e.g. stopped)
Verbs ending in consonant + y (e.g. study):
Change y to i and add ed (e.g. studied)
Verbs ending in two or more consonant (e.g help) or vowel + y (e.g. stay)
Add ed (e.g. helped, stayed)
Irregular verbs
These verbs have different form, e.g.
Buybought, gowent, makemade
To be
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Apuntes B1
Tema 7
Prepositions of place
Inside outside opposite near under
in next to in front of between by
in the corner of behind beside
Prepositions of movement
Up down across off along around through over
Comparative adjectives
Regular adjectives
One-syllable adjective:
Add er (e.g. Kindkinder)
One-syllable adjective ending in e:
Add r (e.g. nicenicer)
One-syllabe adjective ending in vowel + consonant:
Double consonant and add er (e.g. hothotter)
Adjective ending in consonant + y:
Change y to i and add er (e.g. funnyfunnier)
Adjective with more than one syllable:
more + adjective (e.g. politemore polite, confidentmore confident)
Irregular adjectives
Good better
Bad worse
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Apuntes B1
Tema 8
Present perfect
Has/have + past participle
Past participle
Regular verbs
Past participle = past simple, e.g.
Likeliked, liked playplayed, played
Irregular verbs
Most have a different form for past participle and past simple:
Dodid, done writewrote, written knowknew, known
But for some irregular verbs, past participle and past simple are the same:
Makemade, made buybought, bought
Just, already
…go before the past participle:
We’ve just bought a box of chocolates
I’ve already opened it.
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Apuntes B1
Tema 9
Short answers
Present simple
Present continuous
Am I working hard?
Yes, you are
No, you aren’t
Are you working hard?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not
Is he/she/it/ the class working hard?
Yes, he/she/it is
No, he/she/it isn’t
Are we/they/the students working hard?
Yes, you/they are
No, you/they aren’t
Past simple
Present perfect
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Apuntes B1
Tema 10
Have/has gone
They’ve gone out (They went out and then came home).
She’s gone to Africa (She went there and she’s there now)
She hasn’t gone to Africa (She’s not there now)
OR
Have/has been
They’ve been out (They went out and then came home)
She’s been to Africa (She went there and then returned here)
She hasn’t been to Africa (She didn’t go there)
She’s never been to Africa (She has never visited Africa)
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Apuntes B1
Been Gone
Is past participle of be Is past participle of go
= completed visit = if someone visits a place but has not
If you have visited a place on come home/back they have gone
holiday and returned then you there. (leave a place and not come
have been there. back yet)
She’s been to India 3 times She’s gone to Moscow, she will be
She’s gone to India. back next week.
When you ask someone about English expression “been and gone” =
past experience use been something/someone come and left
Have you been drinking?
Ejemplos:
She’s gone to visit Susan. She will be home tomorrow
Have you ever been to New York?
You are late! Where have you been?
Where has Eric gone? He was here one minute ago!
She was offered a new job and has gone to London
I’m so tired I have been working all day.
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Apuntes B1
Tema 11
Superlative adjectives
Regular adjectives
One-syllable adjective:
Add est (e.g. Kindkindest)
One-syllable adjective ending in e:
Add st (e.g. nicenicest)
One-syllabe adjective ending in vowel + consonant:
Double consonant and add est (e.g. hothottest)
Adjective ending in consonant + y:
Change y to i and add est (e.g. funnyfunniest)
Adjective with more than one syllable:
The most + adjective (e.g. politethe most polite, confidentthe most
confident)
Irregular adjectives
Good the best
Bad the worst
Fur the farthest/furthest
Present passive
To be + past participle
The passive uses the same past participles as the present perfect
Active The students/they admire the actor/him
Passive The actor/he is admired by the students/them
Afirmativo I am admired
You/we/they are admired
She/he/it is admired
Negativo I am not admired
You/we/they aren’t admired
She/he/it isn’t admired
Interrogativo Am I admired?
Are you/we/they admired?
Is she/he/it admired?
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Apuntes B1
Tema 12
Past continuous
Was/were + -ing
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Apuntes B1
Tema 13
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Apuntes B1
Tema 14
Used to
Used to shows something was true in the past but is not true now:
I used to watch westerns (I don’t watch them now)
We used to see horses in the field (We don’t see them now)
There didn’t use to be a sports centre in the city (There is now)
Did there use to be less traffic? (I know there’s a los of traffic now, I want to know if it has increased)
Adjective order
1 opinion 2 size 3 description 4 colour 5 material
An amazing long stripey green wool scarf
A useful little old red plastic bag
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Apuntes B1
Tema 15
Can
Can never changes
Have to
We use the tenses of have
Present
Afirmativo I/ you/we/they have to dance
she/he/it has to dance
Negativo I/ you/we/they don’t have to dance
she/he/it doesn’t have to dance
Interrogativo Do I/ you/we/they have to dance?
Does he/he/it have to dance?
Past
Afirmativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they had to dance
Negativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they didn’t have to dance
Interrogativo Did I/he/he/it/you/we/they have to dance?
Permission
Can, can’t + verb
You can sit here. (This chair is free, you are allowed to sir here)
You can’t sit here. (This chair isn’t free, you aren’t allowed to sit here)
Obligation
(don’t) have to + verb
You have to sit here. (You aren’t alloved to sit in any other chair)
You don’t have to sit here (You are allowed to choose your chair)
Adverbs
Regular adverbs
Most adjectives add ly:
Quietquietly, strangestrangely, beautifulbeautifully
Adjectives ending in le:
Drop e and add y (e.g. sensiblesensibly)
Adjectives ending in y:
Change y to i + ly (e.g lazylazily)
Irregular adverbs
Some adverbs are the same as their adjectives: fast, hard, late, early
She’s a fast runner. She runs fast
I had an early phone call. He phoned me early
Well is the adverb from good.
They’re good dancers. They dance well.
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Apuntes B1
Tema 16
Going to future
Going to is used
To talk about what we plan to do:
We’re going to watch a football match this evening
I’m not going to play tennis next weekend
To describe a future event which we feel sure about:
Jane has made some coffee. She’s going to drink it
You’re carrying a heavy bag. You’re going to drop it.
The time
Midday/midnight
One, two, …,twelve, etc. o’clock
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Apuntes B1
Tema 17
Will future
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Apuntes B1
Tema 18
Past perfect
Past simple of have + past participle
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Apuntes B1
Tema 19
+to
Agree allow arrange begin* continue* decide
Expect hope learn like need offer
Plan promise refuse seem start* stop**
Try** want would like
+ -ing
Be afraid of begin* be fed up with be good at be interested in
continue* Don’t mind enjoy like look forward to
love prefer start* stop** try**
He stopped eating chocolate (he didn’t eat chocolate after that time)
He stopped to eat chocolate (he stopped working/walking etc because he wanted to eat some
chocolate)
He tried joining a sports club. (He joined a sports club to find out if it was useful)
He tired to join a sports club. (HE wanted to join a sports club but he couldn’t)
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Apuntes B1
Tema 20
Comparison of adverbs
Regular adverbs
Adverbs ending –ly:
Carefully, more carefully, most carefully
Allan worked more carefully than Judy
Hazel worked the most carefully.
Irregular adverbs
Adverbs which are the same as adjectives:
Fast, faster, (the) fastest
Hard, harder, (the) hardest
Late, later, (the) latest
Early, earlier, (the) earliest
She runs faster than him.
I run (the) fastest.
They get up earlier than us.
He gets up (the) earliest
Well, badly
Well, better, (the) best
Badly, worse, (the) worst
David played better than Michael
John played (the) best
Donna played worse than Mandy
Jill played (the) worst.
Comparative sentences
More…than
Less…than
Not as/so…as
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Apuntes B1
Tema 21
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Apuntes B1
Tema 22
Tema 23
Tema 24
Tema 26
Tema 27
Tema 28
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Apuntes B1
Tema 29
I’m fifteen So am I
So are we/they
So is he/she
We’re not allowed to drive Nor/Neither am I
Nor/Neither are we/they
Nor/Neither is he/she
He often catches this bus So do I/we/they
So does he/she
He doesn’t like cycling Nor/Neither do I/we/they
Nor/Neither does he/she
We’ve bought return tickets So have I/we/they
So has he/she
They haven’t bought tickets yet Nor/Neither have I/we/they
Nor/Neither has he/she
I caught the train yesterday So did I/he/she/we/they
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Apuntes B1
She didn’t come to school Nor/Neither did I/he/she/we/they
I’ll phone her later So will I/he/she/we/they
I won’t forget Nor/Neither will I/he/she/we/they
I must hurry So must I/he/she/we/they
We hadn’t noticed the time Nor/Neither had I/he/she/we/they
Polite questions
Tema 30
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Apuntes B1
Phonetic symbols
Cart,
Cat,
Like,
Now,
Tell,
Say,
There,
Big,
Steep,
Here,
Pop,
Phone,
Four,
Boy,
Took,
Pool,
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Apuntes B1
Tour,
Third,
Fun,
Again,
/b/ Be,
/d/ Do,
/f/ Find,
/g/ Good,
/h/ Have,
/j/ You,
/k/ Cat,
/l/ Like,
/m/ Me,
/n/ No,
/p/ Put,
/r/ Run,
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Apuntes B1
/s/ Say,
/t/ Tell,
/v/ Very,
/w/ Well,
/z/ Zoo,
Shoe,
Television,
Sing,
Cheap,
Thin,
This,
Joke,
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