Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by Wu Quanqing
System Engineering Dept.
Introduction
With the development of power technology, the Owing to low start-up current of 30µA and low oper-
demand for low standby power in power systems has ating current of 3mA, the AP3101 can reduce standby
increased. The AP3101 is a green current mode PWM power dissipation of the startup resistor, and improve
controller. Its input power can be less than 0. 3W in operating efficiency. In addition, totem driver output
265V AC input at no load condition. The target stage with 0. 6A current capacity is helpful for driving
AP3101 application fields consists of LCD Monitor/ MOSFET directly.
TV and other off-line AC-to-DC adapters.
With the built-in limited power control, the AP3101
This application note includes a general description, can turn off the PWM output after 23 ms in overload or
detailed description of major functions, and provides short circuit conditions, and the input power of a
notes for typical applications in SMPS. SMPS can drop close to zero. Also, the perfect protec-
tion against over-temperature is automatically per-
formed. Furthermore, leading edge blanking (LEB)
1. General Description technology is included in the AP3101 for noise immu-
The AP3101 acts as a programmable fixed frequency
nity; built-in slope compensation ensures the stability
PWM control during normal operation, and an external
of peak current mode control.
resistor is used to set the osillating frequency. When
output power of a SMPS falls below the given level,
Figure 1 is the functional block diagram of AP3101.
the IC automatically enters the skip cycle mode to
Figure 2 is AP3101's Pin Configuration.
reduce power consumption.
VCC
1
GND
ON/OFF
Driver 8
Q D GATE
CLK OSC
RB Short circuit
Protection
4 6V
RI
OTP Skip Cycle 4R
5 ADJ
R
6V
PWM
3 Internal Bias 2
VIN FB
2R
7 R
VCC Slope
UVLO Current Limit
Compensation
16V/10V 6
LEB SENSE
0.85V
1
Application Note 1020
rent. When load power drops to a lower level, the VFB
decreases as well as the peak switch current. If peak
current drops to a given set point where the non-invert-
GND 1 8 GATE
ing voltage of the skip cycle comparator (VFB-0. 9V) is
FB 2 7 VCC lower than its inverting input (VADJ), the AP3101 will
VIN 3 6 SENSE enter skip cycle mode and start to blank its output
pulse.
RI 4 5 ADJ
144 RADJ 24 RADJ
VADJ = ( 96 + (V
) )
24 + RADJ 24 + RADJ
Figure 2. Pin Configuration of AP3101
ADJ
2. Pin Descriptions
GND (pin 1) The combined control circuitry and
power ground. AP3101 RADJ
VCC (pin 7) The power supply for the device. Figure 4 illustrates the actual skip cycle waveform at
the gate pin. The power transfer now depends upon the
GATE (pin 8) The PWM output directly drives the length of the pulse bunches. Suppose we have the fol-
gate of MOSFET. lowing component values:
LP, primary inductance: 1mH;
3. Function Descriptions fS, oscillating frequency: 65kHz;
3. 1 Green Mode IP: 200 mA.
In normal operation with heavy load, the AP3101 At light load, the converter will enter the DCM
works at a fixed switching frequency, and the voltage mode. And the theoretical power transfer is therefore:
on the FB pin (VFB) corresponds to a larger peak cur- 0. 5*LP*IP2*fS=1. 3W.
2
Application Note 1020
If the device enters the skip cycle mode with a bunch
length of 15 ms over a recurrent period of 100 ms,
then the total power transfer is: 1. 3*15/100= 195 mW. 120
to work, the C2 will be charged by the transformer but Timing Resistor (kΩ)
1
fP =
2πRB C B
Figure 5. Speedup Start-up Circuits
1
fZ =
4. 3 Oscillator 2π ( R1 + RC )C1
A resistor RI between RI and GND will generate a
constant current source, and the current source will In general design, the crossover frequency fC of the
determine the oscillating frequency by charging an power system can be determined with the main power
internal capacitor. parameter design. Then, we can place a compensator
zero (fZ) around fC/3 and place a compensator pole
The oscillating frequency can be expressed as: (fP) above 3fC. Thus, we can obtain a good response
feature and stability margin. In addition, the output LC
1690
f ≈ (kHz )
RI [kΩ]
3
Application Note 1020
filter should enable to bring some amount of phase Therefore, 0. 5 to 1kHz of skip cycle frequency is pre-
shift and should be considered for real application. ferred to compromise between standby power and
audio noise. In addition, the adhesives in the trans-
VO
former construction are required.
Vref
Figure 7. AP3101 Normal Compensator with AZ431 Within an adapter, there are four major current
loops. Two of the loops conduct the high-level AC
4. 6 Over Temperature Protection currents needed by the supply. They are the power
The AP3101 will automatically turn off the PWM switch AC current loop and the output rectifier AC
output when junction temperature rises up to a given current loop. The currents are the typical trapezoidal
current pulses with very high peak current and very
value; the typical value is 150oC, with hysteresis of
rapid di/dt. The other two current loops are the input
25oC. source and the output load current loops, which carry
low frequency current being supplied from the voltage
5. Adapter Application source to and from the load respectively.
5. 1 How to Reduce Standby Power
First, a high value for the startup resistor is selected For the power switch AC current loop, current flows
to lower loss. In Figure 8, a start-up resistor R1 of from the input filter capacitor through the transformer
1.5MΩ is selected to ensure that VCC hold up capaci- winding and the power switch then back to the nega-
tor C3 is charged up to 16V even under low line volt- tive terminal of the input capacitor. Similarly, the out-
age of 85VAC, and the maximum power loss on R1 is put rectifier current loop's current flows from the
90mW. Once the AP3101 begins to work, an auxiliary secondary transformer winding, through the rectifier
winding of the transformer T1 will provide operating to the output filter capacitor and back to the winding.
current for the IC. The filter capacitors are the only components that can
source and sink the large levels of AC current in the
Second, adjusting the skip cycle level can reduce time needed by the switching power supply. The PCB
switching loss on MOSFET. The resistor RADJ on pin traces should be made as wide and as short as possible,
ADJ is used to adjust the skip cycle frequency; a which can minimize parasite resistive and inductive
larger resistor corresponds to a lower skip cycle fre- effects. These traces should be laid out fistly. As for
quency, so lower input power can be obtained. How- the input source and output load current loops, both of
ever, with the larger resistor it also needs a larger VCC these loops must be connected directly to their respec-
hold-up capacitor and the peak switching current will tive filter capacitor's terminals. All the current path
also become larger correspondingly. Also, a low-value loops, particularly with high frequency switching,
capacitor can't provide enough energy to the AP3101 should be as short as possible. Thus it will reduce the
at light load condition or less. so-called conduction or radiation interference.
5. 2 How to Avoid Audio Noise The grounds are extremely important to the proper
The transformer T1 is the main noise source. Under operation of the switching power supply. The analog
light or no load, the AP3101 will operate in skip cycle control ground should be connected first and then
mode with lower switching frequency, and audio noise connected to other circuitry. "One point grounding"
from the transformer T1 will probably be heard. must be used. Single-point grounding keeps the noise
sources separated from the sensitive control circuits.
4
Application Note 1020
Care must be taken that pin ADJ and pin RI are placed
away from noise sources which are sensitive or may
disturb the signal.
NTC R9
BD1
C5
R1 C1 R2 C2 J2
J1 T D3 L2
D1 C7
C6
C3 12V/3A
R3 D2
R4
Q1
7N60
R10
C8
R6
R7 0.5 R11
8 7 6 5
GATE VCC SENSE ADJ R12 Q2
AZ431
U1
AP3101
R13
620
GND FB VIN RI
1 2 3 4
R8 U2 p521
4 1
3 2
Cb