Integration

Rule: Increase the power by 1 and divide by the new power.

y=
 ydx =
x2 x3
c
3
12x 12 2
x  c  6x2  c
2
9 9x + c
4
x 6 3 8 2
 x  x  5x  c 
x3  6 x 2  8 x  5 4 3 2
x4
 2 x3  4 x 2  5 x  c
4

Integration is the reverse of differentiation.

Example:
dy
Find y if  x 2  6 x  2 and y = 4 when x = 3.
dx

x3 6 2 x3
y  x  2x  c i.e. y  3x 2  2 x  c .
3 2 3
33
When x = 3, y = 4. So 4   3  32  2  3  c
3
4  9  27  6  c
4  12  c
c = 16
x3
So, y   3 x 2  2 x  16
3

Definite Integration

Example:
4
Find 1
(2 x  1)( x  2)dx .

4 4
First expand the brackets: 
1
(2 x  1)( x  2)dx   (2 x 2  3 x  2)dx
1
4
2 3 
Integrate the expression: =  x3  x 2  2 x 
3 2 1
Substitute in the 2 limits and subtract:
2 3 3 2  2 3 3 2 
=  4  4  2  4    1  1  2  1
3 2  3 2 
= 58 3  6
2 1

= 58 12
Finding areas

Integration can be used to find the area underneath a curve.

Example 1:
y
Find the area beneath the curve y  3x 2  5 between the
50 lines x = 2 and x = 4.

40

4 4
30 Area = 2
(3x 2  5)dx   x 3  5 x 
2

=  4  5  4   2  5  2
3 3
20

10
= 44 – (-2)
= 46
-1 1 2 3 4 5 x

Areas beneath the x-axis are negative. You need to calculate areas above and below the axes
separately.

Example 2:
y

10 The diagram shows the curve y = x(x – 3).

8
Find the shaded area.
6

-1 1 2 3 4 5 x

-2

The curve crosses the x-axis at x = 3 (and at x = 0).

Area above the x-axis is

4 4 4

 3
x( x  3) dx   ( x 2  3 x)dx   13 x3  23 x 2 
3 3

  13 43  23 42    13 33  23 32 
 2 23  ( 4.5)
 1 56
Area below the x-axis is
3 3 3


0
x( x  3)dx   ( x 2  3 x) dx   13 x 3  23 x 2 
0 0

  13 33  23 32    13 03  32 02 
 (4.5)  0
  4.5
So total area is 1  4  6 . 5
6
1
2
1
3
Note:
To find the area between 2 curves use the formula:
Area=  (top curve - bottom curve)dx

Questions:

1. (i) Integrate  ( x  1)( x  2)dx.

3
(ii) Evaluate 1 ( x  1)dx .
2. Calculate the area completely enclosed by the curve y  x 3  3 x 2  4 , the x-axis and the lines
x = 1, x = 4.

3. Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y  12  x  x 2

4. Carry out the following integrations:

(a)  ( x  3) dx (b)  3x dx x
3
(c) dx .
and the x-axis.

 x  1 dx .
2 2
5. Evaluate
1

Calculate  ( x  3x)dx . On a sketch graph shade an area corresponding to this integral.

2
6.
1

7. Find the coordinates of the points where the line y = x + 11 meets the curve y  ( x  2)( x  5)
and sketch the two graphs on one diagram.
7

Evaluate   x  11  ( x  2)( x  5) dx .

3

On your diagram, shade the area represented by this integral.

8. v   (3 x 2  4 x  2)dx .
(i) If v = 3 when x = 0, find v as a function of x.
(ii) Hence calculate the value of v when x = 1.

9. a) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line y = 2x with the curve y  x 2  3 x
.
b) Sketch the line and the curve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 6.
c) Calculate the area of the region enclosed between the line and the curve.