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1. Calculate Iz for the sections shown below, starting from the standard equations of I for a
rectangle and circle about their centroid.
(Ans: (D4-d4)/12, π(D4-d4)/64, 350×106 mm4, 68.75×106 mm4, 0.1046×106 mm4)
D
d
d
D d
z z
D
y y
50 mm 300 mm 40 mm
50 mm 50 mm
300 mm
50 mm
200 mm
5 mm
z z
50 mm
z
50 mm
50 mm y y 5 mm
200 mm y
2. A cast iron has a yield stress of stress of 200 MN/m2. Calculate the maximum bending
moment for bending about the horizontal axis that can be applied to a beam made from the
cast iron with the cross-section shown below.
(Ans: 23.9 kNm)
60 mm
20 mm
15 mm
70 mm
30 mm y
90 mm
3. The beam shown below is simply supported and carries a concentrated load W at a
distance of 6 m from the left-hand support. The cross-section of the beam is also shown.
Calculate the maximum concentrated load W that can be carried if the bending stress in the
beam is nowhere to exceed 75 MN/m2.
(Ans: 10.5 kN)
11.5 mm
6m 3m
W
225 mm
7.5 mm
11.5 mm
100 mm
4. The I-beam in Q3 is to be strengthened so that it can carry twice the load, by adding more
of the same material to the web or to the flange. Calculate the thickness of material required
in each case.
(Ans: t=22.8 mm; t=13.7 mm)
Web Flange
reinforcement reinforcement
(Note: Calculating the flange reinforcement requires you to solve a cubic equation. You can
do this in any programme that can plot graphs, such as Excel, or an algebraic package such as
Matlab, Maple or Mathematica. You will be studying Matlab in Maths in Semester 2. You
will never be asked to solve a cubic equation in an exam, but you should be able to plot
graphs etc. for general engineering problem solving!)
5. A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in the figure. The weight of the beam itself
can be ignored and the beam has a constant cross-section. The beam cross-section is also
shown. Determine an expression for the bending moment as a function of x (the distance
along the beam from the left-hand end) for each section of the beam. Sketch the bending
moment distribution along the beam (i.e. you DO NOT need to use graph paper). Mark
important values on the graph, including labels for the axes, the values of bending moment at
the beam ends and at the discontinuities in the beam loading.
Calculate the x position of the maximum bending moment. You may assume that it occurs in
the last section of the beam i.e. at x > 4 m. Hence calculate the maximum longitudinal stress
σx in the beam.
(Ans: x=4.2m, σx,max =154.7MN/m2)
50 mm
160 kN
50 kN/m
300 mm
50 mm
2m 2m 4m 50 mm
200 mm
Solutions
1.
50 mm
With parallel axis theorem:
50(200 )3 200(50 )3
I or Iz = + 2 + 125 2 (200 × 50)
12 12
300 mm
50 mm
= 350 × 10 6 mm 4
= 370 × 10 − 6 m 4
z
This beam section does not have a horizontal axis of symmetry, so first we must find the
position of the centroid (neutral axis) for the beam cross-section. 40 mm
2.
R1=W/3
x
R1=W/3
x
Plot of bending moment against x (position along beam from left hand end):
2.5
Bending moment, M/W (m)
2 2W
1.5
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8
x (m)
Therefore the load produces a maximum bending moment, Mmax=2W at 6m from the left
hand end of the beam. From the bending equation:
σ x , max M max
=
ymax I
σ x , max I
⇒ M max =
ymax
= 31.4 × 10 − 6 m 4
Therefore, the maximum load, W, based on the bending equation is given by:
75 × 106 × 31.4 × 10 −6
2W =
0.225
2
or
W = 10.5kN
3.
First locate the neutral axis of the beam section, which coincides with the centroid of the
beam section on the vertical axis of symmetry. Determine position of centroid from (first)
moment of area.
Draw a reference axis at any convenient position (in this case the bottom of the section).
Divide the beam section convenient parts (in this case 3 rectangles).
Using:
n
Ay = ∑ yi dA i
c i =1
gives:
( A1 + A2 + A3 ) yc = y1 A1 + y2 A2 + y3 A3
(20 × 60 + 70 ×15 + 30 × 90) yc = 110 (20 × 60) + 65 (70 ×15) + 15 (30 × 90)
i.e.
yc = 48.6 mm
So the neutral axis passes through the centroid of the beam cross-section (at 48.6 mm from
the base of the beam cross-section).
60 × 203
I= + (110 − 48.6) 2 × 60 × 20 A1
12
15 × 703
+ + (65 − 48.6) 2 × 15 × 70 A2
12
90 × 303 A3
+ + (15 − 48.6) 2 × 90 × 30
12
= 8.53 × 106 mm 4
4.
Reinforcement of the beam section increases the I for the beam section. Note that for flange
reinforcement this has the added effect of changing the depth of the beam section.
t2
ymax+t2
t1 t1
t2
Web reinforcement:
then I for the beam section must be doubled. The increase in I is proved by the two
rectangular sections added, i.e.
t1 (202 )
3
I0 = 31.4 × 106 =2
12
or
t1 = 22.8mm
Flange reinforcement:
I1 M 4W 2I
= max = = 0
( ymax + t2 ) σ x, max σ x, max ymax
then the ratio ‘I/y’ must be doubled. Rearrange this equation and insert the value for I1 (using
the parallel axis theorem, which cannot be avoided in this case) gives:
I1 = 2 I 0
( ymax + t2 )
ymax
100t 23
I 0 + 2
t
2
(y + t )
+ ymax + 2 100t 2 = 2 I 0 max 2
12 2 ymax
or
100t 23
I 0 + 2
t
2
(y + t )
+ ymax + 2 100t 2 − 2 I 0 max 2 = 0
12 2 ymax
AAAAAGH!! - a cubic equation to solve for t2 since I0 and ymax are known values. But this is
EASY using Matlab (or an algebraic package such as Maple or Mathematica, or any
programme that can plot graphs, such as Excel). You will be studying Matlab in Maths in
Semester 2.
Plot the cubic equation in Matlab (or Excel) and zoom in on the zero crossing to find the
value of t2 at the root:
8
x 10
5
800
4
600
3
400
2
200
Cubic equation
Cubic equation
1
0
0
-200
-1
-400
-2
-600
-3
-800
-4
-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 13.6881 13.6882 13.6883 13.6884 13.6885 13.6886 13.6887 13.6888
t 2 (mm) t 2 (mm)
i.e. t2 = 13.7 mm
You will never be asked to solve a cubic equation in an exam, but you should be able to plot
graphs etc. for general engineering problem solving!
5.
R1 R2
2m 4m 2m
Bending moment using Macaulay step function for all sections of beam:
M = R1 x − 160[x − 2] − [x − 4]
1 50 2
(See Chapter 3!)
2
Hence for each section of the beam:
Section 1 (x<2): M = 170 x
Section 2 (2<x<6): M = 170 x − 160(x − 2 ) = 10 x + 320
Section 3 (6<x<8): M = 170 x − 160(x − 2 ) − 25(x − 4) 2
= −25 x 2 + 210 x − 80
Plot of bending moment against x (position along beam from left hand end):
400
350
360 361
Bending moment, M (kNm)
300
340
250
200
150
100
50
0
4.2
0 2 4 6 8
x (m)
We are told that the maximum bending moment occurs in the last section of the beam, i.e.
x>4m . The bending moment for this section of the beam is:
M = −25 x 2 + 210 x − 80
The maximum bending moment occurs in this section of the beam where dM/dx=0, i.e.
dM
= −50 x + 210 = 0 ⇒ x = 4.2 m
dx
The maximum bending moment occurs at x=4.2 m and its value is: