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Pristup projektiranju pasivnih energetskih filtara za industrijske energetske sustave primjenom algoritama za istraživanje gravitacije
Salih Tosun, Ali Oztürk, M. Mustafa Ertay, Mehmet Ali Yalçın, Ahmet Zengin
Pristup projektiranju pasivnih energetskih filtara za industrijske energetske sustave primjenom algoritama za istraživanje
gravitacije
m1 ⋅ m2
F = G⋅ , (6)
R2
F
a= . (7)
m
where, mpi(t), maj(t) active and passive masses bar graph. Measurement point is PCC bus which is
respectively, at iteration tRij(t) is the Euclidian distance demonstrated in Fig. 3. The current values are total
between two masses ith and jth at iteration t. ε is a small current values which are obtained from PCC bus. All the
constant [20 ÷ 24]. harmonic values are RMS values which are obtained from
power gui in MATLAB simulink. Additionally, Fig. 5
shows the current and voltage wave shapes of the system.
Fijd = G (t ) ⋅
m pi (t ) ⋅ maj (t )
Rij (t ) + s
( )
⋅ x dj (t ) − x dj (t ) . (13)
Grid
M
Velocity and position vectors for each mass i are
4000 kW 1600 kW
recalculated for the new iteration according to Eq. (16)
and Eq. (17). [20 ÷ 24, 26]. 1350 kVA Single Tuned
PPF
Figure 3 Power System where PPF is to be adopted
vid (t + 1) = rand i ⋅ vid (t ) + aid (t ), (16)
Table 1Harmonic value prior to PPF
Harmonics 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 TDD (%)
xid (t + 1) = rand i ⋅ x(t ) + vid (t + 1). (17) Currents 363,9 34,0 24,16 14,99 13,03 9,77 8,49 13,2
400
reaches the number of iteration [26]. GSA flowchart is
given in Fig. 2 [24, 25]. 300
200
Generate the
initial population 100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Evaluate the
fitness of each
Order of Harmonic
mass Figure 4 Harmonic current magnitudes prior to PPF
acceleration
0
Calculate the
speed and -200
position
-400
No Is it stop -600
criterion be 0.11 0.115 0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14
provided? Time(sec)
Yes (a)
4
x 10
Write the best
1
solution
4 Problem definition 0
The Simulink model is shown in Fig. 6. Nonlinear filters were determined based on the obtained harmonic
loads were modelled by current sources. Motor loads current values. First, analyses with various power factors
were modelled as impedance loads [3, 4, 6]. were conducted for the 5th and 7th harmonic amplitudes.
Then, the same analysis was repeated for the 5th, 7th, and
11th harmonics. In the first stage of the study, the filters
were designed by TAE so as to draw the least amount of
current. The design was repeated using GSA. For the risk
of harmonic problems with power system harmonic
values are taken lower than the harmonic order such as 5th
=4,8th, it corresponds to 4 % of harmonic. The reactive
power values are obtained according to this resonance
setting. The results are given in Tabs. 2, 3 and 4. The aim
is to minimize the Point of Common Coupling (PCC)
current’s effective value, as expressed by the objective
function in Eq. (16), when running GSA. This is the line-
current value least affected by harmonics. While the
algorithms are running, the filters’ reactive power values
are taken with variable constraints such as given by Eq.
Figure 6 Simulink Model of the studied power system
(17). In addition, the system’s power factor is added to the
algorithm with the constraint given by Eq. (18).
5 Solution
Because the passive filters use reactive power FF = min( ΣI PCC ), (16)
compensation at the base frequency, the system’s reactive
power needs must first be identified [1, 6, 7]. Eq. (14) Qcmin ≤ Q ≤ Qcmax ,
5 th
computes the reactive power needs where Qc is 2100 Qcmin ≤ Q ≤ Qcmax , (17)
7 th
kVAr [6].
Qcmin ≤ Q ≤ Qcmax ,
11th
Qc = P ⋅ (tanθ1 − tanθ 2 ) . (14)
cosϕ min ≤ cosϕ ≤ cosϕ max . (18)
Power factor value will be increased from 0,82 to
0,95 and the required capacitor’s reactance value is We observed that 5th and 7th harmonics have the
computed by Eq. (15) [6, 17, 18]. highest currents. So, we used them as the base to design
the filters. In similar studies utilizing GSA, first case, it
was determined that the 5th and 7th harmonics have the
Vs 2 highest currents, and then filters were applied to these
Xc = . (15)
Qc harmonics. After the filters were applied to the system,
the resulting harmonic amplitudes, harmonic current and
The filter’s reactance at its resonance level is harmonic voltage values, and power factor values are
computed using Eq. (15). According to industrial power displayed in Tab. 2. As seen in Tab. 2, the PCC current
systems’ short circuit/Load current ratio the IEEE 519- value drops in a filter less system from 363,9 A to 318,5 A
1992 standard requires the harmonic current threshold to When we had a system with the power factor of 0,952 and
be 5 % [3, 15]. Nevertheless, total harmonic current value the reactive power of 2100 kVAr. Current and voltage
is observed to be 13,2 % and is given in Tab. 1. It is harmonics values without a filter are measured as 13,2 %
assumed that the industrial power system runs under full and 5,49 % respectively.
load. The Simulink model in Fig. 6 was used, and the
With a filter using GSA, we measured lower values as increasing the reactive power value to 3100 kVAr and
6,05 % and 3,05 %. We measured these values where the redesigning filters for the 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics.
power factor was 0,951 and the reactive power was 2078 Because individual harmonic value of the 17th harmonic
kVAr. Nevertheless, these reduced values are above the does not comply with IEEE standard. The changes in the
IEEE standard values. Because of the constraints, objective function with each iteration when the GSA was
According to the IEEE 519-1992 standards, harmonic run are shown in Fig. 9. According to Tab. 5, the PCC
currents must be 5 % or less. We repeated the process by current value dropped from 363,9 A to 308,8 A against
increasing the reactive power value to 2600 kVAr and filterless system with GSA. The power factor was 0,9889.
redesigned filters for 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics. Because Harmonic current and voltage values without a filter were
appropriate values were not obtained in the filter study 13,2 % and 5,49 % respectively. With a filter using GSA,
with the 5th and 7th harmonics, the process was repeated. the measured, lower values were 4,06 % and 1,84 %.
In this second case simulation, the filters were distributed These reduced values are in compliance with the IEEE
as seen in Tab. 3 1510, 710 and 380 kVAr for TAE and standards [15].
redesigned filters for 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics. Then, we
provided the results obtained by both traditional and GSA
methods in Tab. 3 and showed the changes in the
objective function with each iteration in Fig. 7.
450
Figure7 Changes in the GSA objective function with each iteration 400
(for 2600 kVAr 5th, 7th and 11th harmonics) 350
Magnitude (Current)
300
500
250
200
150
Current (A)
100
0
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Order of Harmonic
Figure 10 Bar graphic of current after the last designed PPF with GSA
-500
0.11 0.115 0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14
Time(sec) 500
(a)
4
x 10
1
Current (A)
0
0.5
Voltage (V)
-500
-0.5 0.11 0.115 0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135
Time(sec)
(a)
-1 4
0.11 0.115 0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14
x 10
Time(sec) 1
(b)
Figure 8 Current wave (a) and (b) voltage wave shapes after PPF with 0.5
GSA
Voltage (V)
0
When we wanted to destroy the 5th, 7th, and 11th,
harmonics, current and voltage harmonics values without -0.5
a filter were measured as 13,2 % and 5,49 % respectively.
With a filter using GSA, we measured lower values as -1
0.11 0.115 0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14
4,48 % and 2,02 %. We measured these values where the Time(sec)
power factor was 0,972. Those reduced values are in (b)
compliance with the IEEE standards. In this case, with the Figure 11(a) Current wave and (b) Voltage wave shapes after the PPF
with GSA (With last filter values)
proposed GSA the results of current and voltage wave
shapes are shown in Fig. 8. The process was repeated by
Current and voltage wave shapes with GSA filters are standards for both general and individual harmonic values
displayed in Fig. 11. Current and voltage wave shapes are are obtained in proposed GSA optimization.
seen to be better, after the filters were applied to the 5th,
7th and 11th harmonics, than with a filterless system. Tab. Table 4 Thefilter parameters obtained as a result of GSA
4 gives the filter parameters obtained as a result of last Methods Filter Parameters R/Ω L/H C/F
GSA filter design study. Fig. 10 shows the bar graphic of 5th 0,1334 0,0088 4,9717e−005
harmonic current magnitudes after the last GSA based TAE 7th 0,1840 0,0086 2,5436e−005
11th 0,2571 0,0076 1,1462e−005
filter was applied. Also the individual current magnitudes
of system with the last designed PPF based on GSA are in 5th 0,1308 0,0087 5,0682e−005
compliance with IEEE 1519-1992 standard. When GSA 7th 0,2070 0,0097 2,2609e−005
11th 0,2452 0,0072 1,2019e−005
reactive power constraints were given properly the IEEE
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Authors’ addresses