Anclas Placas Base para Columnas Thomas Murray

XIII Simposio Internacional de Estructuras de Acero
Anclas y Placas Base para

Columnas
Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.
Emeritus Professor Virginia Tech
Del 4 al 7 de marzo de 2015. México D.F.

Types of Column Base Plates
Compressive Axial Loads Tensile Axial Loads
Base Plates with Small Moments Base Plates with Large Moments
T=
0
2
XIII Simposio Internacional de Estructuras de Acero. Marzo 4 a 7, 2015. México D.F.
AISC Design Guide 1, 2nd Edition
3
AISC Specification 360-10
PERTINENT SECTIONS AND TABLES

Chapter J DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
Table J3.2 Nominal Strength of
Fasteners and Threaded Parts
J8. Column Bases and Bearing on
Concrete
Chapter M FABRICATION and ERECTION
M2.2 Thermal Cutting
M2.8 Finish of Column Bases
M4.4 Fit of Column Compression Joints
and Base Plates
4
Other References
5
Column Base Plates
TODAY’S TOPICS
• Base Plate and Anchor Rod Material and Details

• Base Plates for Axial Compression
• Base Plates for Axial Tension
• Base Plates for Axial Compression and Moment
• Shear Anchorage
• Column Erection Procedures
• Anchor Rod Placement Problems
6
Base Plate and Anchor Rod
Materials and Details
7
Base Plate Material, Fabrication and Finishing
Base Plate Material
• Typical A36 Steel.
• 1/8 in. (3 mm) increments to 1-1/4 in (32 mm) then ½ in. (6 mm).
• Minimum thickness ½ in. (13 mm): Typical minimum thickness is
¾ in. (20 mm).
8
Fabrication and Finishing
• Plate is thermally cut.
• Holes drilled or thermally cut.
• Specification Section M2.2 has requirements for thermal cutting.
• Finishing: Specification Section M2.8.
< 2 in. (50 mm) milling not generally required.
2 – 4 in.(50 – 100 mm) straightened by pressing or milling.
> 4 in. (100 mm) milling required.
Milling is needed only where column base bears.
• Bottom surface when grout is used need not be milled.
• Top surface not milled if complete-joint-penetration (CJP) welds.
Note: Milled area

is only at column
base location.
9
Base Plate Welding
• Fillet welds preferred up to ¾ in. (20 mm) then groove welds.
• Avoid all around symbol.
• Weld for wide-flange columns subject to axial compression:
Weld on one side of column flanges
to avoid rotating the section.
• HSS subject to axial compression: Weld flats only.
• Exception: Weld all around when corrosion is a consideration.

10
Base Plate Welding
• Shear, Tension, Moment, and Combinations:
Size weld for forces not all around.
No weld at fillets of wide-flange columns.
Must weld at corners of HSS if tension or moment exists.
• Shop welding preferred.
• Very heavy base plates may be field welded after grouting.
Note: Milled area

is only at column
Leveling base location.
screw
11
Anchor Rod Materials and Details
Anchor Rod Material (AISC Design Guide 1)
• Preferred material is ASTM F1554 Gr 36 except when there is

high tension and/or high moment.
• X-threads eXcluded; N-threads iNcluded in shear plane.
12
Anchor Rod Material
• Use Unified Course (UNC) threads.
• Standard Hex Nuts permitted but Heavy Hex nuts required for
oversize holes and with high strength anchor rods.
• Hooked anchor rods have very low pull-out strength but OK for
axial compression only.
• Headed rods or rods with nuts are preferred.
Headed Rods Rods with Nuts

13
Anchor Rod Material
• Use of plate washers at bottom of rods can cause erection
problems and should be avoided.
• Drilled-in epoxy anchor rods may be used for light loads.
• Wedge-type anchors should not be used because

of potential loosing during erection.

Anchor Rod Holes and Washers
• Oversize holes required because of placement tolerances.
• Recommended hole and washer sizes are in AISC Design Guide
1 (Table 2.3) and AISC 14th Ed. Manual (Table 14-2).
• Smaller holes may be used when axial compression only.

• Plate washers required when tension and/or moment.
15
Anchor Rods Material and Details
Anchor Rod Sizing and Layout
• Recommendations
Use ¾ in. (22 mm) minimum diameter anchor rods.
Use F1554 Grade 36 material up to about 2 in. (50 mm) diameter.
Thread at least 3 in. (75 mm) beyond what is needed.
Minimum ½ in. (12 mm) distance between edge of hole and
edge of plate.
Use symmetrical pattern whenever possible.
• Provide ample clearance for nut tightening.
• Coordinate anchor rodplacement with reinforcement location.
16
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSEA)
OSEA Safety Standards for Steel Erection (2008)
• Minimum of four anchor rods.
• Base plate and anchor rods to resist eccentric gravity load of
300 lb (1,300 N), 18 in. (450 mm) from extreme outer face of
the column in each direction.
• 300 lb (1,300 N) represents weight of an iron worker with tools.
• Exception: No requirements for post-type columns weighing
less than 300 lb (1,300 N). 18 in.
• Anchor rods can be inside or outside
of column footprint. 300 lb
Note: ¾ in. (20 mm) diameter anchor

rods on a 4 in. by 4 in. (100 mm by
100 mm) pattern is generally sufficient.
17
Design of Column Base Plates
DESIGN LIMIT STATES

• Base Plate Bending Strength
• Concrete Crushing
• Concrete Anchorage for Tension Forces
• Shear Resistance
• Anchor Rod Tension Design
• Anchor Rod Pull-Out Strength
18
Base Plates for
Axial Compression
19
Design for Axial Compression
Column Base Design Limit States
• Base Plate Bending
20
Column Base Plate Bending
fpu = Pu /(BxN) = pressure due to column load

Let m’ = max(n and m)
Mu= fpu (1) (m’2/2) < φMp
φMp = 0.9 Fy Zx = 0.9x Fy (1 x tp2/4)
Substituting: 2 f pu ( m ' 2 )
t p , min =
0 .9 F y
21
HSS Sections
• Bend lines.
0.95h
0.95d 0.80d
2 f pu ( m ' 2 )
t p , min =
0 .9 F y
22
• Required concrete bearing area is less than bfd.
• “Lightly Loaded Base Plate”
bf
Bearing Area
23
• Concatenation of Heavy and Lightly Loaded Base Plates
Replace m′′ with l = max {m, n, λn′′}, where

2 X
λ = ≤ 1 .0
1+ 1-X
1
n′ = db f
4 2f pu 2
 4db f  Pu t p ,min =
X=  0.9Fy
 (d + b )2  φPp
 f 
24
Concrete Crushing Design Strength
Specification Section J8. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete
φc Pp = 0.65Pp
(a) On the full area of a concrete support
Pp = 0.85fc′A1 (J8-1)
(b) On less than the full area of a concrete support
Pp = 0.85fc′ A1 A 2 / A1 ≤ 1.7fc′ A1 (J8-2)
where fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi (MPa)

A1 = area of steel bearing on concrete, in.2 (mm2)
A2 = area of the portion of the supporting surface that is
geometrically similar to and concentric with the
loaded area, in.2 (mm2)
Note: The limit < 1.7f’c is equivalent to A2/A1 < 4
25
Areas A1 and A2
Pp = 0.85fc′ A1 A 2 / A1 ≤ 1.7fc′ A1
where A1 = area of steel bearing on concrete, in.2
A2 = area of the portion of the supporting surface that is
geometrically similar to and concentric with the
loaded area, in.2
Example. Column supported by a concrete wall.
A1 = 12 x 14.5 = 174 in2

A2 = (3+12+3)(3+14.5+3)
= 369 in2
26
Variation of φPn with Increasing Base Plate Thickness
φPn
m or n > λ n’
BN = bfd
λn’
Required tp
27
Was the base plate too strong?
28
Base Plates for
Axial Tension
29
Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces
Connection Limit States
• Anchor Rod Tensile Rupture Strength

• Concrete Pull-out Strength
• Concrete Anchorage Tensile Strength
30
Anchor Rod Tensile Rupture Design Strength
φTn = φ FntAb
where φ = 0.75
Fnt = 0.75Fu (0.75 accounts for tensile area at threads)
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of anchor rod
= 58 ksi (300 MPa) for Gr 36
= 75 ksi (400 MPa) for Gr 55
= 125 ksi (650 MPa) for Gr 125
Notes: Ab is the nominal area of the anchor rod = πd2/4.

AISC 14th Ed. Manual Table 7-17 shows actual tensile areas.
31
Concrete Pullout Design Strength
• Provisions in ACI 318-10, Section D5.3
• Design pullout design strength of headed
anchor rod or anchor rod with nut:
φNp = φ ψ4Abrg8f’c
where φ = 0.70
ψ4 = 1.4 for no cracking, 1.0 if cracking exists
Abrg = net bearing area of the anchor rod head or nut, in2
f’c = specified compression strength of concrete, psi
Note: Hooked anchor rods are not recommended with tensile

loadings because of low pullout strength.
32
Concrete Pullout Strength
• AISC Design Guide 1 Table for Strengths with Heavy Hex Nuts
Note: ψ4 = 1 kN = 4.448 x kips N/mm2 = 6.895x10-3 x psi

33
Concrete Breakout Strength
• Provisions in ACI 318-10, Section D4.2.2
Full breakout cone
Breakout cone for group anchors Breakout cone near edge

34
Base Plate Bending Strength
• AISC Design Guide 1 recommended bend lines.
g2
g1
Alternate Critical Section is the

full width of the base plate as
shown on the left side above.
35
Base Plate Bending Strength
• Other possible bend lines.
Critical
Section
Critical bf + 1 in.
Section
Similar to Extended End-Plates
For all cases:

Define: x = distance from center of anchor rod(s) to critical section
w = width of critical section
4 Tu x
Tu = force in anchor rod(s) t p , min =
φMn = 0.9Fywtp2/4 = Mu = Tux 0 .9 Fy w
36
Base Plates for Axial
Compression and Moment
37
Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Connection Limit States
• Anchor Rod Tensile Strength
• Concrete Pull-out Strength
• Concrete Anchorage Tensile Strength
Cases
• T = 0 (Relatively small moment)
• T > 0 (Relatively large moment)
38
Limit for T = 0
∑Fy = 0 with T=0 Base Plate is B by N in plan.
Pr = qY = fpBY
∑Mo = 0
Pre = qY2/2 – PrN/2
Solving
T=0
e = N/2 – Y/2 only if fp < fp,max
Y = N - 2e
with
fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc′ A 2 / A1 ≤ 0.65x 1.7fc′
Then ecrit = N/2 –Pr/(2Bfp,max) If e < ecrit, T =0, Y = N-2e with
ecrit = N/2 –Pr/(2Bfp,max)
39
For T > 0
e > ecrit and fp = fp,max (qmax = fp,max B)
∑Fy = 0 o
Pr – T – fp,maxBY =0
∑Mo = 0
T(N/2+f) + Pr(N/2) – Pre – fp,maxBY2/2 = 0
Solving the resulting quadratic equation
Note: If the quantity in the N 2 2Pr (e + f )

Y = (f + N / 2 ) (f + )
radical is less than zero, 2 f p ,max B
a larger base plate is T = f p ,max B Pr
required.
40
Shear Anchorage
of Base Plates
41
Shear Anchorage of Base Plates
Methods for Transferring Shear Forces (ACI 318-10 and ACI 349-06)
• Friction between base plate and grout or concrete surface.
φVn = φμPu < φ0.2fc’Ac or φ800Ac
where φ = 0.75
μ = coefficient of friction = 0.4
Pu = factored compressive axial force
Ac = plan area of base plate, BN
• Bearing of the column and base plate and/or shear lug against
concrete.
φPu,brg = 0.55fc’Abrg where Abrg = vertical bearing area

42
Shear Anchorage of Base Plates
Methods for Transferring Shear Forces (ACI 318-10 and ACI 349-06)
• Using shear strength of the anchor rods.
Not recommended because of oversize holes in base plate.
• Hairpins and Tie Rods
43
Column Erection
Procedures
44
Column Erection Procedures
Anchor rods are positioned and placed in the concrete before it
cures. Plastic caps are placed over the anchor rods to protect
laborers.
45
Concrete block-outs may be made so that the base plate and
anchor rods are recessed below floor level for safety and aesthetics
in the completed building.
46
May have to increase hole sizes because of misplaced anchor
rods.
47
Anchor rodnuts below the plate are set at proper elevation and
then column is erected. Grout will be placed under and around the
base plate to transfer axial forces to the concrete below.
48
At least it should be!
49
Anchor Rod Placement
50
Anchor rods in the wrong location – a very common problem.
51
Anchor rods in the wrong location.
52
Anchor rods in the wrong location.
53
Problems with anchor rod placement.
The following photographs are

courtesy of Fisher & Kloiber- AISC
Field Fixes Presentation.
54
Anchor rods in the wrong location. Column strength?
55
Anchor rods in the wrong location because
of misreading the drawing.
56
Anchor rod too short.
57
Anchor rods too long.
58
Shop rework required for column and base plate.
59
Poor Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods run over by a crane.
60
Poor Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods run over by something.
61
Instituto Mexicano de la Construcción en Acero A. C. (IMCA)
The soon to be published IMCA Code of Standard Practice will
• Require the fabricator to provide templates for anchor rod
setting.
• Require the templates be designed to insure the correct
position both vertically and horizontally.
• Require the templates to insure the correct length of the
anchor rod above the concrete surface.
• Require the templates to leave permanent marks of the
building axes in the concrete surface.
• Require that the price of the templates be the average price
of the structural steel.
62
63
64
Leveling nuts
to be adjusted
prior to setting
column.
65
66
67
68
69
Grout Holes
70
71
72
73
XIII Simposio Internacional de Estructuras de Acero
Gracias!!
74
Design for Axial Compression -- Example
Ex.: Determine if the base plate shown is adequate.
Pu = 250 kips
Column: W10x33 d = 9.73 in. bf = 7.96 in.
PL 1-½ x 18 x 1’-6” F1554 Gr 36
Concrete Pedestal:
24 in. by 24 in. (assume square)
fc′ = 3.0 ksi
o o
18”
24”
o o
18”
24”
75
Concrete Crushing
A1 = 18 x 18 = 324 in2 (Plan area of base plate)

A2 = 24 x 24 = 576 in2 (Plan area of concrete pedestal)
A2/A1 = 576/324 = 1.78 < 4
A2
φPp = φ 0.85 fc′A 1 o o
A1
18”
24”
= 0.65 (0.85 × 3.0 ) (324 ) 1.78
o o
= 716 kips > 250 kips OK
18”
24”
76
Plate Bending
2f pu 2
tp = where l = max {m, n, λn′′}
0.9Fy 7.96”

n = 5.82 in. m = 4.38 in. 4.38”
λn’:
9.73” 9.24” 18”
2 X
λ =
1+ 1-X 4.38”
4 db f
X =
(d + b f )2 5.82 6.37 5.82
18”
n′= (1 / 4 ) db f
77
Plate Bending
n = 5.82 in. m = 4.38 in.
λn’:
n ′ = (1 / 4 ) db f 7.96”
= (1 / 4 ) 9 .73 x 7 .96
= 2 .20 in . 4.38”
 4db f  Pu 9.73” 9.24” 18”

X=  
 (d + b )2  φPp
 f  4.38”
 4x9.73x7.96  250
=  
2  716
= 0.346
 (9.73 + 7.96 )  5.82 6.37 5.82
18”
78
Plate Bending
λn’:
2 X 2 0 . 346
λ = =
1+ 1-X 1 + 1 - 0 . 346 7.96”
= 0 . 650 ≤ 1 . 0
λ n ' = 0 . 650 x 2 . 20 = 1 . 43 in . 4.38”
9.73” 9.24” 18”
4.38”
l = max {m, n, λn′′}
= max {4.38, 5.82, 1.43} = 5.82 in.
5.82 6.37 5.82
fpu = Pu /BN = 250/(18x18) 18”
= 0.772 ksi
79
Plate Bending
2f pu 2 2 x 0.772 x 5.82 2 7.96”

tp = =
0.9Fy 0.9 x 36
4.38”
= 1.27 in . ≤ 1.5in . OK
9.73” 9.24” 18”
4.38”
PL 1-½ x 18 x 1 ft 6 in. A36 5.82 6.37 5.82

is Adequate. 18”
80
Ex. Determine the design strength, φTn, for the limit
state of anchor rod tension rupture. 4 - ¾ in.
(20 mm) diameter, F1554 Grade 36 (Fu = 58 ksi)
anchor rods
φTn = 4 x 0.75 (0.75Fu) Ab

= 4 x 0.75 (0.75x58)(πx0.752/4)
= 4 x 14.4 kips (4 x 53 kN)
= 57.6 kips (212 kN)
81
Ex. 1. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter.
Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 940 in-kips W12x96 A992
N = 19 in. B = 19 in. d = 12.7 in. bf = 12.2 in.
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution: Conservatively assume A2/A1 = 1
fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc′ A 2 / A1
= 0.65x0.85x4.0 1.0 = 2.21 ksi
e = Mu/Pu = 940/376 = 2.50 in.
= 19.0/2 – 376/(2x19.0x2.21)
= 5.02 in.
e = 2.50 < ecrit = 5.02 → T = 0 and
Y = N-2e = 19.0 – 2x 2.50 = 14.0 in.
82
N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 d = 12.7 in. bf = 12.2 in.
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
fp = Pu/(BY) = 376/(19.0x14.0) = 1.41 ksi < Fp,max = 2.21 ksi
m = (N-0.95d)/2 = (19.0-0.95x12.7)/2 = 3.47 in.

m = (B-0.80bf)/2 = (19.0-0.80x12.2)/2 = 4.62 in.
2f pu n 2 2 x1.41x 4.62 2
tp = = = 1.36 in .
0.9Fy 0.9 x 36
Use PL 1½ x 19 x 1ft 7 in. A36
4 – ¾ in. Anchor Rods x 12 in.
F1554 Gr 36 w/ heavy hex nuts
83
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution:
fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc′ A 2 / A1
= 0.65x0.85x4.0 1.0 = 2.21 ksi
e = Mu/Pu = 2500/376 = 6.65

= 19.0/2 – 376/(2x19.0x2.21)
= 5.02 in.
N 2 2Pr (e + f )
e = 6.65 > ecrit = 5.02 → T > 0 and Y = ( f + N / 2 ) − ( f + ) −
2 fp ,max B
84
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
N 2 2Pr (e + f )
Y = (f + N / 2 ) − (f + ) −
2 fp ,max B
19.0 2 2x 376(6.65 + 8.0)
= (8.0 + 19.0 / 2) − (8.0 + ) −
2 2.21x19.0
= 10.9 in.
fp = Pu/(BY)
= 376/(19.0x10.9)
= 1.82 ksi < fp,max 2.21 ksi
85
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
m = (N - 0.95d)/2 = (19.0-0.95x12.7)/2 = 3.47 in.

n = (B - 0.80bf)/2 =(19.0-0.80x12.2)/2 = 4.62 in.
2f pu m 2 2 x1.82 x 4.62 2
tp = = = 1.54 in .
0.9Fy 0.9 x 36
Need to check tension side.
86
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
Tu = fp,max BY – Pu
= 2.21x19.0x10.9 – 376 = 81.7 kips
Try 2 – Anchor Rods each Side
Required plate thickness:
x = f – 0.95d/2 = 8.0 -0.95x12.7/2
= 1.96 in.
x
w = bf + 1.0 = 12.2 + 1.0 = 13.2 in. f
4Tu x 4 x 81 .7 x1.96
t p ,min = = = 1.22 in . Use PL1 ½ x 19 x
0.9Fy w 0.9 x 36 x13 .2 1ft 7 in. A36
Compression controls
87
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
Tu,rod = 81.7/2 = 40.9 kips per anchor rod
Try 1 -1/4 in. diameter A1554 Gr 36, Fu = 58 ksi
φTn = 0.75 (0.75Fu) Ab

= 0.75 (0.75x58)(π1.252/4)
= 40.0 kips < 40.9 kips NG
Use 1 ½ in. diameter A1554 Gr36 anchor rods, φTn = 57.6 kips
Check Pullout:
From AISC Design Guide 1, Table 3.2, φTn = 70.1 kips > 40 kips OK
88
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Use PL 1½ x 19 x 1ft 7 in. A36

4 – 1½ in. Anchor Rods x 12 in. F1554 Gr 36
w/ heavy hex nuts at bottom.
89

Anclas Placas Base para Columnas Thomas Murray

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XIII Simposio Internacional de Estructuras de Acero

Anclas y Placas Base para

Del 4 al 7 de marzo de 2015. México D.F.

PERTINENT SECTIONS AND TABLES

• Base Plate and Anchor Rod Material and Details

Note: Milled area

• HSS subject to axial compression: Weld flats only.

• Exception: Weld all around when corrosion is a consideration.

Note: Milled area

• Preferred material is ASTM F1554 Gr 36 except when there is

Headed Rods Rods with Nuts

• Wedge-type anchors should not be used because

XIII Simposio Internacional de Estructuras de Acero. Marzo 4 a 7, 2015. México D.F.

• Smaller holes may be used when axial compression only.

Note: ¾ in. (20 mm) diameter anchor

DESIGN LIMIT STATES

fpu = Pu /(BxN) = pressure due to column load

Replace m′′ with l = max {m, n, λn′′}, where

where fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi (MPa)

A1 = 12 x 14.5 = 174 in2

• Anchor Rod Tensile Rupture Strength

Notes: Ab is the nominal area of the anchor rod = πd2/4.

Note: Hooked anchor rods are not recommended with tensile

Note: ψ4 = 1 kN = 4.448 x kips N/mm2 = 6.895x10-3 x psi

Full breakout cone

Breakout cone for group anchors Breakout cone near edge

Alternate Critical Section is the

Similar to Extended End-Plates

For all cases:

Solving the resulting quadratic equation

Note: If the quantity in the N 2 2Pr (e + f )

φPu,brg = 0.55fc’Abrg where Abrg = vertical bearing area

• Hairpins and Tie Rods

The following photographs are

A1 = 18 x 18 = 324 in2 (Plan area of base plate)

Column: W10x33 d = 9.73 in. bf = 7.96 in.

 4db f  Pu 9.73” 9.24” 18”

9.73” 9.24” 18”

2f pu 2 2 x 0.772 x 5.82 2 7.96”

PL 1-½ x 18 x 1 ft 6 in. A36 5.82 6.37 5.82

φTn = 4 x 0.75 (0.75Fu) Ab

m = (N-0.95d)/2 = (19.0-0.95x12.7)/2 = 3.47 in.

e = Mu/Pu = 2500/376 = 6.65

m = (N - 0.95d)/2 = (19.0-0.95x12.7)/2 = 3.47 in.

Need to check tension side.

φTn = 0.75 (0.75Fu) Ab

Use PL 1½ x 19 x 1ft 7 in. A36

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