Value Addition Material For Mains 2018

Your Preparation Partner
Value Addition Material

for
Mains 2018
We updated this document last on September 10, 2018
Contains:
 Contains Keywords/Examples/Facts / Diagrams for some important topics

 Sample diagrams for value addition in GS answers
 Tells you how to create good quality content
 70+ diagrams
You can contact us at contact@ias4sure.com
Published by: www.ias4sure.com

IAS4Sure © 2018 | All Rights Reserved
All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of IAS4Sure. The ebook
is a property of IAS4Sure and is protected by India and international copyright and other intellectual property laws.
Mains Value Addition
Don't wait for last minute compilations. Get regular updates. Subscribe now.
http://www.ias4sure.com/ias4sure-notes-subscription/
_______________________________________________________________
Contents
Basic Content ..........................................................................................2
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
Constitution ................................................................................................................... 3
UN Human Rights ......................................................................................................... 5
Landmark judgments..................................................................................................... 6
Value Addition Through Diagrams ........................................................ 10
Venn Diagram .............................................................................................................. 10
Cause and Affect Relation ............................................................................................. 11
Locations ....................................................................................................................... 11
Comparison Diagrams ................................................................................................. 13
Sun Ray Diagram ......................................................................................................... 14
Life Cycle Diagrams ..................................................................................................... 18
Input and Outcome diagrams ...................................................................................... 19
Entity and its component............................................................................................. 19
Cycle Diagrams ............................................................................................................20
Component Diagram.................................................................................................... 21
Definition Diagram ...................................................................................................... 22
Complex Diagrams....................................................................................................... 23
Facts / Keywords /Examples / Diagrams ............................................... 25
Caste ............................................................................................................................. 25
Case Studies : Civil Servants ........................................................................................ 25
Case Studies : Village Models ...................................................................................... 26
Child Labour ................................................................................................................ 26
Citizen Charter ............................................................................................................. 27
Civil Society..................................................................................................................28
Comparison of expenditures ........................................................................................ 29
Corporate Governance ................................................................................................. 29
Corruption ................................................................................................................... 29
Crime and Police .......................................................................................................... 29
Defence ........................................................................................................................30
Diaspora .......................................................................................................................30
Digital India .................................................................................................................30
Disaster ........................................................................................................................ 32
Dowry ........................................................................................................................... 32
Drug Addiction and Alcoholism .................................................................................. 32
Ease of Doing Business ................................................................................................ 32
Economy ...................................................................................................................... 33
Education ..................................................................................................................... 35
Energy .......................................................................................................................... 36
Environment ................................................................................................................ 36
FDI ............................................................................................................................... 37
Food Processing ........................................................................................................... 37
Globalisation ................................................................................................................38
Governor ...................................................................................................................... 39
Health .......................................................................................................................... 39
Human Trafficking ..................................................................................................... 40
Important Indexes ....................................................................................................... 41
Inequality ..................................................................................................................... 43
This document is a part of IAS4Sure Notes | For more info, please visit http://www.ias4sure.com
© 2018 IAS4Sure | All Rights Reserved | Last Updated: 10 September 2018 1
_______________________________________________________________
Infrastructure............................................................................................................... 43
Internet ........................................................................................................................ 44
Judiciary ...................................................................................................................... 45
Juvenile Justice............................................................................................................ 45
Land Reforms .............................................................................................................. 46
Manufacturing ............................................................................................................. 47
Mental Health .............................................................................................................. 47
NGOs ............................................................................................................................48
NPAs ............................................................................................................................48
Old Age ......................................................................................................................... 49
Parliament.................................................................................................................... 49
Pharma .........................................................................................................................50
Population ....................................................................................................................50
Poverty ......................................................................................................................... 51
Pressure Groups........................................................................................................... 53
RTI ............................................................................................................................... 54
Rural ............................................................................................................................ 54
Science and Innovation................................................................................................ 54
SHGs ............................................................................................................................ 54
Sports ........................................................................................................................... 55
Tourism ........................................................................................................................ 55
Trade ............................................................................................................................ 56
Unemployment ............................................................................................................ 56
Urbanisation ................................................................................................................ 57
Water Scarcity .............................................................................................................. 58
Women ......................................................................................................................... 59
Random........................................................................................................................ 61
Basic Content
Introduction
Every extra mark you get in UPSC makes a hell lot of difference. That extra one mark may be
helpful in getting you in the list or it may help you get your preferred service or cadre. The purpose
of this module is to
 Ensure that you score that one extra mark wherever possible
 Add value to your answer
 Maximize your marks in each paper
If we see paper wise we write following number of answers:

1. GS – I : 20/25
2. GS – II : 20/25
3. GS – III : 20/25
4. GS – IV : 15/20
5. Optional: 35/40
So in totality we write around 110 – 135 questions. If we try to add value to each of these questions
and try to increase marks by ½ or 1 then it will make a substantial difference. However it is not as
_______________________________________________________________
easy as it sounds. Nevertheless if from now onwards we develop such approach it can be very
fruitful.
Requirements:
1. Know your syllabus: One must be well versed with syllabus. Whenever you are going
through newspaper or any article and you come across anything interesting which can be
any data/ figure/case study /SC-HC judgement/quote etc. you must note it down and think
about which topic and type of question it can be used in.
2. Go through Previous year Question Paper: One must be thorough with various type
of question being asked. It will help you in picking right kind of information from various
news.
3. Note making and Revision: Note down the information in your notes and integrate it
with the topic/issue. Revise it again and again so that you remember it properly and
reproduce it in the examination.
4. Practice: Always try to add value to your answer whenever you are writing answer whether
it is at home or in test series.
Dos and Don’ts

1. Analyze more, Think more: We can provide only limited amount of readymade
material. Onus lies on you to orient yourself and think on your own to extract more and
more information so that it brings out better result.
2. Reuse information: Most of the times we can use same information in many topics but
generally, we tend to restrict ourselves and use it in only one topic for ex. any data related to
women literacy can be used in topics such as women empowerment, literacy/education in
India, economic development, SHGs etc.
3. Ensure Relevance: Whenever you are using any value added component it must be
ensured that it is relevant to the demand of question. Do not write for the sake of inserting
some fact or case study. Whatever is being added must be to the point and relevant to the
question. That is why more coverage along with revision and practice will help.
In this module, we have extracted some of the facts/ case studies/ examples from IAS4Sure notes /
Toppers Notes which you can use in your answers. This value addition is an art and thus more you
practice, more you will be able to improve your answers. So start using these facts in your answers
from today itself.
These notes are just a sample and their purpose is to give you an idea about how you can use
facts/examples / diagrams to improve quality of answers and how same fact can be used in
multiple topics.
You can access all our notes by subscribing here http://www.ias4sure.com/subscribe/
Constitution
Our constitution provides us with great content which can be used as fillers in our answer and it
will always be most authentic way to improve quality of our answers.
Fundamental Duties:
Almost everything can be linked to Fundamental duties like corruption, crime, hate against
women, communal riots , RTE, illiteracy etc. etc. So, try to use them in your answers. Read them
_______________________________________________________________
again and again. You don't need to quote entire statement. Just mention as "eradicating illiteracy
is also a fundamental duty as per our constitution." or "maintaining high standard for safety for
women is a fundamental duty of each Indian as per our constitution."
Fundamental Duties:
 Respect National Symbols: To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and
institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
 Respect ideas of our forefathers: To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired
our national struggle for freedom;
 Do our bit for country: To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of
India;
 Duty to serve: To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do
so;
 Maintain harmony and respect others: To promote harmony and the spirit of common
brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
 Preserve our culture: To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
 Preserve environment: To protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
 Be rational: To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
 Non-Violence: To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
 Strive towards perfection: To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and
achievement;
 Fight against illiteracy: Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
education to his child or ward, as the case may be, between the age of six to fourteen years
In your notes, note down if any of the above duty can be applied. For ex. in your notes on literacy,
write down that it is every citizens duty to fight against illiteracy.
Fundamental Rights
You should mention the rights guaranteed by our constitution wherever you can. It is better if you
mention specific article number like : Restricting temple entry of women is against their right of
equality (A 15) as guaranteed to them by Indian Constitution.
So, read them again and again and try to interlink them with current issues.
 Right to Equality (A 14 to A 18)

 Right to Freedom (A 19 to A 22)
 Right against Exploitation (A 23 to A 24)
 Right to Freedom of Religion ( A 25 to A 28)
 Cultural and Educational Rights ( A 29 to A 30)
 Right to Constitutional Remedies (A 32)
You can link almost every current issues with some article in FRs. Like
 Child Labour (A 24)
 Child Education (A 21)
 Undertrials (A 21)
 Environment (A 21)
 Street Vendors (A 19) etc.
_______________________________________________________________
Again, you won't be able to do that it in exam hall. It is better to do this thinking task while you are
preparing. Note down all related FRs in your topic wise notes right now and start using them in
your answers.
Directive Principle of State Policy

It is the most ignored part and the irony is it is also the most useful part from the point of view of
mains answers as everything government does can be linked to DPSPs like employment
generation, land reforms, environmental protection etc.
So, again try to read them and link them with current issues.
 A 39 : Adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; equal pay for equal work; Proper working
conditions; equal distribution of resources
 A 40 : Panchayat; Link all local governance answers to A 40
 A 41 : Right to work; Assistance to old, sick, disabled;
 A 42 : Humane condition of work; Maternity relief; Link it with Vishakha case i.e. sexual
harassment at workplace
 A 43 : Living wages; Social and Cultural opportunities; Link it with inflation and low salaries
 A 44 : Uniform Civil Code
 A 45 : Education
 A 46 : SC/ST and weaker sections
 A 47 : Nutrition; Standard of living; Ban on Alcohol; Link it with mal nutrition issue
 A 48 : Agriculture and Animal husbandry;
 A 49 : Protection of monuments and place of importance; Link it with tourism
 A 50 : Separation of Judiciary and Executive; Link it with NJAC issue and judicial
appointments.
Preamble
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly

resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and
to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and
worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual
and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do
HEREBY ADOPT,
ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
See keywords like Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Justice (Social, Economic, Political),
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity etc. You can mention these keywords in your answers like "This is
against the dignity of individual as specified in preamble of our constitution and guaranteed by A
21."
UN Human Rights
Why read them?
_______________________________________________________________
These are basic rules which govern our society. Whatever happens, can be explained from the
point of views these rights. So, these rights can be mentioned in your answers when you are
lacking content. You can analyse the topic from the point of view of these rights.
For ex. A question on Khap came in 2015. Even if you didn't know the specific answer to that
question, you can write that Khaps violate basic human rights as defined by UN declaration of
Human Rights like Right to Freedom, Right to a fair trial, Freedom of speech, Freedom of
movement etc. In this way you can generate good content.
Other way (Bad way) of writing it is :

"Khaps are evil. They are menace to the society. They should be stopped. They are against the basic
freedom of humans etc. etc. ". And, in the exam, when you are racing against time, this kind of shit
happens :). So, prepare some readymade generic content which can be used as a filler in such
questions where you have less content.
Keywords
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights : All human rights were declared and this declaration
was adopted by almost all countries in world.
 Basic rights:
o Right to life
o Freedom from torture
o Freedom from slavery
o Right to fair trial
o Freedom of speech
o Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
o Freedom of movement
Landmark judgments
 Berubari Union case (1960):

o Supreme Court specifically opined that Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.
 Golaknath Vs State for Punjab (1967):

o Supreme Court ruled that Parliament could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights
of individuals mentioned in the Constitution.
 RC Cooper vs. Union of India(1970)

o Supreme Court while examining the constitutionality of the Banking Companies
Ordinance, 1969 which sought to nationalize 14 of India's largest commercial banks,
held that the President's decision can be challenged on the grounds that 'immediate
action' was not required and the ordinance was passed primarily to by-pass the debate
and discussion in legislature.
 Kesavananda Bharati case (1973):

o Propounded doctrine of Basic Structure
o The Supreme Court rejected the earlier opinion and held that Preamble is a part of the
Constitution. It observed that the Preamble is of extreme importance and the
Constitution should be read and interpreted in the light of the grand and noble vision
expressed in the Preamble.
 Raj Narain vs State of UP (1975) :

o Case led to the imposition of emergency in India
_______________________________________________________________
o Case was related to election disputes.

o As early as in 1976, the Supreme Court said in the case of Raj Narain vs State of UP,
that people cannot speak or express themselves unless they know. Therefore, right to
information is embedded in article 19 and is a fundamental right. In the same case,
Supreme Court further said that India is a democracy. People are the masters. Therefore,
the masters have a right to know how the governments, meant to serve them, are
functioning. Further, every citizen pays taxes. The citizens therefore, have a right to
know how their money was being spent. These three principles were laid down by the
Supreme Court while saying that RTI is a fundamental right of the people of India.
 ADM Jabalpur v Shivakant Shukla Case (1976) :

o Widely considered a violation of Fundamental Rights
o In this landmark judgment, the Supreme Court declared that the rights of citizens to
move the court for violation of Articles 14, 21 and 22 would remain suspended during
emergencies.
 Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978)

o Triumph of individual liberty
o SC held that – ‘Procedure established by law’ within the meaning of article 21 must be
‘right and just and fair’ and ‘not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive’ otherwise, it would be
no procedure at all and the requirement of Article 21 would not be satisfied. Thus, the
‘procedure established by law’ has acquired the same significance in India as the ‘due
process of law’ clause in America.
 Minerva Mills case (1980)

o Applied and evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution, unanimously
ruling that Parliament cannot exercise unlimited power to alter this basic structure or
tread upon the fundamental rights of individuals, including the right to liberty and
equality
o Two changes which were made earlier by the 42nd Amendment Act were declared as
null and void by the Supreme Court in this particular case
 SP Gupta vs Union of India, 1981 :

o The Court has to innovate new methods and strategies to provide access to justice to
large masses of people who are denied basic human rights, to whom freedom and liberty
have no meaning.
— Justice PN Bhagwati (PIL started from it)
 Waman Rao vs Union of India (1981)

o SC ruled that Parliament had transgressed its power of constitutional amendment.
o This case was a landmark decision in the constitutional jurisprudence of India. This case
has helped in determining a satisfactory method of addressing grievances pertaining to
the violation of fundamental rights by creating a fine line of determination between the
Acts prior to and after the Keshavananda Bharati case
 Sheela Barse vs State of Maharashtra (February 15, 1983) :

o This was a historic judgment that dealt with the issue of custodial violence against
women in prisons. This resulted in an order facilitating separate police lockups for
women convicts in order to shield them from further trauma and brutality.
 Shah Bano case (1985)

o Shah Bano won the right to get alimony from her husband.
_______________________________________________________________
o The petitioner challenged the Muslim personal law. The Supreme Court ruled in favour
of Shah Bano and granted her alimony. Most favoured it as a secular judgment but it
also invoked a strong reaction from the Muslim community, which felt that the
judgment was an encroachment on Muslim Sharia law and hence led to the formation of
the All India Muslim Personal Law Board in 1973
NOTE: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to women.
 MC Mehta vs Union of India (Pollution in the Ganga) (1986)

o This judgement delivered on January 12, 1988, lashed out at civic authorities for
allowing untreated sewage from Kanpur’s tanneries making its way into the Ganges. It
was the beginning of green litigation in India.
o In 1996, environmentalist M C Mehta’s PIL, (M C Mehta vs Union of India on December
30, 1996) resulted in stringent orders against Mathura refineries for polluting the
ambient air around the Taj Mahal.
o Yet another PIL by M C Mehta resulted in the CNG verdict (July 28, 1998) that forced
the vehicles in the capital to switch to a different fuel in order to keep a check on
vehicular pollution.
Note: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to Environment.
 Indira Sawhney judgment (1992) :

o On November 16, 1992, the Supreme Court responded to a PIL filed by lawyer Indira
Sawhney and introduced 27% reservation for backward classes in posts and services
under the Government of India. Citing the age old Varna system, the court justified its
reason for reservation. The court also spelled out that such a system should not exceed a
tenure of ten years once a particular section is adequately represented in society.
Note: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to Caste System.
 SR Bommai v Union of India - 1994

o Persecution of state governments stalled.
o This landmark case had major implications on Center-State relations. Post this case the
Supreme Court clearly detailed the limitations within which Article 356 has to function
Note: Mention in answers related to Centre-State relations, Federalism, Governor etc.
 LIC of India case (1995):

o The Supreme Court again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
 Vishaka v State of Rajasthan - 1997

o Definition of sexual harrassment and guidelines to deal with it laid down.
o In this case Vishakha and other women groups filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
against State of Rajasthan and Union of India to enforce fundamental rights for working
women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution. This resulted in the introduction
of Vishaka Guidelines. The judgment of August 1997 also provided basic definitions of
sexual harassment at the workplace and provided guidelines to deal with it. Hence the
importance of the case as a landmark judgment.
 State of Tamil Nadu V Suhas Katti - November 2004

o Short conviction time of seven months.
o This was notable for being the first case involving conviction under the Information
Technology Act, 2000. A family friend of a divorced woman was accused of posting her
_______________________________________________________________
number online on messenger groups which led to her being harassed by multiple lewd
messages. The accused was later convicted and sentenced.
Note: Mention in answers related to cyber security, privacy vs digital access.
 Jessica Lal Murder Case - December 2006

o Civil society makes big gains. Can be written in Role of Civil Society
o A model in New Delhi working as a bartender was shot dead and the prime accused
Manu Sharma, son of Congress MP Vinod Sharma who was initially acquitted in
February 2006 was later sentenced to life imprisonment in December 2006 by a fast
track hearing by the Delhi High Court. On 19 April 2010, the Supreme Court of India
approved the sentence.
Note: Must be mentioned in answers related to Role of civil society.
 Section 377 case (Naz Foundation v Govt of NCT of Delhi) - July 2009
o Cause for rejoicing for homosexuals.
o In 2009 the Supreme Court declared Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 as
unconstitutional. The said section earlier criminalised sexual activities “against the
order of nature” which included homosexual acts. This judgment however, was
overturned by the Supreme in December, 2013
 Illegalising convicted MPs and MLAs (Lily Thomas v Union Of India) - July 2013
o Effected much-needed cleansing of legislative bodies.
o The Supreme Court of India, in this judgment, ruled that any member of Parliament
(MP), member of the legislative assembly (MLA) or member of a legislative council
(MLC) who was convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two-year
imprisonment, would lose membership of the House with immediate effect.
 Recognising the Third gender (National Legal Services Authority v Union of

India) - April 2014
o Third gender acknowledged as citizens with rights.
o In a landmark judgment the Supreme Court in April, 2014 recognised transgender
persons as a third gender and ordered the government to treat them as minorities and
extend reservations in jobs, education and other amenities.
 Section 66A revised (Shreya Singhal v Union of India) - March 2015

o Cracking down on "offensive" online content not easy.
o Controversial section 66A of the Information Technology Act which allowed arrests for
objectionable content posted on the internet was struck down as unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court in March 2015.
Note: Can be used in Cyber Security answers.
 Shabnam Hashmi case refers to right guaranteed by Indian law to adopt child with all
legal rights.
 SC in Mathura Ahir case reiterated that personal law are not law under article 13 i.e. They
are not immutable.
 Supreme Court in cases like MP Sharma and Kharak Singh case have mentioned that
Right to Privacy is implicit in Preamble and Article 21.
_______________________________________________________________
 SC in P. Rathinam case for decriminalizing suicide stated that former should include also
the "right not to live a forced life" or "right to die".
 Madras High Court judgement that the freedom of expressions of artists and authors
should be protected and instead of asking them not to publish/display their work by citing
reasons of law and order, the state should focus on maintaining law and order
Value Addition Through Diagrams
Venn Diagram
(1). Showing Common/Overlapping features: You can use Venn Diagrams to show
overlapping features of two or more entities. For instance if you are writing about India and Israel
relations, you can draw two overlapping circles to show common area of interest in overlapped
part. Or if you are writing about two schemes say Smart City Mission and Urban Housing scheme,
you can draw two overlapping circles to show that housing component is same among the two. One
Example is given below.
(2). Showing different component of an entity: You can show different component of a
scheme, a phenomenon, a process using simple circles as shown below.
_______________________________________________________________
Cause and Affect Relation
You can present cause and affect relation effectively using a diagram in below format. Example
shows a relation between poverty and illiteracy and need of government intervention to break this
vicious cycle.
Locations
Making map of entire India needs lots of practice and time. What you can do is, make map of area
which is in focus. For instance, if you are writing about Oil Refineries in India than there is no
need to draw northern India's map. Similarly, if you are writing about Heat Island effect in Delhi,
than you can only draw Western Indian Diagram. Examples are given below.
(1). North India
_______________________________________________________________
(2). South India
(3). East India
_______________________________________________________________
(4). West India
Comparison Diagrams
Comparison diagrams can be made in different ways. Some of the most common methods are
given below.
(1). Comparing with Circles. Size of Circles can be used to show the broad difference. For Ex.
in below example, economy of India and China is being compared and Chinese circle is made
bigger intentionally.
(2). Comparison via Tree Method

_______________________________________________________________
(3). Comparison via charts
Sun Ray Diagram
This type of diagram is most common. You can draw a circle, write an entity's name inside it, and
then draw lines radiating out of the circle. These lines can be used to show various component of
that entity, or various outcome due to that entity. Examples given below.
_______________________________________________________________
(1). Example showing Green Economy and its component:
(2). Example showing Citizen Charter and its component:
(3). Example showing SHG and its features: After making this diagram, you do not need to
explain these things in your answer. Simply focus on other aspects like why SHGs are failing etc.
_______________________________________________________________
(4). Example showing MGNREGA and its features: Similarly, you do not need to explain all
these features and waste your time and space. Focus on stuff like impact of MGNREGA, its future,
government policy wrt MGRENA etc.
(5). Example showing Security issues related to social media: If you have paucity of time,
you can write your answer in this format. Notice examples in front of each point. Thus, this
_______________________________________________________________
improves presentation in less time. In any case, examiner is looking for these keywords and
examples in your text.
(6). Example showing changes done post liberalisation: You can mention various steps
taken by government in this fashion instead of writing them in points and writing full statements.
_______________________________________________________________
Life Cycle Diagrams
_______________________________________________________________
Input and Outcome diagrams
You can depict outcomes of various efforts in below format instead of explaining them in long
sentences.
Entity and its component
Another way of depicting components of an entity is as below apart from Sun Ray Diagram
_______________________________________________________________
Cycle Diagrams
You can depict cycles using diagram as below. For instance cycle of inflation and unemployment or
cycle of corruption and weak enforcement of laws..
_______________________________________________________________
Component Diagram
You can also depict component of an entity by using corners of a geometrical shape i.e. if an entity
has 3 component use a triangle corner or if it has 4 component use a quadrilateral corners and so
on.
_______________________________________________________________
Definition Diagram
Instead of writing definition, you can also depict it in the form of diagram as below. This diagram
explains EIA and its component.
_______________________________________________________________
Complex Diagrams
Diagrams can be used to explain a process. This art comes with experience but it is useful as it
makes your answers different from others.
(1). Everyone knows what Development is but the way it is written below is quite unique and
different.
(2). Growth drivers of Agriculture. Instead of writing all this in paragraph or points, use below
diagram. You can prepare your notes in this format only i.e. Diagrammatic, with keywords and
examples. This will help you replicate them in exams.
_______________________________________________________________
(3). Food Security: This diagram replaces at least 1 page of your text and this can be drawn in 2
minutes thus saving 3-4 minutes of your time.
(4). Disaster Management: This is a complex diagram. You can extract such diagrams for reports of
government, UN, WB etc. Google the term and search images of the topic. Make a repository of
them and use them in your answers from now onwards.
_______________________________________________________________
Facts / Keywords /Examples / Diagrams
Caste
 Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

 Article 14, 15, 16
 Article 15(4): State can make special provisions for advancement of SEBC, SC and ST.
 Article 17: Abolition of untouchability
 Article 46: Promotion of Educational and Economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and other weaker sections
 Political Safeguard: Reservation in House of people (Article 330), Legislative Assemblies of
State (Article 335), Panchayats (Article 243D, 243T)
 Article 335: Reservation for SC-ST in Government jobs.
 Article 338: National Commission for SC
 Article 341: Notification of Scheduled Caste
 Article 366: Definition
 Reservation in Local Bodies
 SC/ ST sub plan
 Stand Up India Scheme
 Gujarat incident : Tanners from SC were beaten by upper caste members (gaurakshaks)
 Saharanpur Violence: Clashes between SCs and upper castes
Case Studies : Civil Servants
 Frequent transfers due to honesty:

o Ashok Khemka
o Durga Shakti Nagpal
o Tukaram Munde
 TN Sheshan :
o Electoral Reforms despite opposition
o Honesty and integrity
 Shreedharan :
o Metro Man
o Developed world class infrastructure with government staff.
 Narendra Kumar IPS
o Bihar
o Mining Mafia killed by running over truck.
 Ajit Doval
o Stayed in Pak as undercover
o Bravery and dedication
 Satyendra Dube, IES
o Whistleblower
o Exposed financial irregularities in NHAI
o Killed
 Armstrong Pame, IAS Manipur
o Called "Miracle Man by Villagers"
o Built 100km road in hills without government support
 Shivdeep Lande, IPS Bihar
o Against Eve teasing
o Crime rate in Patna dropped significantly
_______________________________________________________________
Case Studies : Village Models
 Mawlynnong Village, Meghalaya

o Asia's cleanest village
o Can't find cigarettes, plastics etc.
 Punsari Village, Gujarat
o Village has Wifi, CCTV, AC classrooms
o Funded by government and village's own funding model
 Hiware Bazar Village, Maharashtra
o Village has 60 millionaires
o Banned all addictive substances to minimise expenses
 Dharni Village, Bihar
o First Fully Solar Powered Village
o Developed own solar power plant
 Chappar Village, Haryana
o Village distributes sweets when a girl is born
o Has woman sarpanch
Child Labour
 Child labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on part or full-time
basis.
 The 2011 National Census shows that ~40 lakh children ages 5 to 14 work for 6 or more months
during the year.
 India tops the list when it comes to the number of children still living and working in bonded
labour and slave conditions.
 Children are forced to work as bonded laborers in brick kilns to pay off family debts owed to
moneylenders and employers.
 Children from India’s rural areas migrate for employment in industries, such as carpet making,
spinning mills, and cottonseed production.
 Children are trafficked within India for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labour in
domestic service.
_______________________________________________________________
Citizen Charter
_______________________________________________________________
Civil Society
_______________________________________________________________
Comparison of expenditures
Expenditures are in % of GDP
Sector India China USA World Average

Education 3.3% 4.15% 5.5% 4.9%
Health ~1% 2.5% 17.9%
R&D 0.7% 2.1%
Defence ~1.6% 2%
Infrastructure 9%
Corporate Governance
 25% Indian Companies have directors as relatives of owners : PWC Survey
Corruption
 Corruption Perception Index : 81 /180
Crime and Police
 National Crime Record Bureau Report

o Rape in India : Every 30 min
o Sexual harassment in India : Every 52 min
 67% of total jail occupants are Undertrials.
 Jail Occupancy : 139% (i.e. Over crowded Jails)
 As per NCRB : Rape Conviction is less than 25%
 Police : 129 per 1 Lakh
 World Police Average : 350 per 1 lakh
 Gujarat model in Forensics can be replicated in other states
 Community Policing:
o Maitri in AP
o Mohalla Committees
_______________________________________________________________
Defence
 Total expenditure : 1.8% of GDP

 Recommended expenditure by Shekatkar Committee : 2.5% of GDP
 India's import dependence is 60%
Diaspora
 India has 2nd largest diaspora in world

 ~25 million diaspora
Digital India
 India's cash to GDP ratio is > 14%

 UPI, BHIM transactions increased to 3.31 lakh
 Digital Wallet transactions doubled
 Google : India to become $500b digital payment market by 2020
 eNAM : About 1000 mandis integrated
 eHopital : >170 Hospitals
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Disaster
 WB estimate : Loss due to disaster is $900b per year

 65% of India is vulnerable to drought
 5% of India is vulnerable to flood
 59% of India is in vulnerable to seismicity
 8% is vulnerable to cyclone
Dowry
 National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows a rising graph in the number of dowry
cases registered:
o ~9,000 for 2012
o 10,050 for 2014
 Section 498A of IPC
 1.97 lakh people were arrested in 2012 for dowry harassment, nearly a quarter of thos being
women. This depicts that mothers and sisters of the husbands were liberally included in
complains. This is the reason SC has banned automatic arrests in dowry cases.
 Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961
Drug Addiction and Alcoholism
 Alcohol is a subject in the State list under the seventh schedule of the Indian Constitution.
 Article 47 of the Directive Principle in the Constitution of India states that “The state shall
undertake rules to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal
purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.”
Ease of Doing Business
_______________________________________________________________
Economy
 Growth Rates:
o 2013 : 6.5%
o 2014 : 7.5%
o 2015 : 8%
o 2016 : 7.1%
o 2017 : 6.7%
o 2018 : 7.4%
 Slow down in 2016 and 2017 can be used in answers related to demonetisation and GST.
 Exports : $265 billion
 Imports : $390 billion
 Fiscal Deficit : 3.5% of GDP (Target for 2017-18 was 3.2%)
 Current Account Deficit : $88b (2012) ; $22b (2016)
 FDI : $37b
 Tax : GDP = 16.6% (OECD nations - 31%)
 India GDP $2.3 trillion

 GDP Per Capita $1709
Contribution to GDP % Dependent

Agriculture 15% 50%
Manufacturing 17% 17%

Service 68% 37%
_______________________________________________________________
 Subsidies
o >3% of GDP (2.4 lakh Cr)
o Food - 1.45 lakh Cr
o Fertilizer - 70k Cr
o Fuel - 25k Cr
 Mudra Loans : 3.13 lakh Cr to 8.17 Cr youth
_______________________________________________________________
Education
 India has 350 Universities Vs China's 1250

 Gross Enrolment Ratio :
o 98% in Primary Education
o 25% in Higher Education
 ASER 2016 Report
o Class 5 students who can read Class 2 text : 53.7% in 2010
o Class 5 students who can read Class 2 text : 47% in 2016
 Total Expenditure in GDP : 4% of GD
 Focus on Apprenticeship
 ASMITA - An online database which will carry information of student attendance and
enrolment, learning outcomes, mid-day meal service and infrastructural facilities among
others
 The Education Policy of 1968, based on the recommendations of the Kothari commission
(1964-66), decided that Indian public expenditure on education must be 6% of gross
domestic product (GDP).
 This goal was reaffirmed in the New Education Policy of 1986 and its revision in 1992, with
a suggestion that every attempt must be made to go beyond 6%.
 India has never reached even near this goal.
 The closest it has come was in 2001, when this number hit 4.4%.
 GIAN - Global Initiative of Academic Network
_______________________________________________________________
 Higher Education Financing Agency

 Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
 About 1 Lakh schools are run by a single teacher. The teacher performs a range of tasks in
these schools (housing survey, economic survey, census duty, voter identity card duty,
managing mid meal etc.)
 28:1 average pupil teacher ratio. The ratio can be as high as 100:1 in some schools.
 Around 3% of GDP is spent on education
 13% teachers in the country are on contracts. They are low paid and at times, not qualified
enough too.
 Close to 90% teacher training institutes are in the private sector. Many are on low quality.
 UGC reforms - Hari Gautam Committee
 The number of universities has multiplied 40 times since UGC establishment
 Student enrolment has increased a hundred fold since UGC establishment
Energy
 Thermal : 67%
 Hydro : 15%
 Wind : 10%
 Solar : 4%
 Nuclear : 2%
 Renewable Energy : 17%
 Total Installed Power Capacity : 330 GW

 Wind : 60 GW by 2022 (Projected)
 Transmission and Distribution loss : 27%
 National Solar Mission : 100 GW by 2022
 Renewable Energy Target : 175GW by 2022
 Thermal Energy Target : 330-440GW by 2040
 Discom Debt : Rs 4.3 lakh Cr
INDC Targets of India:

 65GW Nuclear Energy by 2032
 Emission will be reduced by 33-35% by 2030 9compared to 2005)
 40% of energy production from non fossil fuels by 2030
 2.5-3b tonne of CO2 sequestration
Environment
The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) report :

 34% of India’s coastline underwent varying degrees of erosion
 28% of the shoreline showed accretion
 38% of the country’s coastline remained stable.
_______________________________________________________________
FDI
Food Processing
 100% FDI via automatic route is allowed in Food Processing industries

 $320b spending by 2020
 Employment = ~ 40 million
 Food Grain Production > 300 MT
 Total Coastline ~7200 km
 In India, only 2.2% of total food is processed. (65% in China, USA)
 40% crop is wasted
_______________________________________________________________
Globalisation
_______________________________________________________________
Governor
 Raghulal Tilak Case, 1979 :

o Governor is not an employee of Union
o Governor is an independent constitutional authority
 BP Singhal Case 2010 :
o Governor can't be dismissed on arbitrary grounds
 Sarkaria Commission:
o Governor tenure can be reduced only for extremely compelling reasons
o Ground for removal should be placed before parliament
 Punchhi Commission:
o Doctrine of pleasure should be deleted from Constitution
o Provision of impeachment of governor should be there like President
Health
 MMR : 167 / 1 Lakh

 IMR : 40 / 1000
 50% of pregnant women are Anaemic
 Out of Pocket expenditure : 60%
 HUNGAMA Report
o 43% under 5 are underweight
o 58% are stunted
 Total Heath Expenditure : 1.2% of GDP
 Target Health Expenditure in National Health Policy 2017 : 2.5% of GDP
 Target Health Expenditure recommended by WHO : 5% of GDP
 Thailand Health Expenditure : 3.5% of GDP
 Total Economic loss due to health issues : 3% of GDP
 Doctors in India : 0.7 per 1000
 WHO recommended ratio of Doctors : 2 per 1000 (So, India has only 33% of the
recommended number of doctors.)
 Hospital Beds : 1.3 per 1 Lakh population
_______________________________________________________________
 Global Hunger Index : 100/119
 India is home to 10% of world‘s tobacco consumption, the second largest after china. (WHO
data)
 Rashtriya Aarogya Nidhi
 The literacy rate among disabled has increased to 54.5% in 2011. It was 49.3% in 2001
 National Health Policy 2015
 57% of those who claimed to be allopathic doctors in 2001 did not have any medical
qualification : WHO Report
 Indians spent eight times more on private hospitals and twice as much on transporting
patients compared to costs in government hospitals during financial year 2013-14
 MCI corruption : Root cause of sub optimal medical education in India
 NEET
 National Family Health Survey - IV
 Non Communicable Disease cause 53% of all deaths in India
 India spends ~1% on healthcare (Too less. 4% desired)
Human Trafficking
 19 children go missing in India every hour

 65 million girls & women trafficked in India for sexual exploitation
_______________________________________________________________
Important Indexes
Use these indexes in your answers in Mains and highlight or underline these facts or enclose them
in box.
Important Indexes:
 City Liveability Index

o Ranks Indian Cities. Use in Urbanisation, Slums related topics
 Corruption Perception Index 2017 :
o India 81/180
o India worst regional offender in Asia Pacific Region
 Doing Business Report 2018 :
o India 100/190
o India improved 30 ranks from last year. Use it in positive sense.
 E-Government Development Index :
o India 96/193
o India is ranked 15/193 in E-Participation Index.
o It measures countries use of information and communications technologies to deliver
public services
o Use it in Governance, Digital India related topics.
 Energy Transition Index 2018 :
o India 78/144
o Index measures balance between energy security and sustainability.
o Use it in topics like sustainability, pollution, environment etc.
 Environmental Performance Index 2018 :
o India 177/180
o India is fourth worst country worldwide in curbing environmental pollution.
o India has slipped from 141st position in 2016 report. Use it to support your argument
that India is not doing enough.
 Global Competitiveness Index 2017 :
o India ranked 40th.
o GCI assesses competitiveness of countries to provide insight into drivers of their
productivity and prosperity.
o China (27th) : Compare India with China when you want to show negative aspect.
o South Africa (61st) and Brazil (80th) : Compare with SA or Brazil when you want to
show positives of India.
 Global Cyber Security Index :
o India 23/165
o Index measures commitment of nations towards cyber security.
o Use it in topics like Cyber Crimes, Phishing, Cyber Attacks etc.
 Global Gender Gap Index 2017 :
o India 108/144. Use it to show Gender Inequality in India in topics related to women,
patriarchy, inequality etc.
 Global Human Capital Index 2017 :
o India 103/130
o The GHCI measures countries’ ability to nurture, develop and deploy talent for
economic growth.
o India is ranked lowest in BRICS. Use it in topics like Skill Development, Unemployment,
Demographic Dividend etc to show urgent need of outcome based policy in this regard.
 Global Hunger Index 2017 :
o India 100/119
o India slipped by 3 ranks i.e. from rank 97 in 2016
_______________________________________________________________
o India was placed in high end of “serious” category.

o Even North Korea (93) and Iraq (78) fared better in hunger parameters and GHI
rankings.
o Use it in topics like Hunger, Poverty, Malnutrition etc.
 Global Innovation Index 2018 :
o India 57/130
o India climbed 3 spots, from 60 last year
o You can use it both in positive and negative way. In positive way, show that India is
continuously improving its rank. In negative way, show that India's competition China is
ranked at 17th position.
 Global Manufacturing Index 2018 :
o India 30/100
o Related topics : Manufacturing, Make in India, MSME, Export Competitiveness etc
o Compare with China to show negative.
 Global Peace Index 2018 :
o India 136/163
o Related Topics : Security, Terrorism, Naxalism, Internal Security etc.
 Global Real Estate Transparency Index 2018 :
o India 35/100
o Related Topics : RERA, Real Estate, Governance Reforms
 Human Development Index 2016 :
o India 131/188
o Lowest among BRICS.
o You can use it almost all topics like Governance, Inequality, Women Issues, Skill etc.
 Inclusive Development Index 2018 :
o India ranked 62
o Related Topics : Inequality, Poverty, Regional Imbalance etc.
 Inclusive Internet Index 2018 :
o India 47/86
o India has slipped by 11 positions compared to 36th rank in 2017 III report due to low
internet usage and poor quality.
o Related Topics : Digital India
 Index of Economic Freedom 2018 :
o India 130/186
o Topics : Import-Export, Make in India, FDI, Forex etc.
o Negative - 2nd and 3rd Generation reforms are needed.
 India State of Forest Report 2017 :
o India is ranked 10th in world, with 24.4% of land area under forest and tree cover, even
though it accounts for 2.4 % of the world surface area and sustains needs of 17 % of
human and 18 % livestock population.
o India was placed 8th in list of Top Ten nations reporting the greatest annual net gain in
forest area.
o Topics : Environment, Forest Cover etc.
 Intellectual Property Index :
o India 44/50
o Topics : IPR, Pharma, Import of high end products etc.
o Negative - IPR changes are needed
 SDG Index 2017 :
o India 116/157
o The index assesses the performance of countries towards achieving the ambitious SDGs.
o Topics : All 17 SGD target related topics. You can link all topics with India's low rank and
say India need to improve.
 World Happiness Index 2018 :
_______________________________________________________________
o India 133/156
o India ranked 122 last year. Can use to show increasing stress in society.
 World Press Freedom Index 2018 :
o India 138/180
o Topics : Regulating Media, Violence against media
Inequality
India
 Top 1% owns 58% wealth : Oxfam Report
 8 billionaires possess same wealth as poorest 50% population
World
 Top 8% owns 85% wealth
Discrimination
 Rohit Vemula Suicide
 The number of registered cases of anti-Dalit atrocities jumped by 17.1 per cent in 2013
(compared to 2012) according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
 Article 17 abolishes untouchability
 Article 23 prohibits bonded labour and
 Article 15(2) stipulates that no citizen should be subject to restriction with regard to
access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of entertainment, the use of wells,
tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort on the grounds of caste.
 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Infrastructure
 Infrastructure includes : Ports, Power, Rail, Roads, Housing, Dams

 $1-1.5 Trillion investment needed in next decade
_______________________________________________________________
 NIIF Corpus is Rs 40000 Cr

 Consumption of petroleum:
o 1981 : 6.6 MT
o 2011 : 56.32 MT
 98% of energy need of transport is met by petroleum
 Ports:
o 98% of trade by volume
o 70% of trade by value
o Port capacity -> 1000 MT
 Logistic Cost:
o India : 14% of GDP
o US : 8% of GDP
o EU : 10% of GDP
Internet
Internet & Mobile Association Report

 Total mobile users in India : 118 Cr
 Total internet users in India : 45 Cr
_______________________________________________________________
 62% of urban population use internet

 Only 13% of rural population use internet
Judiciary
 Total pending case : 4.5 Cr

 Total cases pending in SC : 65000
 85% cases take 10-12 years : DAKSH report
 Number of Judges : 18 per 10 lakh
 Number of Judges needed : 50 per 10 lakh
 20% vacancies in lower courts
 Judicial strength is 18000. Requirement in 50000.
 Budgetary Allocation : 0.1% to 0.4% of total budget.
 Women in Judiciary :
o Only 10% in HC
o Only 1 Judge in SC
 Judicial Overreach Examples:

o SC cancelled Singur Land Acquisition deal of WB government
o SC deciding height of Dahi Handi
o SC banned sales of diesel SUVs in Delhi
o Jallikattu
o NJAC
o NEET Exam
o Cancellation of 2G licenses
 Judicial Activism Examples:

o Keshvanada Bharti Case
o Vishkha Case
o Menaka Gandhi Case
o Minnerva Mills Case
o LGBT Case
Juvenile Justice
 NCRB : 1.2% of total serious crimes are committed by Juveniles (US : 25%)
_______________________________________________________________
Land Reforms
_______________________________________________________________
Manufacturing
Mental Health
_______________________________________________________________
NGOs
 31 lakh NGOs in India

 3000 NGO got Rs 22,000 Cr donation
 Only 10% filed annual returns
NPAs
 Total NPA : 12% of Total Assets

 Amount : Rs 9 lakh crore
_______________________________________________________________
Old Age
Parliament
 ADR Report
o 34% of Lok Sabha MPs has criminal cases against them
o 82% of MPs are crorepatis
o >85% of funds received by political parties is received via anonymous route (< Rs20000
donation)
 Women - 12%
 Lily Thomas Case 2013 : SC ordered that any MP, MLA, MLC who is convicted of crime &
awarded a min 2 year term, will loose membership of house with immediate effect.
_______________________________________________________________
Pharma
Facts:
 World third largest in terms of volume and 13th largest in terms of value
 Domestic consumption account for about 47% and export about 53%
 About $92 billion worth patented drugs expected to go off patent in US.
 The market size of the country's pharma industry is estimated at over $20 billion.
 100% FDI is permitted in the existing pharma companies through the approval route.
Keywords:
 Jan Aushadhi Stores
 IPR Issues
 NPPA
 Combination Drugs
 Chandrakant Kokate Committee (Fixed-dose combination Drugs)
Population
 Census data shows that mean age for marriage has increased 18.3 to 19.3 years for female and
22.6 to 23.3 years for males, fertility had declined [from 2.5 to 2.2] for all age groups in the
last decade.
Can be used in topics: Population control, Women empowerment.
 Female sterilization contributes to more than 95% of all sterilizations in India. Chhattisgarh
case.
Can be used in topics: Population issues, Gender bias, Lack of foresight in government
policies, Lack of Medical facilities, Drawbacks of target based approach etc.
_______________________________________________________________
 Chhattisgarh Case
Can be used in topics: Population control measures, Failure of government policies,

Gender bias
 National Population Policy 2000 and 2015
 Malthus Theory : Can be used to justify that we need to control population
 Demographic dividend
Poverty
 22% are Below Poverty Line = 290 million people

 Rs 33.3 BPL criteria in Urban areas
 Rs 27 BPL criteria in Rural areas
 138 million moved above poverty line from 2005 to 2013 (Poverty reduced from 37% to 22%)
 More than 3 Lakh farm suicides in past decade
 Food Availability per Capita (gm/day):
Food Grain 1951 2015

Cereal 334 424
Coarse Cereal 116 90
Pulses 61 39
 Tendulkar Committee, Lakadwala Formula

 WB has revised the global poverty line from $1.25 a day to $1.90 a day
 India is still home to largest number of poor
 Proportion of people living in extreme poverty has fallen to single digit (9.6 in 2015 down
from 12.8 in 2012)
 Socio Economic and Caste Census
Direct link between Growth and reforms:

 After 1992-93, economy has grown by an average rate of 6.8%
 From 1952-1980, average growth rate --> 3.5%
Link between growth and poverty:

 Per capita income GR from 1992 - 2004 was 4.3% --> annual decline in poverty was 0.74%
 GR for 2004 - 2011 was 6.7% --> annual decline in poverty was 2.18%
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Pressure Groups
_______________________________________________________________
RTI
 50 Lakh application received per year

 1% of electorate uses RTI per year
Rural
Science and Innovation
 Total expenditure of R&D

o India : 0.8% of GDP
o China : 1.8% of GDP
o South Korea : 3.7% of GDP
 Global Innovation Index 2018 : 57/130
 NITI Aayog:
o India publishes 1400 research paper per year
o China publishes 9000 research paper per year
SHGs
 Repayment ratio > 85%

 80 lakh SHGs
 10 Cr members -> 90% women
 6500 Cr bank balance
 Good Examples:
_______________________________________________________________
o Kudumbshree
o SEWA
o Lizzat Papad
Sports
Keywords:
 Khelo India
 Mission Olympics 2021
 Swasth Bachche, Swasth Bharat
 Target Olympic Podium Scheme
 National Sports Development Fund
 Lodha Committee
 Abhinav Bindra Committee
 Girl Power : Hima Das, Deepa Karmakar, Sakshi Malik and PV Sindhu (Use it in women
empowerment answers also)
 National Welfare Fund for Sports Persons
Tourism
Tourism:
 India’s share in International Tourism Arrivals is a paltry 0.6 per cent compared to 7.8 per
cent in France and 6.4 per cent in the US. Even Vietnam and Indonesia have higher shares
than India.
 As per the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) 2017, of the World Economic
Forum, India’s rank has improved significantly to 40th from 65th in 2013.
Medical Tourism:
 India's medical tourism sector is expected to experience an annual growth rate of 30%,
making it a $2 billion industry by 2015.
Keywords:
 Gujarat Tourism Policy (Gave Industry Status to Tourism)
 Swadesh Darshan Scheme
 Krishna Circuit, Buddha Circuit etc
 PRASAD Scheme
 HRIDAY Scheme
 Athithi Devo Bhava
_______________________________________________________________
Trade
 China ~70b (Deficit ~52b)

 USA ~62b (Exports ~40b)
 UAE ~50b (Exports ~30b)
 Japan ~15b
 Israel ~5b
 ASEAN ~70b
 Russia ~5b import; ~1.6b exports
 While India’s share in global merchandise trade has gone up to 1.7 per cent in 2013-14 from
0.7 per cent in 1991, China’s has gone up to a whopping 11.8 per cent from 1.8 per cent in the
same period.
 Share in exports:
o Manufactured Goods : 63%
o Crude and Petroleum : 20%
o Agricultural Products : 14%
Unemployment
 Informal Sector Jobs : 90% of total jobs

 <5% of Rural Youth are skilled
 15-59 years : 65% of total population
 <25 years : 50% of total population
 Employment Growth Rate = ~2% as compared to 7-8% of GDP GR
 10 million work force will enter market every year for next decade
 Youth need to be enabled to become job generators from job seekers - Kalam
_______________________________________________________________
Urbanisation
 Currently 31% population live in urban areas

 By 2050, 70% population will live in urban areas
 60% of GDP is derived from Urban Areas (Engine of Economic Growth)
 e-waste :
o 1.7 million tonne e-waste produced in India in 2014
o Under, E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2011, EPR: Extended Producer
Responsibility. Manufacturers have to set up collection centre for their product
o E-Waste (Management) Rules 2016: CFL and other mercury lamp now in ambit of e-
waste
 Solid Waste:
o 62 million waste produced annually.
o Only 70% collected
o Only 28 per cent of solid waste can be treated scientifically at present
o Best Practices : Solid Waste management practiced in Alleppey, Kerala. The
municipality bears no cost for collection and transportation. In this unique model, every
household segregates its waste, composts it, or makes biogas out of its wet waste. The
municipality collects dry waste weekly. For households that cannot treat their waste in-
house, every ward has community sheds, where people come from 7-9 in the morning to
give their wet waste and deposit the dry waste
o Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
 UN Habitat estimates that by 2030 India will have 14 major clusters of cities accounting for
40 per cent of its GDP
 Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT, Hriday
 Municipal Bonds : To raise money for urban governance and infrastructure development.
 India is on the way to have 69 metropolitan cities by 2025.
_______________________________________________________________
 By 2030, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region will be more populous than Australia and, with its
GDP at about $230 billion in 2030, its economy will be bigger than that of Thailand or Hong
Kong today
 Swacch Bharat Mission (Link it to urbanisation)
Water Scarcity
 India supports 18% of World Population

 India has only 4% of World Fresh Water resources.
_______________________________________________________________
 Per Capita Fresh Water (BCM)

o 1947 : 6040
o 2050 : 1140
 Agriculture is the biggest user of water
 NITI Aayog Report on Himalayan Region:
o 30% of springs crucial to water security of people are drying and 50% have reported
reduced discharge
Women
 Only 12% women in Parliament

 Gender Gap Index 108/144
Following can be used in question related to gender development, discrimination, bias, need of
protecting rights of women etc.
 McKinsey Report: "The Power of Parity”: If gender gap is filled by 2025 then Indian GDP
could increase by 60%.
Can be used in topics: Economic development of India or Education or Work Force

participation in India
 'Himmat' app released by Delhi government: How technology can be used in safety of
Women.
Can be used in topics: Women Safety, Sexual/Physical offences, Martial violence,

Governance initiatives, Role of IT in governance etc.
 UN report “Cyber violence against women and girls" - 73% women reported facing
violence online.
Can be used in topics: Gender Bias, Women Safety, Cyber crimes etc.
 In 21 out of 30 Indian states, female voter turnout exceeded male turnout in their most recent
assembly elections – Election Commission.
_______________________________________________________________
Can be used in topics: Women empowerment, Elections in India, Indian Politics, Role of
women etc.
 The general election of 16th Lok Sabha reveals that out of 543 members only 66 members are
women making up to 12.16% despite the fact that women make 50% of country‘s population.
Can be used in topics: Gender disparity, Indian Politics.
 The recent incident of throwing off two women from a bus by its conductor in the presence of
15 other co-passengers points to the apathy of Indian citizens towards the persisting
discrimination and oppression of women in our society.
 Only 13 persons were convicted out of the 639 charge sheeted in 2014 under the Protection of
Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.
Can be used in topics: Women issues, Gender disparity, Failure of our legal system etc.
 GER of girls in elementary education has improved dramatically, from 66% in 1991 to 97% in
2014.
 GER of girls has also improved in higher education, from 7.5% in 2002–03 to close to 20% in
2012–13 (just a shade behind boys at 22%).
 In fact, women account for 51% of all post-graduates in India today.
Can be used in topics: Literacy/education in India, Governance in India, Achievements of

India etc.
 Out of the total 397 million workers in India, 123.9 million are women and of these women
96% of female workers are in the unorganized sector.
Can be used in topics: Workforce participation, Gender bias, Lack of opportunities to

women, Unorganised sector, Economic development etc.
 #HeForShe Campaign : Example of what men can do for women
 Gender Parity in Armed force: Opposition to it was an example of prevailing biasness in

society. Its adoption is an example of how time is changing
 Marital Rape:
o Right to bodily integrity
o Self determination
o Justice Verma Committee
o IPC Section 375
 Misuse of Women laws :

o The government recently told the Rajya Sabha that provisions of the Domestic Violence
and Anti-Dowry Acts are being misused
o Only 13 persons were convicted out of the 639 charge sheeted in 2014 under the
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.
 Triple Talaq issue:

o 92% of Muslim women in India want oral triple talaq to go
_______________________________________________________________
o The ‘triple talaq’ has been abolished in 21 Islamic theocratic countries including
Pakistan
 Nirbhaya Fund: Example of good intentions of government; It is not used which is an

example of lethargy and apathy prevailing in society and system.
Random
 Right to Die
o Gian Kaur Vs State of Punjab : Right to die is inherent in Article 21
o Aruna Shanbaug case : Allowed ethunasia
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Value Addition Material For Mains 2018

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Value Addition Material For Mains 2018

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Your Preparation Partner

Value Addition Material

 Contains Keywords/Examples/Facts / Diagrams for some important topics

You can contact us at contact@ias4sure.com

Published by: www.ias4sure.com

If we see paper wise we write following number of answers:

Dos and Don’ts

You can access all our notes by subscribing here http://www.ias4sure.com/subscribe/

 Right to Equality (A 14 to A 18)

Directive Principle of State Policy

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly

Why read them?

Other way (Bad way) of writing it is :

 Berubari Union case (1960):

 Golaknath Vs State for Punjab (1967):

 RC Cooper vs. Union of India(1970)

 Kesavananda Bharati case (1973):

 Raj Narain vs State of UP (1975) :

o Case was related to election disputes.

 ADM Jabalpur v Shivakant Shukla Case (1976) :

 Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978)

 Minerva Mills case (1980)

 SP Gupta vs Union of India, 1981 :

 Waman Rao vs Union of India (1981)

 Sheela Barse vs State of Maharashtra (February 15, 1983) :

 Shah Bano case (1985)

 MC Mehta vs Union of India (Pollution in the Ganga) (1986)

 Indira Sawhney judgment (1992) :

 SR Bommai v Union of India - 1994

Note: Mention in answers related to Centre-State relations, Federalism, Governor etc.

 LIC of India case (1995):

 Vishaka v State of Rajasthan - 1997

 State of Tamil Nadu V Suhas Katti - November 2004

Note: Mention in answers related to cyber security, privacy vs digital access.

 Jessica Lal Murder Case - December 2006

Note: Must be mentioned in answers related to Role of civil society.

 Recognising the Third gender (National Legal Services Authority v Union of

 Section 66A revised (Shreya Singhal v Union of India) - March 2015

Note: Can be used in Cyber Security answers.

Value Addition Through Diagrams

Cause and Affect Relation

(1). North India

(2). South India

(3). East India

(4). West India

(2). Comparison via Tree Method

(3). Comparison via charts

Sun Ray Diagram

(1). Example showing Green Economy and its component:

(2). Example showing Citizen Charter and its component:

Life Cycle Diagrams

Input and Outcome diagrams

Entity and its component

Facts / Keywords /Examples / Diagrams

 Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

Case Studies : Civil Servants

 Frequent transfers due to honesty:

Case Studies : Village Models

 Mawlynnong Village, Meghalaya

Expenditures are in % of GDP

Sector India China USA World Average

 25% Indian Companies have directors as relatives of owners : PWC Survey

 Corruption Perception Index : 81 /180