Professional Documents
Culture Documents
125 to Troubleshoot
FOUNDATION™ Application Note
Fieldbus Installations
1) D
isruptive environmental troubleshooting industrial digital
conditions, which include communications systems using an
mechanical vibrations, extreme oscilloscope.
temperature changes, high The following discussion
humidity levels and poor air focuses on the monitoring of
quality caused by chemicals, a specific type of system, FOUN-
dust and other agents. These DATION Fieldbus 31.25 kb/s
conditions can create loose (H1) networks, using a new
or intermittent connections, instrument designed and
corrosion in conductors and programmed for such monitor-
junction boxes and/or changes ing: the Fluke 125 Industrial
in impedance. ScopeMeter® test tool.
(Note: The Fluke 125 is not limited to moni-
2) E
lectrical disturbances come toring just Fieldbus H1 networks.)
from a variety of sources.
Breakers turn high-energy Troubleshooting
circuits on and off generating procedures
transients. Belt conveyors and
mechanical drives discharge When troubleshooting a Fieldbus
high-voltage static electricity system, first attempt to document
into electronic systems. Load recent changes to the system:
changes on branch circuits Have any devices or any parts
create fluctuations in supply of the network recently been
voltages. And there are still disconnected? Was anything
other possible sources of elec- added or modified just before the
trical disturbances. trouble began?
Determine what’s working
Both types of disturbances and what’s not. Make notes
can temporarily or perma- about what is observed versus
nently adversely affect system what was expected. Investigate
components—terminators, input whether certain disturbances can
Figure 1: A typical FOUNDATION Fieldbus junction box components and cabling. The be traced back to specific events:
with wiring diagram. result often is a disruption of the a motor starting, a valve opening,
millivolt signals upon which pro- a light being turned on, etc.
duction processes rely. Therefore, Next, make measurements to
it makes great sense to avoid “look into” the network in order
potential process communications to see and understand what’s
problems and pinpoint exist- going on. Carefully document
ing problems by monitoring and each measurement: What was
2 Fluke Corporation Using a Fluke ScopeMeter 125 to Troubleshoot FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus Installations
When a Fluke 125 is the test contact near a screw terminal,
instrument, the test involves or it might be an indication of
connecting the TL75 lead to the a cable defect or the result of
shield connector in control room moisture in a junction box.
and applying the hot tip of the 4. Once you are confidence that
STL120 to the A and the B wires all resistance and capacitance
respectively. Depending upon the values for the trunk meet expec-
length of the trunk, it may take tations and match the cable
a few seconds for a capacitance specifications, inspect the spurs.
reading to stabilize. When a On new installations, this will
reading is stable, record it. follow the initial connection and
Figure 3: HC120 Hook Clip
2. Next, measure the capacitance testing of each spur. Once each
between the two conductors, A spur checks out, repeat the pre-
and B, by connecting the TL75 to vious tests to find and correct
one wire and the ‘hot’ tip of the errors in the whole system. If
STL120 to the other wire contact. everything checks out, it’s safe
Record the result. to power up the network.
Failure to get a reading for any
of the three capacitances proba-
bly indicates a short or a broken
connection in that section of the
circuitry. An unstable reading
may signal a weak connection
Figure 4: TP88 Back Probe-pins in a junction box that is creating
only intermittent contact with a
where humidity or poor air have section of the trunk.
corroded connectors. Or, perhaps If the capacitances conform
vibration has caused intermittent to expectations, create a short
connections. circuit at the end of the trunk
In verifying new installations, it between the A and B wires and
makes sense to test trunk cabling measure the resistance between
before installing spurs and those conductors on the control
devices. Eliminating the trunk room side. This measurement Supply voltage
cabling as a source of a problem should produce a reading rep- Each of the network devices
in an existing network or as the resenting the total resistance of needs the proper supply voltage.
potential source of problems in the copper conductors over the Incorrect dc-supply can cause
a new network requires a few total length of the trunk, back a variety of errors—sometimes
simple measurements. The digital and forth. A comparison of this continuously and sometimes
multimeter incorporated into the reading with the specifications intermittently. Incorrect supply
Fluke 125 measures the resis- for the cable will reveal whether voltage can cause devices to
tance and capacitance of cables. there are any poor connections fail to handle data consistently,
If problems exist, using these anywhere along the trunk. Bear frequently disconnecting and
capabilities will detect them. in mind that while cable speci- reconnecting or perhaps not
fications may give the resistance responding to the controller at all.
1. The first step in verifying per conductor for a single length
trunk cabling is to measure the Since supply voltage is distrib-
of wire, this test measures the uted through the main network,
capacitance between individual return path, too.
conductors and the shield. The which may be lengthy, there
two values (conductor A versus 3. Next, remove the short cir- will be voltage drop within
the shield and conductor B versus cuit at the end of the trunk the system. The absolute mini-
shield) should yield about the and measure the resistance mal dc-supply voltage for any
same value because the trunk is between the A wire and shield, Fieldbus device is 9 volts, but a
supposed to be fully symmetrical. and between the B wire and higher voltage is preferable. The
In making these measurements, shield. The readings should be absolute maximum supply volt-
compare the capacitance val- high, in the multiple meg-ohms age is 32 volts.
ues to the data for the type of range. A low value indicates The Fluke 125 ScopeMeter test
cable used, and take the length a short circuit to the shield. tool can measure supply voltage
of the trunk into account. (An A short might be caused by and automatically compare it to
example of a manufacturer’s cable something as seemingly insig- an upper and a lower limit. As
specifications can be found in the nificant as a single thin wire defaults, these limits are set for
appendix to this application note.) from a braid that’s making 5.5 and 35.0 volts. However, the
3 Fluke Corporation Using a Fluke ScopeMeter 125 to Troubleshoot FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus Installations
The Fluke 125 differs from a the power supply. Making bias
standard DMM in that it displays voltage measurements at various
the voltage reading that is clos- junctions can reveal disruptions,
est to a limit over the time span such as poor connections, along
that the measurement is happen- the trunk. Good notes and knowl-
ing. The instrument has a hold edge of the trunk layout will help
function that helps installation troubleshooters in finding which
and maintenance personnel junction/spur is at fault.
determine if the supply voltage In H1 Fieldbus systems, the
is at risk of going outside of the maximum cable length in the
preset limits. In other words, trunk is 1900m. For a twisted
during load changes, the instru- pair cable made from AWG#18
ment displays the value closest (1 mm in diameter or with a
to the lower or upper limit. cross section of 0.79 mm2 per
To reset the hold function, conductor), one must take into
press the Hold/Run key twice account a resistance of 2.26
to hold and restart the mea- Ω per 100m of wire, which, of
surements. This action initiates course, translates to 4.52 Ω per
a new measurement cycle 100 m of dual-conductor cable
in which all result fields are and a total resistance of 86 Ω for
cleared. the two wires over the maximum
Figure 5: Fluke 125 screen showing results of a Bus Health Test. The instrument can be used as trunk length.
a standard DMM or as a standard If there is only a single device
oscilloscope. Then, it can record drawing 25 mA connected to the
user can enter other limits at set momentary voltages in order to end of the trunk, that device in
up limits on the front menu. isolate instabilities in a power itself will cause a voltage drop of
For Fieldbus systems, selecting supply. In addition, the instru- 2.2 volts across the trunk cable.
9 volts as the minimal value and ment can record supply-voltage With multiple devices connected
32 volts as the maximum value changes on the bus. The function along the line, the voltage drop
will generally do the job. that allows this is TrendPlot™, due to supply-current consump-
During use, the Fluke 125 will detailed in the instrument’s tion can make the difference
indicate via icons whether the users manual. between a good and a poor sup-
measured voltage is within the The hour-glass icon on the ply voltage at some devices.
limits: ✔ = OK; X = not-OK. In fourth line of Figure 5 indicates Table 1 (following Figure 6)
addition, the icon may change that a rise-time measurement shows the calculated supply
to a warning sign (!) when a was in progress at the moment voltages for the network in
reading is within a certain per- the screen-copy was made. Next Figure 6, which depicts a full-
centage of a limit value. to the icon is the result of an length trunk with a limited
Figure 5, a screen shot, shows earlier measurement and the number of devices. In the design
an actual bus-health test screen limit to which this rise time is phase of a new network, similar
for an H1 Fieldbus system. If the compared. In this application, calculations should be made to
instrument recognizes that com- rise times up to 8 µs are viewed determine the type of cabling
munication is taking place, the as acceptable. and the power supply needed.
activity indicators will blink. Because of inevitable voltage For existing systems, if a
The first line displays bias drop based on copper resistance plant’s archives include “as-
voltage. OK indicates that the and Ohm’s-law, supply voltage to builts” with design data and
dc-supply voltage (27.7 volts) is devices near the end of a trunk information about the sys-
within the limit values: 9.0 and are lower that for those nearer tem’s physical layout and cable
32.0 volts.
100 mA 75 mA 50 mA 25 mA
1 2 3 4
DC Power
Supply
25 mA 25 mA 25 mA 25 mA
Figure 6: Calculation of voltage drops resulting from connected devices and their distances from the power supply.
4 Fluke Corporation Using a Fluke ScopeMeter 125 to Troubleshoot FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus Installations
Device 1 Device 2 Device 3 Device 4
Distance from supply 100m 500m 1000m 1900m
Length of section (single conductor) 100m 400m 500m 900m
Resistance of section 4.52 Ω 18 Ω 22.6 Ω 40.7 Ω
Total copper resistance 4.52 Ω 22.6 Ω 45.2 Ω 85.88 Ω
Device current 25 mA 25 mA 25 mA 25 mA
Total current 100 mA 75 mA 50 mA 25 mA
Voltage drop in section 0.45 V 1.36 V 1.13 V 1.02 V
Total voltage drop 0.45 V 1.81 V 2.94 V 3.96 V
Table 1: Supply voltage calculations for the network in Figure 6.
lengths, those data should be A common cause of improper The most common measure-
kept at hand as an aid during impedance is the use of too few ment is peak-to-peak amplitude.
fault finding. Any deviation from or too many network terminators. See Figure 7. A user of the
the as-builts is a first indication More or less than two termina- instrument is free to compare
of the quality of the cable instal- tors per trunk section will result readings to built-in default levels
lation and connections and may in incorrect signal amplitude due or to enter alternative, user-
help lead troubleshooters to the to impedance as well as reflec- defined levels instead. When a
location of a faulty connection. tions and distortions. limit is set to a value other than
Since current (load) fluctuations A third terminator will cause a default value, the text displays
are inevitable, when selecting a signal attenuation of about 3 dB an asterisk (*), as seen on the
power supply and voltage level, (-30 %). A missing or broken ter- “Vbias” line in Figure 7.
system designers should take as minator will result in an increase In troubleshooting, check the
a basis the full-load output volt- in amplitude above nominal by signal levels at various points
age of the power supply, while as much as 60 %. along the network to deter-
accounting for any voltage drop Long stretches of cable also mine if the values make sense.
in the power conditioner. attenuate signals. Commonly Look for patterns in amplitude
used cable in H1 Fieldbus sys- differences. For example, sud-
Signal levels tems attenuate signals by about den differences at either side
Signal level is measured as the 0.3 dB per 100m or 5.7 dB over of a junction box is a “red flag”
peak-to-peak amplitude of the the full length of a 1900m trunk. suggesting the presence of a
ac-waveform. It is directly related The 5.7 db value means that hardware fault.
to the impedance of the network for every volt of signal injected If any particular device
trunk, and any deviation from the at one end of the cable, one appears to be causing difficul-
nominal impedance will impact should expect to see no more ties, measure on all sides of the
signal levels. than 520 mV at the other end of junction box: incoming trunk,
the cable. outgoing trunk, and spur. There
The nominal output signal should be no differences in sig-
amplitude at any device is nal level or supply voltage here.
800 mVpp to 900 mVpp. (where In addition, take a reading at
“pp” stands for “peak-to-peak”). the device end of the spur, and
At a distance along the network, compare this reading to those
the amplitude may be as much recorded at the junction box.
as 50 % lower without any risk In transmitting mode, a device
of error. should generate a signal in the
The Fluke 125 can be config- 800 mVpp to 900 mVpp range.
ured to measure peak-to-peak Signals above 1000 mVpp indi-
amplitude or to measure the low- cate incorrect trunk-section
level or high-level excursions of termination.
the signal compared specifically Ordinarily, depending on
to the bias voltage. Just as with the distance to the transmitter,
the dc-voltage measurements signals in the 250 mV to 950 mV
described earlier, the Fluke 125 range are acceptable. Levels
compares the actual reading to below 250 mVpp are likely
pre-set limits and presents on to cause errors in Fieldbus
its screen, along with the actual devices and need to be investi-
reading, clear indications of good gated further.
or bad readings.
Figure 7: Set-up screen for changing test-limit values.
5 Fluke Corporation Using a Fluke ScopeMeter 125 to Troubleshoot FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus Installations
Signal quality and noise waveshape of the ac-signal on
the bus. The eye-pattern applies
In general conversation, sig- a long-lasting persistence mode
nals on a bus are referred to as to the screen. Any curve drawn
“digital signals” as though they will remain on screen until the
change state from low to high user decides to clear the screen
almost instantaneously. In real- or to alter the mode of operation
ity, that is not the case. For some of the instrument.
types of networks, the speed of This dedicated scope mode
signal transitions is quite critical. gives a user excellent insight
For Fieldbus networks, transi- into bus-activity and into over-
tion speeds, as such, are not so all signal quality. (Of course,
critical. However, an excessive there needs to be activity on the
slowdown in transitions can bus for the scope to record any
eventually lead to signal attenu- curves.) Figure 9: A Fluke 125 screen showing a
ation, if the transitions take so Slow-changing edges do not
cluttered and noisy signal.
long that the flat tops and bot- necessarily indicate network
toms of pulses do not stabilize. by monitoring several different
trouble, but great differences in points along the trunk while
For this reason, the Fluke 125 speed transition are grounds for
can record the rise and fall times taking into account normal sig-
further investigation. nal attenuation. The closer to the
of pulses and reveal whether the If only an occasional curve is
times are within either preset or transmitting device that monitor-
captured with an obviously dif- ing occurs, the larger the signal
user-defined limits. ferent waveshape, chances are
Transitions (edges) that are amplitude of the pulses from the
that a single device has hard- offending device will be.
too slow, may indicate that the ware problems or is not powered
trunk section is too long, that the Wide spreading of both the
properly. Finding the location of high and low levels may serve
cable is incorrectly specified or that device can be accomplished
damaged or that a terminator is as an indicator of signal attenua-
broken or missing. A check of the tion along the trunk. Inconsistent
transition times of the signal will distribution of signal levels may
reveal any differences in this signal a discontinuity in the net-
parameter along the network work or a device that is putting
and, thereby, help identify hard- out a signal too low in amplitude.
ware faults. The eye-pattern mode also
Pulse overshoot is also an allows for an analysis of the
indication of out-of-spec imped- noise levels on the network.
ances within a network. A Noise can interfere with the
broken or missing terminator signal and corrupt or halt com-
or incorrect wiring can cause munications. Poor connections in
such anomalies. So, excessive the cable shield or disconnected
overshoot should foster further shielding can allow the picking
monitoring of the hardware. up of disruptive noise levels.
If the network picks up noise
from other equipment, it will lead Installing and routing
to degradation of the signal’s When motor drives are pres-
fidelity and will manifest itself ent, install network cabling as
as noise on the waveform and far away as possible from the
as instability of the edges. Such motor-drive output cables. Net-
instability is often called jitter, work cables are more sensitive to
which indicates that transitions some devices’ power cables than
are not exactly in line with sys- others. For instance, the cables
tem timing. Too much jitter may between a motor drive and the
lead to communication loss. motor are a likely source for
excessive noise.
Visual waveform Once noise is introduced into a
inspection spur or a section of the trunk, the
Another level of analysis offered noise signal is easily transferred
by the Fluke 125 uses what is and will likely manifest itself at
known as the eye-pattern mode Figure 8: This series of Fluke 125 screens various points on the network,
to visually inspect signals on a
show how the trace builds up over successive depending on how the network
acquisitions using the instrument’s eye-
bus. Once the mode is selected, pattern display mode.
routes the noise. That probability
the Fluke 125 screen shows the means that a source of excessive
noise and a device with com-
6 Fluke Corporation Using a Fluke ScopeMeter 125 to Troubleshoot FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus Installations
munication problems do not have Since there is no clear limit Data analysis and
to be close to each other for the value that can be specified as drawing conclusions
former to affect the latter. acceptable or as the certain
Figure 9, another screen cap- source of error, evaluating noise Once the tests described here are
ture, depicts a somewhat noisy signals is necessarily somewhat completed, bringing the collected
bus signal. In such cases, check subjective. Still, heavy bus noisedata together and analyzing
the noise level at the middle or is a likely cause of communi- the results should allow one to
baseline level on the left of the cation errors. Here are some draw conclusions about what is
screen (just below the “A” trace guidelines: happening on the network and
marking). This segment of the where the weak spots likely are.
waveform represents the steady- • A noise level less than 50 mVpp Sometimes, analyzing the avail-
on a signal of 800 mVpp is a able data will raise additional
state voltage on the bus just near-perfect signal.
before the capture of any data questions, which can then be
packets. Since the line should be • A noise level more than the basis for additional tests,
relatively quiet here, the signal 100 mVpp on a signal level bringing investigators closer to
amplitude at this point is a good of only 500 mVpp is likely finding solutions to troubling
indicator of the noise level on to cause frequent communica- network flaws.
the bus. tions faults.
Appendix
Example of Cable Characteristics Bus-health limits used as default settings for Field-
Characteristics of Fieldbus H1 Cable bus within the Fluke 125, based on IEC61158-2.
General Characteristics
Standard IEC61158 Part 2 Fieldbus H1
Conductor stranded plain copper Min Max
Conductor size AWG18 AWG16 AWG14 Vbias 5.5 35.0
(multi-wire) V(high – bias) 0.375 0.500
Conductor thickness 1 mm 1.3 mm 1.6 mm V(bias – low) 0.375 0.500
(approx.) Vpp 0.75 1.00
Conductor diameter 0.8 mm2 ca. 1.3 mm2 2.1 mm2 Rate 31.1 µs 32.9 µs
Color coding positive conductor = orange; negative conductor = blue. Bit width 32 µs nom.
Screen aluminum tape in contact with continuous copper wire, Rise Time N.A. 200 ns
covered with wire braid
Fall Time N.A. 200 ns
overall diameter 7.9 mm 9.5 mm 11.5 mm
Jitter N.A. 0.1 %
(0.311 in) (0.374 in) (0.453 in)
Overshoot N.A. 10.0 %
weight 85 g/m 110 g/m 160 g/m
Electrical characteristics
conductor resistance 21.8 Ω/km 13.7 Ω/km 8.6 Ω/km “FOUNDATION Fieldbus” is a trademark of the Fieldbus Foundation.
(per conductor) All trademarks are the property of their rightful owners.
screen resistance 9 Ω/km 6 Ω/km 6 Ω/km
attenuation at 39 kHz 3 dB/km 2.7 dB/km 2.7 dB/km
inductance 0.65 mH/km
mutual capacitance 60 nF/km
capacitance max. 2 nF/km Fluke. Keeping your world
unbalance to earth up and running.®
characteristic 100 ±20 Ω
impedance Fluke Corporation
PO Box 9090, Everett, WA USA 98206
test voltage 1500 V
Fluke Europe B.V.
(core-to-core and
PO Box 1186, 5602 BD
core-to-screen) Eindhoven, The Netherlands
operating voltage max. 300 V For more information call:
In the U.S.A. (800) 443-5853 or
Fax (425) 446-5116
Table 2: Characteristics of three typical Fieldbus H1 Trunk cables.
In Europe/M-East/Africa +31 (0) 40 2675 200 or
Fax +31 (0) 40 2675 222
In Canada (800)-36-FLUKE or
Fax (905) 890-6866
From other countries +1 (425) 446-5500 or
Fax +1 (425) 446-5116
Web access: http://www.fluke.com
©2008 Fluke Corporation. Specifications subject
to change without notice. Printed in U.S.A.
1/2008 3214669 A-EN-N Rev A
7 Fluke Corporation Using a Fluke ScopeMeter 125 to Troubleshoot FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus Installations