Article in Press

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
High chromium cast irons: destabilized-subcritical

secondary carbide precipitation and its effect on hardness
and wear properties.
Journal: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

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Manuscript ID JMEP-17-06-13364.R3
Manuscript Type: Technical Paper

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Date Submitted by the Author: 13-Feb-2018
Complete List of Authors: Guitar, Maria; Saarland University, Chair of Functional Materials
Suarez, Sebastian; Saarland University, Chair of Functional Materials
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Prat, Orlando; Universidad de Concepcion

Duarte Guigou, Martin; Univesidad católica del Uruguay, Facultad de
Ingeniería y Tecnologías; Tubacero S.A
Gari, Valentina; Universidad Catolica Uruguay
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Pereira, Gastón ; Tubacero S.A

Mucklich, Frank; Universitat des Saarlandes,
Cast Iron, Heat Treatment, Microscopy, Electron, Microscopy, Optical

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Keywords:
Metallography
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Page 1 of 31 Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
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3 High chromium cast irons: destabilized-subcritical secondary
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6 carbide precipitation and its effect on hardness and wear
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9 properties.
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14 María Agustina Guitar1,a, Sebastián Suárez1, Orlando Prat2, Martín Duarte Guigou3,4,
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Valentina Gari3, Gastón Pereira4, Frank Mücklich1
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Department of Materials Science, Saarland University. Campus D3.3, D-66123,
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Saarbrücken, Germany.
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26 Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo
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28 Larenas 270, Concepción, Chile
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30 Programa de Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnologías,
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32 Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Av. 8 de Octubre 2738 - CP 11600, Montevideo,
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34 Uruguay.
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Laboratorio de Desarrollo de Nuevos Materiales, Tubacero S.A., Cnel. Raíz 949 -
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39 CP12900, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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41 Contact email: a.guitar@mx.uni-saarland.de
42 (Submitted June 26, 2017; in revised form February 13, 2018)
43 Materials Characterization
44 JMEP-17-06-13364
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Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Page 2 of 31
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3 ABSTRACT
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5 This work evaluates the effect of a destabilization treatment combined with a sub-
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critical diffusion (SCD) and a subsequent quenching (Q) steps on precipitation of
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10 secondary carbides and their influence on the wear properties of HCCI (16%Cr). The
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12 destabilization of the austenite at high temperature leads to a final microstructure
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14 composed by eutectic and secondary carbides, with an M7C3 nature, embedded in a
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16 martensitic matrix. An improved wear resistance was observed in the SCD+Q samples
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18 in comparison to the Q one, which was attributed to the size of secondary carbides.
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24 Keywords: High chromium white cast iron – Solid state transformation – secondary
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carbides precipitation – Wear - microstructure

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3 Introduction
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5 High Chromium Cast Irons (HCCI) have been a material of choice for wear resistant
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components in the mining and mineral processing industries for a long time, given their
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10 outstanding wear and erosion resistance [1]. The main reason for such resistance can be
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12 found in the hard MnCm reinforcement carbides embedded within the metallic matrix,
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14 being those of hypoeutectic, eutectic or hypereutectic origin [2,3]. Hypoeutectic
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16 compositions are the main group of materials in use in the industry, with compositions
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18 described in the ASTM standard A532 groups II and III [4]. Although hypereutectic
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HCCI would show a higher carbide volume fraction than hypoeutectic HCCI and it
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23 could be considered as a much more efficient wear resistant material; however, their
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25 low castability severely hinder their practical manufacture and use [5].
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28 The microstructure and mechanical properties of HCCI are a direct consequence of the
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30 eutectic carbide content, matrix microstructure and the presence of secondary carbides
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32 embedded within the metallic matrix [6]. Particularly, the presence of secondary
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34 carbides has shown to improve the wear resistance behavior of the entire composite [2].
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Secondary and also eutectic carbides characteristics are strongly influenced by the
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content of its main constituents (C ,Cr) [2,3,7], minor alloying elements (Mo, Ti, V, Nb,
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41 W) [8–12] and thermal processing [5,13].
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44 The wear resistance and mechanical properties, especially the hardness, of HCCI
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46 depend on the type, morphology and distribution of carbides, and on the nature of the
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48 supporting matrix structure which, in turn, depends on the chemical composition and on
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50 any subsequent thermal treatments [14–16]. The secondary carbides, may increase the
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52 wear resistance of the matrix itself, providing load support and reducing damage by
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third bodies scratching the surface, by the same mechanisms that has been studied
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3 carefully with more conventional, low reinforcement volume fraction, composite
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5 materials [17,18]. To some extent, the precipitation of secondary carbides should lead to
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7 a more bimodal–like reinforced composite behavior, which has been proved previously
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9 to have a better wear performance than its mono modal counterparts [19,20].
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12 Besides, the secondary carbides which precipitate in the matrix regions also influence
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wear resistance by increasing the matrix strength through dispersion strengthening and
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microstructure refinement, the fine secondary carbides can increase the mechanical
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19 support of the eutectic carbides. [10,11,21].
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22 Precipitation of secondary carbides during a sub-critical destabilization treatment [22]
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24 has been previously described for HCCI and the usual quenching procedure, i.e. holding
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26 temperatures above the critical line (from 0.5 to 4 hours) before cooling in air. In most
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28 cases the authors compared the latter to a series of sub-critical approaches as references
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30 [11,23,24]. Heat treatments are designed to precipitate a fine dispersion of Fe-Cr

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carbides within the matrix. Multi-step treatments have been proposed (martensite
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35 formation and post-quench sub-critical annealing for carbide precipitation), with a
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37 significant secondary carbide precipitation, although the intermediate air cooling

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39 induced a sharp decrease in mechanical properties. The decrease in mechanical
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41 properties was associated with the formation of ferrite phases in the sub-critical step; in
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43 general sub-critical treatments have been associated with hardness reduction [25].
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Furthermore, the type, size and distribution of secondary carbides formed during the
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48 destabilization depend on the composition and destabilization temperature. The
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50 secondary carbides are efficient for improving the abrasion resistance [26,27].
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53 The proposed destabilized plus sub-critical diffusion treatment should lead to a sharper
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55 increase in size and a better distribution of secondary carbides within the matrix,
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3 without affecting other mechanical properties. Assuming that this material behaves
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5 tribologically as a bimodal size reinforced MMC, the post treatment wear resistance
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7 should improve, despite the slight changes in other mechanical properties [23,28].
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10 In this work, contrary to other works found in the literature [25], a destabilization
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12 process is carried out followed directly by a sub-critical diffusion (SCD) step in order to
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precipitate and grow secondary carbides. The main objectives of the present work are:
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(a) to analyze if increased secondary carbide precipitation is achievable with a high
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19 temperature destabilization and multi-step sub-critical heat treatment, using limited
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21 minor alloying elements and preserving mechanical properties; (b) to compare such
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results with a standard above critical destabilization treatment and (c) to analyze the
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25 effect of such increased carbide precipitation on wear resistance.
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3 Experimental
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5 HCCI samples were manufactured in arc furnace and casted in cubic sand molds.
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Chemical composition was determined by Emission Spectroscopy methods using a
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10 GNR Metal Lab 75/80 Optical Emission Spectroscope. The chemical composition of
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12 the studied HCCI is: C (2.43 wt.%) - Si (0.47 wt.%) – Mn (0.76 wt.%) – Cr (15.84
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14 wt.%) - Ni (0.41 wt.%) – S (0.02 wt.%) – P (0.02 wt.%) – Cu (0.04 wt.%) – Fe
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16 (balance).
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19 The thermal treatments were carried out by two methods: (i) destabilization above
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21 critical temperature (1253 K) and quenching and (ii) destabilization followed by a sub-
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critical diffusion (SCD) process at 923 K for 12 h. Destabilization temperature was

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26 determined as critical temperatures plus 50 K and SCD temperature was set at 50 K
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28 below zero-transformation-temperature for the corresponding chemical composition for
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30 maximum carbide precipitation. Thus, observations were carried out in four samples:
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32 (1) as cast conditions, (2) SCD, (3) Quenched (Q) and (4) SCD + Q; being the SCD
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34 sample an intermediate state. Schematic representation for each treatment is shown in
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Figure 1.
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39 The samples were ground with embedded diamond discs (up to grit 1200) and polished
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using diamond powder suspensions up to 1 µm mean diameter. The samples were
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44 etched with Villela´s reagent (1 g picric acid + 5 ml HCl 100 ml ethanol) for 30 seconds
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46 at room temperature. Optical microscopy observations were carried out in all samples
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48 using a Leica CTR6000 microscope and images were acquired using a Jenoptik CCD
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50 Camera.
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53 SEM characterization was carried out with a FE-SEM Helios Nanolab 600 (FEI
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55 company) working with an acceleration voltage of 10 kV and a 1.4 nA beam current.
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3 For a proper contrast between phases, a high sensitivity solid state backscattered
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5 electrons detector (vCD) was used. Electron Backscattered Diffraction with an
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7 acceleration voltage of 20 kV and 11 nA beam current together with the TSL OIM Data
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9 Collection software were used for the carbide type identification.
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12 Macro-hardness on the Rockwell C scale was measured using a Wilson durometer with
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a diamond indenter and 150 Kgf load. Micro hardness was measured with a Leica
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Vickers microindenter applying 0.500 Kgf load on all samples for both, matrix and
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19 primary carbides. The indentation time in all cases was 15 s.
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22 X-ray diffraction testing was performed with a PANalyical Empyrean X-ray
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24 diffractometer. The diffractograms were obtained using a symmetrical θ―θ geometry

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26 configuration and a Cu Kα1 radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm). The incident and diffracted
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28 optical geometries were parallel and the diffraction angle (2θ) was varied from 25° to
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31 100° with a step size of 0.013° and a 50 s/step rate. The applied voltage and current
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were 40 kV and 40 mA, respectively. For the phase identification and indexing, the
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35 High Score Plus software and ICDD Database were used.
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38 Wear test was carried out in a CSM macro tribometer in rotational mode using an
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40 alumina pin, applying a 5N load for 4000 laps with 2.46mm radius at a speed of 5.0
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42 cm/s with environment conditions set at 298 K (25 °C) and 45% humidity. Wear tracks
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44 were observed using a Zygo NewView 7300 white light interferometer (for wear
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volume calculations) and SEM microscopy.
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3 Results and Discussion
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5 Phase and microstructural evolution
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8 Figure 2 shows the XRD measurements for the different states of the treated samples.
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10 The as-cast condition is represented by the eutectic carbide embedded in an austenitic
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12 matrix (M7C3/Fe-γ), as described in [25] and also predicted in the Jackson´s diagram for
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the Fe-Cr-C system [29]. Some authors also reported the presence of martensite
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17 surrounding the eutectic carbide particles as a result of the excessive consumption of C
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19 and Cr by the eutectic carbides [25]. Consequently, the matrix remain depleted in these
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21 elements, resulting in the increase of the Ms temperature and promoting the martensite
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formation.
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26 The SCD treatment lead to the transformation of the matrix from austenite to ferrite and
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28 carbides of the form M7C3 were detected. XRD measurements confirms the absence of
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30 martensite in this sample, whose presence is not expected since the sample was cooled
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in air after the sub-critical diffusion treatment. On other way, the quenching of the
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35 material (Q sample) generates a complete martensitic transformation of the matrix. Very
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37 small peaks corresponding to M7C3 are also observed. The SCD+Q sample showed, just
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39 like the Q sample, a matrix formed by martensite and carbides of the form M7C3. In the
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41 inset of Figure 2, the most intense peaks from ferrite and martensite are shown. A shift
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43 in the diffraction angle and an increasing width of the peak, as a consequence of the
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lattice distortion, allow the identification of martensite form ferrite.
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In order to corroborate the obtained phases in the Q and SCD+Q samples,
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51 thermodynamic calculations with the Thermo-Calc software and EBSD measurements
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53 were performed, see Figure 3. The simulation was performed using all the elements of
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55 the studied alloy (as shown in Table 1), and using the TCFe8 database. Figure 3a shows
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3 the fraction of the stable phases in the system at different temperatures. From the
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5 thermodynamic point of view, it is possible to state that the only stable precipitate
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7 within the performed heat treatment temperature range in the alloy is of the type M7C3,
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9 validating the results obtained by XRD. Moreover, EBSD was used for the
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characterization of individual secondary carbides (about 40 secondary carbides were
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14 randomly measured). In all cases an hexagonal crystallographic structure was detected,
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16 which corresponds to the M7C3 carbides (Figure 3b). The precipitation of M23C6-type
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18 carbides might only be possible at temperatures under 738 K (465°C), whereas
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cementite, which dissolves into a finer alloy carbide dispersion [21]. This replacement
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31 carbide dispersion will depend on the refinement of the precipitates and their volume
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Figure 4 shows the microstructure for the as cast, SCD, Q and SCD+Q samples. The as
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38 cast microstructure is composed by primary austenite matrix surrounded by the eutectic
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40 mixture of M7C3 carbides/austenite, as also indicated in the diffractogram of Figure 2.
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Given the Cr and C content, no secondary carbides are expected to be observed in this
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45 sample. This microstructure is the starting point for the subsequent heat treatments
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47 previously described in Figure 1. SCD process produces a microstructure of ferrite and
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49 secondary carbides. The etching employed here (Villela´s reagent) attacks the ferrite-
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51 carbide microstructure, therefore the optical image in Figure 4b shows dark regions
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small secondary carbides. The Q and SCD+Q microstructures (Figure 4c and Figure 4d)
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3 show a fine martensitic matrix surrounding the unchanged eutectic carbide phase when
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9 Black and white arrows in Figure 4 indicate the regions of eutectic and secondary
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carbides, respectively. For better resolution and details of presence and distribution of
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14 secondary carbides, SEM images were acquired (Figure 5).
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SEM images in BSE mode for all the samples taken at different scales are shown in
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19 Figure 5. As previously described, no secondary carbides are observed in the austenitic
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21 matrix of the as-cast condition. The destabilization treatment above the critical
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temperature 1253 K (980 °C) allow the precipitation of secondary carbides, as shown in
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27 XRD results, in the SCD sample, the secondary carbides are embedded in a ferritic
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matrix, whereas in the Q and SCD+Q samples in a martensitic matrix. In all cases the
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32 secondary carbides have apparently randomly nucleated and they show a round-like
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37 The addition of a sub-critical diffusion (SCD) process following the destabilization step
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39 caused visible modifications compared to the as-cast material and also to quenched
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41 material. Large quantities of secondary carbides were precipitated within the austenitic
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43 matrix, which has transformed completely to ferrite by holding the temperature at 923 K
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(650 °C) (see Figure 2). Secondary carbides of different sizes can be observed
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48 embedded in the matrix. The prolonged duration of the SCD process allows the
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3 The Q and SCD+Q samples do not show a noticeable change in the amount of
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5 secondary carbides. However, the SCD+Q sample (Figure 5d) shows an apparent
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7 increase in size of secondary carbides inside the martensitic matrix (compared to the Q
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9 sample). The secondary carbides size was determined after image analysis (I-A) of SEM
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(BSE) micrographs using the software A4i©. The calculated average carbide size was
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14 0.44 µm and 0.51 µm for the Q and SCD+Q samples, respectively. The combination of
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18 throughout the matrix, as indicated in the carbide size distribution of Figure 5 and also
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increase in size, mainly due to an extended time of energy input to the system.
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3 Hardness and wear response evaluation
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6 It is well known that the microstructure plays a fundamental role in the resulting
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10 hardness of HCCI depend on the type, morphology and distribution of carbides, and on
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12 the nature of the supporting matrix structure which, in turn, depends on the chemical
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composition and subsequent thermal treatments [14–16]. For this reason, the influence
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of the microstructure after thermal treatments in the wear response are being analyzed in
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22 The mechanical properties play a fundamental role in the applicability of these materials
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24 in the field. They would determine their machinability and subsequently, define the
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28 variations of local mechanical properties which may significantly influence the abrasion
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30 behavior of the material [30]. The macro and microhardness values of three different
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stages are represented in Figure 7a and Figure 7b, respectively. The expected change in
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35 macro-hardness due to the austenitic (as-cast sample) to martensitic (Q and SCD+Q
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37 samples) matrix change is clearly noticeable (Figure 7a). However, the presence of
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39 secondary carbides might not be dismissed as an influencing factor for this
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41 improvement. However, when comparing the results for the Q and SCD+Q samples, no
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43 significant changes are observed, since both present the same type of matrix. Thus, it is
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consequential to state that the main role regarding the mechanical properties is played
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48 by the matrix transformation. Micro-hardness measurements where performed on both,
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50 the matrix and the eutectic carbides. The same trend as in the macro-hardness
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52 measurements was observed when only the matrix is evaluated, as shown in Figure 7b.
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56 hardness of the SCD+Q sample can be observed in comparison to the Q sample.
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3 However, when the eutectic carbides zone is evaluated, both the carbides’ intrinsic
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5 mechanical response and the surrounding matrix behavior are considered as a whole
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7 system due to the indentation size effects (Figure 7c). The same increase in micro-
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9 hardness is observable in the eutectic carbide areas of the SCD+Q respect to the Q
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sample. Those similar hardness values in Q and SCD+Q is mainly due to the
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14 precipitation of the same type of secondary carbides.
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When comparing the micro-hardness of the eutectic carbide-containing regions of both
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19 heat treated samples to the as cast condition, the difference can be attributed to the
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21 increase in the supporting role of the matrix surrounding the eutectic carbides. It is
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worth noting that in all cases, an incoherent interface between the M7C3 phase and the
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25 matrix is expected, since the interatomic distances show a misfit larger than 25% [21].
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effective hindering of dislocation mobility. Additionally, it has been reported that the
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32 quenching step adds a thermal strain to the matrix, which results in a dislocation
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34 punching during plastic strain and accounts for a significant strengthening [31].
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37 Regarding the tribological behavior of the materials, the wear rates after pin on disc
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39 tests are shown in Figure 8. A significant reduction in wear rate of the Q and SCD+Q
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41 samples is observed when compared to the as-cast condition, being 45 and 83%,
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43 respectively. These results correlate quite well with the hypothesis that harder materials
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tend to show lower wear rates, given by the conventional Archard behavior/relationship
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48 [32]. However, both heat treated samples show a strongly differentiated wear behavior.
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3 This enhanced wear resistance of the SCD+Q sample cannot be explained by the macro-
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5 and micro-hardness values. It has already been reported that the wear behavior shows a
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7 weak dependency on the macrostructure [26]. Thus, for the wear response of these type
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9 of materials (which should be considered as composite materials), not only the carbide
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structure or distribution should be considered, but also the nature of the matrix
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14 surrounding the carbides and their interaction as a whole must be taken into account.
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16 This synergistic effect is well-known in multimodal systems [19]. An important role in
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18 the improvement in wear response of Q and SCD+Q samples is played, as already
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20 shown for the hardness, by the austenite/martensite transformation of the matrix added
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cases where a full martensitic transformation is not achieved, the amount of retained
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27 austenite might enhance the response by acting in two ways: inactivating the crack tip
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29 formation and hindering the crack development coming from more brittle phases [27].
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32 During the wear test, oxidation occurs predominantly on the matrix parts of the track
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34 (Figure 9), whereas carbides are usually very slightly affected [33]. This oxidation leads
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to a continuous generation of hard and brittle wear particles that are consistently
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38 introduced to the sliding contact, thus inducing an oxide-driven transition from a mild to
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40 a severe third-body wear activity. Additionally, it has been reported for related systems
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that the wear rate decreases either with increasing carbide volume fraction (CVF) or
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45 with the increasing in carbide size for the same CVF [26]. In both heat treated samples,
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47 the total CVF is expected to be the same, since they present the same chemical
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49 composition. Yet, some difference was observed in the size distribution of the
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51 secondary carbides of both samples (as observed in Figure 6), being larger in the
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53 SCD+Q sample. Hence, these larger carbides provide an effective protection to the
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matrix (more wear-prone) from the abrasion. Additionally, it has been observed a higher
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3 crack density in carbides with the larger axis parallel to the wear surface [26], indicating
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5 a strong capacity of the carbides to absorb energy during friction. Then, it would be
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7 reasonable to expect that the sample that shows a larger mean secondary carbide size
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9 will provide larger non-reactive areas of load support (in this case, the SCD+Q sample),
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would therefore present a lower wear rate.
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Summarizing, this work shows that the application of a multi-step thermal treatment of
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a high chromium cast iron consisting of the austenite destabilization and a subsequent
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19 quenching, lead to the precipitation of carbides inducing a significant reduction in the
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21 wear loss by an accurate tailoring of the secondary phase. When compared to a
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traditional quenching process, the same matrix phase is obtained but with different
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25 mean secondary carbide size, which further translates into better wear response without
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27 sacrificing the overall mechanical properties.

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31
Concluding remarks
32
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33 In this study, we evaluated the effect of a destabilization treatment combined with a

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35 sub-critical diffusion and a quenching steps in the secondary carbides precipitation and
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37 their influence in the wear properties. It was observed, that HCCI in the as-cast
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39 condition composed by an austenitic matrix and eutectic carbides are not sufficient for a
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41
good abrasive wear resistance. In all cases, secondary carbides precipitated within the
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44 matrix are needed for an increase in wear response. A destabilization process followed
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46 by a SCD step allow not only the precipitation but also the growth of secondary
47
48 carbides. An additional destabilization and quenching stages transform the matrix into
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50 martensite, resulting in a matrix with a higher hardness but no observable changes in
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52 secondary carbides. This process sequence also avoids the presence of ferrite (or
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54
pearlite) in the final microstructure, which would be detrimental for the mechanical
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58 - 15 -
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1
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3 properties. Finally, an improved wear resistance was observed in the SCD+Q sample
4
5 compared to the Q one, being the size of secondary carbides apparently responsible for
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7 this behavior. For this, the destabilization followed by a SCD is a fundamental step for
8
9 the secondary carbides growth.
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12 Wear mechanisms will be thoroughly analyzed in a further work, in order to evaluate
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the effect of microstructure changes in the wear rate and wear mechanisms, principally
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17 those related to the secondary carbides nature, shape and size.
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26 Acknowledgements
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29 This work was supported by the CREATE-Network Project, Horizon 2020 Program of
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31 the European Commission (RISE Project N° 644013).
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34 The authors want to thank to Priv.-Doz. Dr. Jose Garcia from AB Sandvik Coromant
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R&D (Technology Area Manager Carbide and Sintering) for the helpful discussion and
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38 verification of some of the results.
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43 Metall. Trans. A. 14 (1983) 1793–1801.
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45 [30] J. Chen, M. Lv, S. Tang, Z. Liu, G. Wang, Correlation between mechanical
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50 [31] K.K. Chawla, Composite Materials: Science and Engineering, 3rd ed., Springer
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52 New York, 2012.
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55 Verlag, 2003.
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3 [33] S. Atapek, S. Polat, A study of wear of high-chromium cast iron under dry
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friction, Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 55 (2013) 181–183.
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3 List of Figures
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5 Figure 1: schematic representation for the different thermal treatments (a) quenching,
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7 (b) sub-critical diffusion and (c) sub-critical diffusion followed by quenching.
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10 Figure 2: XRD diffractograms for the different thermal treatments. The inset in the
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12 image shows the shift and peak width of the martensite diffraction peaks (samples Q
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14 and SCD+Q) respect to that from the ferrite (sample SCD).
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17 Figure 3: a) Phase fraction vs temperature diagram, calculated with Thermocalc and
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b) Kikuchi patterns corresponding to the secondary carbides showing the hexagonal
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22 crystallographic structure (M7C3 type).
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25 Figure 4: Optical microscopy images showing: (a) the as cast condition; (b) the SCD
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27 sample (c) the Q sample; (d) the SCD+Q sample. The samples were etched with Vilella
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29 reagent for matrix/carbide contrast. Black arrows indicate the regions of eutectic
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31 carbides and the white arrows indicate regions of secondary carbides.
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34 Figure 5: SEM (BSE) Images for all the samples at different magnifications from left to
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right 500X, 2000X and 6500X, respectively. a) as cast, b) SCD, c) Q and d) SCD+Q.
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39 Figure 6: secondary carbides size distribution obtained after image analysis of SEM
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41 (BSE) images.
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44 Figure 7: (a) Hardness test results in the Rockwell C Scale and (b) micro-hardness
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46 measurements for three microstructural states: as Cast, Q and SCD + Q. Standard
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deviation of the measures is also plotted. (c) Optical micrograph showing the area
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51 influenced by the micro indentation during the eutectic zone measurement.
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54 Figure 8: wear rate volume in mm2.N-1 calculated after pin on disc test for the different
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3 Figure 9: (a) Backscattered electron micrograph of the wear track in the As-Cast
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Figure 2: XRD diffractograms for the different thermal treatments. The inset in the image shows the shift
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45 Figure 7: (a) Hardness test results in the Rockwell C Scale and (b) micro-hardness measurements for three
46 microstructural states: as Cast, Q and SCD + Q. Standard deviation of the measures is also plotted. (c)
47 Optical micrograph showing the area influenced by the micro indentation during the eutectic zone
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45 Figure 9: (a) Backscattered electron micrograph of the wear track in the As-Cast sample (b) wear track of
46 the quenched sample. The darker areas are tribologically induced oxides, whereas the lighter regions are
47 either carbides or unmodified matrix material. The white arrows indicate regions where the eutectic carbides
48 remain unworn.
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Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

High chromium cast irons: destabilized-subcritical

Journal: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

Manuscript Type: Technical Paper

Date Submitted by the Author: 13-Feb-2018

Prat, Orlando; Universidad de Concepcion

Pereira, Gastón ; Tubacero S.A

Cast Iron, Heat Treatment, Microscopy, Electron, Microscopy, Optical

carbides precipitation – Wear - microstructure

30 [11,23,24]. Heat treatments are designed to precipitate a fine dispersion of Fe-Cr

37 significant secondary carbide precipitation, although the intermediate air cooling

critical diffusion (SCD) process at 923 K for 12 h. Destabilization temperature was

24 diffractometer. The diffractograms were obtained using a symmetrical θ―θ geometry

27 by the alloy carbides, which is more resistant to coarsening, is able to produce an

27 sacrificing the overall mechanical properties.

33 In this study, we evaluated the effect of a destabilization treatment combined with a

27 microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ti-bearing hypereutectic high

calculation of high chromium cast irons and influence of its chemical

24 microstructure , hardness and corrosion resistance in 20 wt .% Cr , 27 wt .% Cr

properties of austenite-and martensite-based white cast iron containing 8.5%

33 110x77mm (300 x 300 DPI)

76x39mm (300 x 300 DPI)

64x49mm (300 x 300 DPI)

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