You are on page 1of 92

DAY 1

SAP2000

Scope of SAP2000

1. Municipality: Structural analysis is required if the structure fulfils any one of the following
criteria:
Floor area>1000 sq. ft

No. of storey>3

Column c/c spacing>14’9”

Slab area>144 sq. ft

Cantilever>1 m

The above mentioned criteria may change as per the updated versions of building
codes (NBC). The structures within the above mentioned criteria can be designed
with MRT and doesn’t need structural analysis.

2. State of art design: When the design of structure is completely new, and there are no other
structures to compare with regarding the geometry, dimensions and structural
configurations, structural analysis is needed.

3. Others: Buildings or structures with high importance such as hospitals, departmental store,
mall, factories, structures to be built on difficult terrain, soft soil etc needs structural analysis.

Units of measurement
Force --> kip,lb,kn,N
Length --> m,ft,mm,in

FEM(finite element method) :

Finite element method is used by SAP 2000 for analysis

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
General design flowchart(algorithm)

Step 1: Drawing(concept)

Step 2: Modelling -The 3D virtual model of the structure as per the configuration of structural elements
(slab, beam, column etc) is made.

Step 3: Define (material & section)

a. materials (timber,steel,concrete(grade))--> properties

b. section (FSEC1 (default section) American standard section)

c. supports

d. loading

e. load combination

f. connection etc

Step 4: Assign--> assign defined properties to the members

Step 5: Analysis of force

Verify after analysis

(Mostly errors occur while applying loading) Check order of magnitude

Step 6: Design manually or by SAP2000---------design the section(according to various codes,etc)

Step 7: Report-->to authority (municipality, building department)

SAP is necessary because looping back is important and carried out hundreds of times. **(review
necessary in each step)

Ref sap 1 first thing to consider

NOTE: never forget to assign appropriate units

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Select blank
Two windows --> change one to 2d
New model --> grid only

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Blue line shows which plane is being viewed
Change to xz from front UI

Zoom

Restore to zoom

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
COORDINATE SYSTEM (Important)
Why?
To locate objects precisely
Types--> Global and Local

Global-->a. Cartesian coordinate system (following right hand rule) (x,y,z)

b. Cylindrical or polar(r,theta,z)

c. Reverse cylindrical (r,theta,y) r and theta in z-x plane


Modeling is done using Global co-ordinate system.

** internal forces also require direction (vector both magnitude and direction)
Local coordinate system: to give direction to internal forces (sometimes this may
be difficult) Start joint (node,i)and end joint (node, j)

Start joint =i and end joint =j

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
First local axis =1 along the member (cannot be changed, comes with model)
Second local axis= perpendicular to 1, 90% of cases, it is
the direction taking shear
Third local axis= mutually perpendicular to both axes
following right hand rule ** ref photo joint**changed
to draw

Local axes indication in Sap(1,2,3) -------> in Staad (x,y,z)


Sap (angle of roatation) staad (beta angle) --> relation between orientation of global axis and local axis
Note: Loading is done by both global and local c/s system as per convenience.
For area object: local 1--> 1st node (i) to 2nd node(j)
Local 2-->2nd node (j) to 3rd node (k)
Local 3--> remaining

Forces to be considered for design:


Design is done considering the major force. Minor forces are also there but they are
generally negligible to be considered.
F11

V22

BM 33 (right hand thumb rule--> if bm in xy plane direction is z)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
GROUP

Baily bridge, truss bridge


The structural elements can be grouped according to their configuration (vertical
member, diagonal member, top chord etc) or members having same sections—for
ease in design and economy( fabrication costs) .

Advantages of grouping :

1. design becomes easier


2. selection becomes easier for structures with many members like stadium (efficiency)

DAY 2

MODELLING

SAP--->new--->check units(KN,m,C)---->grid only--->(two bay two story)(x=6,y=5,z=3)


it is made as per number of nodes

Grid gives points where objects can be placed by mouse

Grid lines-->x=3,y=3,z=3 (this gives the number of grid lines)

Grid Spacing-->x=6,y=5,z=3 (this gives the spacing of grid lines)(if irregular take hcf,i.e highest common
factor)

First grid line location -->(necessary while working with different grids) eg overhead
tank(supporting colums on different grid, tank on other grid)
(**best practice to give grid spacing before grid lines)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Edit grid data:
To edit grid data-->Double click on the existing grid r
-->Rt click and select-->Edit grid data
There are two methods to edit grid data:
I By ordinates: The distance of the grid lines from the origin is entered as input,i.e, for X-grid data
Grid A-A’s ordinate=0
Grid B-B’s ordinate=0+6=6
Grid C-C’s ordinate=0+6+6=12
To edit by ordinates, 1st select the box “Ordinates” under “Display Grid as” You can then input the
ordinates and cick “ok” to save the grid data. The ordinate method is useful when a new grid is to be
inserted between the existing grid.

II By spacing: The distance of the grid with its following grid is entered as input,ie, for X-grid data
Grid A-A’s spacing=6
Grid B-B’s spacing=6
Grid C-C’s spacing=0
This method is more easy and convenient to work with while establishing the grid for the first time as it
eliminates the cumbersome task of calculating the ordinates for each grid.
To edit by spacing, select the box” spacing” under “Display Grid as” and enter the spacing of respective
grid.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
DRAWING OBJECTS
Draw panel

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Notice the change in cursor in draw mode

SNAP

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Draw by clicking on points, escape (rt click) to end or discontinue.

(**best practice to draw the objects along the axis) this makes selection easier
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Types of object:

Point object: -dimensionless

-ends of beam, column, area etc

-called “joint” in SAP2000 and node in STAAD

-support or connection

Linear object: -one dimensional (length)

-column, beams, braces, chords, cables etc

-In SAP2000, indicated as frame, cable, tendon

Area object: -two dimensional (area)

-at least 3 joints

-slab, staircase, shell, plate, footing etc

Draw Frame/Cable PROPERTIES OF OBJECTS

1. Line Object type-->what is to be inserted between the nodes-->straight frame

2. Section-->Default FESC1 (American standard I-section) this can be changed later or “none can

be used”

3. Moment Release-->(6 possibilities of restraints, reaction in the direction of restraint)

hinge restrains displacement in x and y direction 2d, ux and uz restrained

rotation is not restrained(stopped); moment is released

moment release-->place hinge

**in SAP restrains defined in support, in staad, releases defined in support

This defines end conditions-->if moment is released, pinned if not (for continuous structures,

beams), continuous. (remember RCC)


Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
4. Offset -->offset from centerline (fig… overlap and remaining)defined in terms of local axis

ij,i+150 1 direction

j-150 1 direction (+ve and –ve axis defined by direction while drawing **ref best practice)

1st case: shorten beam, lengthen column (beam i-->+150,j-->-150)(column i-->0,j-->column +150)

2nd case:lengthen beam, shorten column(figure yourself)

when no specification is given the drawn line is taken as passing from centerline

5. Drawing Control Type--> the selected type only can be drawn… horizontal draws horizontal

members only.

Quick draw

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
And select by boxing area

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Quick draw braces (similar)--> only active in 2d plane view

select bracing type (inverted v)

Apply by boxing

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
(bracing is not generally used)

Erasing is done as in Autocad-->select by clicking and then delete(edit-->delete or press delete key)

Rotating

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
To deselect press escape or

ps for previous selection and all for all

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Intersecting line(rubber band selection)

Secondary beams only useable in plan

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Ctrl+w for set display options or click check boxed icon and check local axes to see local axes orientation

Area Draw

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Different colours show up or down faces (different faces) according to sign convention of area.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
DAY3

DEFINITION

Modeling and definition order can change

Defining material :

Define-->Material

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Default materials given

To add new material-->add new material

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Material nam-->M25

Material type-->Concrete

Specify properties-->

1. Weight per unit volume=24.5 KN/m3 (check units)

3. Isotropic properties-->(Special attention to units while giving the value)

modulus of elasticity= 5000 sqrt(fck) (in N/mm2) for m25 , E=5000*5=25000 (shift+double-click for inbuilt
calculator) functions and other stuff from view menu of calculator

poisson’s ratio(µ) =0.2

coefficient of thermal expansion-->nearly half of that of steel ,shear modulus-->G=E/2(1+µ)--


>automatically calculated

Comp. str=25N/mm2

Add New Material Quick

Gives Indian standard also


Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Add copy of material-->make new material from old material

Defining Section

Beam-->trial section 250*300

Column-->trial section 300*300

Go to define-->section properties-->frame section

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Add new

Concrete-->rectangular

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Name--> showing member and dimension-->B250*300

Select material -->M25 or define material

Depth=0.3, width=0.25

Concrete reinforcement--> Rebar

Design type-->Beam (M3 design only) Top, Bottom cover -->25mm

Ductility associated with time period and response to seismic loads

Reinforcement override for ductile beams--> lap length is defined here

No reinforcement is shown--> sap2000 gives % steel after design by itself--> other details depend upon
designer

Column--> similar steps

** reinforcement to be checked for buildings when purpose of building is changed. Eg residential building
changed to school.

Bar size --> indian standard (N12 means bar of size 12 mm dia)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Draw frame elements-->choose sections and draw according to convention Ctrl+w --> section check

Supports

Supports do not need to be defined in SAP, in staad supports need to be defined. Supports are assigned.

Before assigning support member needs to be selected (supports hinged and fixed)

1. Select joint--> assign-->joint-->restraints

2. Right click on joint-->assignment-->restraint-->…-->update display

Method 1 is mass method(mass assign). It is used to assign (restraints) to many joints at once. Method 2
is used for editing individual assigns.

How to find dimensions?

1. See coordinates of joints

2. Select member--> right click--> locations

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Loading

Loading

Loading needs to be categorized. -->DL+1.2LL+1.2ELor WL

1. Defining load pattern

Define-->Load Pattern-->

Load Pattern Name=Name

Type=DEAD

Self wt multiplier--> 1 for dead load -->for live load whether to include self wt or not. Eg. In some

cases, ½ self weight in DL and ½ self weight in LL. (Default DL -->1, others-->0)

auto lateral load pattern-->explained later

2. Load pattern name=live

type=live

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
others by default

click add new load pattern to add

3. Name=WindLoad

type =WIND

self wt. multiplier=1

auto lateralload pattern--> wind load. Old way is to take none and calculate manually. SAP can

automatically calculate it. But it needs to be verified in the end. --> choose is 875:1987-->modify

lateral load pattern. coefficient and exposure parameters ककक कक ककककक| from NS code

EARTHQUAKE LOADING in separate topic

Define Load Combination

Define--> Load Combination-->Add New Combo

While designing IS code combinations are automatically generated. For NS code, these

need to be defined manually. Load Combination for buildings according to NS code is

(page 8 part 105) DL+1.3LL+1.25E Load combination is given for economy. All loads
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
do not occur at once. (NS code applies all loads at once)

.9DL+1.25E

DL+1.3SL+1.25E

E-->earthquake load

SL-->Snow load

Name--> COMB1( for earthquake loads COMB1X)

Type-->linear add (mostly used)

add,modify,delete are obvious.

** random-->DL+.9LL+1.2WL

Earlier load combination COMB1 is also available.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
LOAD CASES
This is analysis case.
static(load magnitude and direction does not change with time)
dynamic(opposite change with time Eg. Earthquake, Wind, explosion,etc)
Linear(k is contant in P=k*delta)
Non-linear( k is not constant)
Eg. compression and bending gives buckling. compressive load changes
stiffness. So,
with change in load, stiffness changes. This is P-delta effect. This is non-
linear case.
MODAL is base for dynamic analysis. Natural frequency(marching on bridge
example).
body may have more than one natural frequency(flute example, standing wave)
Modes of vibration figure. numbering hierarchy increses with frequency(???).
Types of analysis:

Linear static

Linear dynamic

Non-linear static

Non-linear dynamic

Why calculate mode?


Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
For response. Earthquake frequency vs building frequency. If these frequency match,

there will be resonance and building may suffer damage.

Modify/Show load cases--> parameters here can be changed. Non-linear staged

construction is for buildings being constructed.

Initial Condition(for nonlinear condition only)-->live load after dead load. (value of k is

changed after applying dead load. Continue from... condition is activated only after

dead load is made nonlinear.

combination of these make all cases.

DAY 5

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
1. Select the object to assign loading

2. Assign-->frame loads-->Distributed loading(Type of loading)

3. Z(positive z) gravity (negative z)

4. Check add to existing load ** sometimes replace existing load is used

(Difference between joint load and point load.)-The joint load is assigned at the joints whereas point load
is a load (10KN) which act at a point of a member.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
5. Assign-->frame loads-->point load

relative Distance from End I vs absolute distance from end i

.i is starting pt of local axis

(absolute distance from end I 2,4--> 10,10)

older loading is no longer seen even though replace existing load is

selected.

To check, right click the member and go to loads tab.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
To delete load Assign-->frame load-->delete existing load

Joint Loading-->select joint-->assign-->joint loads-->forces-->select wind loads --> add to existing loads

-->Draw a beam

To analyse

1. Analyze -->set analysis options

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
2. Analyse--> run analysis

This window is seen

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
MODAL-->Do not run

Click Run Now

Show deformed shape-->

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
auto(automatic scale factor to visualize deformation)

See forces

Show forces--> joints-->ok

show-->forces-->frames-->shear 2-2-->fill
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
-->show forces

right click member to see the following window

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
due to self wt. 9.98 is shown instead of 9

To correct this(neglect self wt)

Unlock model

Material-->unit wt=0

or

Dead load use ,self wt multiplier=0

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Day 6

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Applying loads on beams/frames:

Applying area loads:

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Tributary method of load distribution (trapezoidal in two and triangular in two) for two way

slab(ly/lx<2) rectangular

For two way slab(square)

For one way slab(ly/lx>2)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
There are two methods af applying area loads in SAP2000

1. Uniform

2. Uniform to frame

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Define-->section properties-->area-->shell

Name --> slab1

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Ctrl+a

Assign-->area loads-->…

Uniform-->loads on four corners only…if meshing is done… area on corners of all mesh elements

(**Uniform is not generally used)

Uniform to Frame-->load transferred to beams by tributary method

If meshing is done, load on edge of all mesh elements , error is produced

**Process for meshing:

1. Select the slab/area object/object.

2. Assign-->area-->automatic area mesh

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
3. Select the option selected in the snapshot below.

Load multiplier for dead load=0

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Without meshing uniform to frame gives desired results

One way or two way must be specified.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
DAY 7

TRUSS

The following truss is to be drawn

Efficient Modelling by drawing using various tools.

By drawing this truss we will learn how to select and deselect members efficiently.
Put members in suitable groups for analysis and design.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Switch to xz plane

Replicate: Making one member repeatedly in case there are many members. If there are several
similar members, we can create one member and replicate them instead of modeling every member
time and again.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Draw the member (horizontal, vertical)

Select the member to be replicated

 Goto Editreplicate

Three types of replication

Linear, mirror, rotate

Faster to make basic block and replicate.

Ctrl a > Ctrl r(or edit-> replicate)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
In Linear tab

dx=8 (the distance between the members)

Increment Data Number=2

This will replicate the member and give two new members maintaining a distance of 8 m along x
direction.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
To copy to parallel grid in y direction

Select all->editreplicate(dy=……. And increment data=1)0k

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
To replicatemirrorinput the co-ordinates of the mirror axis. The mirror axis is generally central
between the object and the image.

Placing girders

Goto xy planedraw top girderdivide the girder as explained

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Edit lines: divide / join frames

select member->edit->edit lines->divide frames

Number of frames=6

Last/first ratio=1 (because all memebers are equal)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Grouping of similar members

Assigning groups:

BC(Bottom Cord) I-section (light or medium)

TC(Top Cord) I-section (light or medium)

Girder(Top) I(H)

Diagonals Channel Section

Verticals Channel Section

Runner/Horizontal/Brace

1. Select the Members (selection can be done from select tab for efficiency)

Selecting Members using Orientation.

i. Select->select line parallel to-> click

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
2. Assign-> Assign to group

3. Add new group

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
4. Check all->OK

5. Click Add to Group radio button->OK

6. To select again Select->Group->Verticals

Selecting diagonals

1. Select the shown components

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
2. Select->Deselect->Groups->Verticals
3. Assign->Assign to group->(similar to above) Name Diagonals

To select top cord members:


1. Select -> select line parallel to-> click straight line object and click horizontal cord
2. Select->Deselect->Coordinate Specification->Specified Co-ordinate range->Z-coordinates at a
single value (set to 0)->OK

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
DAY8

Member Assign
I section ->only one section->checks fail/pass only
Auto selection list->multiple sections->checks fail/pass and assigns appropriate members
Creating auto Selection list
1. Define->Section properties->Frame Sections

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
2. Before creating auto-selection list, we need to import the sections to be used in the list.

3. Click Import New Property

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
4. Select appropriate section (I/Wide Flange for this case)
5. Goto (C:\Program Files\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 15) folder and select appropriate
.pro file (Indian.pro for this case)

6. Select required sections (all for this case) and click OK ->OK.
7. The selected sections are imported.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
8. Click add new Property->auto select list

9. Section Name= Bottom Cord


Select all light beams and click add

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Click overwrite and click ISLB75->click OK to bring ISLB75 to top. This will make ISLB75 the first
section to
be checked.

10. Click Add copy of property to make copy of bottom cord


This makes it easier to make auto selection list for top cord.
11. For girder all heavy and wide beams
12. For diagonals all channel sections
13. Verticals ->channel sections
14. Top braces -> angles

Assigning sections to groups


1. Select->select->Select using groups
2. Click Bottom Cord
3. Assign -> Frame->Frame Sections
4. Click on bottom cord and OK

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
5. Similarly Assign appropriate sections to appropriate groups.
To make pin joints for making truss
Moment release
1. Select the members for which to release moment (All except braces and girders)
It is possible to release these too.
Axial
Shear 22,33
Moment 22,33
2. Assign->frames->release partial fixity
3. Check moment 2-2 and moment 3-3 (to release partially, assign stiffness) and torsion at start or
end only. Click OK.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
4. To check whether releases have been assigned, Ctrl w, check releases.

5. In some cases, top cord and bottom cord moments are not released if load occurs on top or
bottom cord.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
DAY 9

Set analysis options ->space frame


Moment releases assigned so no need to analyse as truss.
RUN ANALYSIS
Check out all shear and moment diagrams.
To change moment releases after analysis
Unlock model
Right click->releases-> none
Select-> frame->release partial fixity->none

MODAL ALIVE
Changes are automatically updated, no need to unlock model. Changes can be made without
unlocking
model.
STEEL DESIGN
Initial -> Analyzed State
Design (menu)->Steel Design->View/revise preferences
Design->Steel Design->Select Design groups->select all groups not ALL->OK
Design->Select Design Combos ->(created load combinations can be added) check automatically
generated code-based load combinations

Displacement Targets
Design->Steel Design->Set Displacements Targets

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
CTRL+W->Joints-> check labels
Design->Steel Design->Start Design/Check of structures

Red colur shows FOS>1 and the design has failed.


Design->steel design->Verify all members passed

Design->steel design->Verify analysis vs design sections

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Analysis must be done again because the analysis sections have changed. So, the forces and
moments
will also change. Repeat the process again. Repeat until all sections match.
Diagonals are still unsafe after design. The four diagonals are red coloured.
Select unsafe memebers->unlock member->create girder 2 group ISWB (400-600)->assign to
girders
If self wt. is not set to 0, BM is created in truss members also.
If no-one section is safe, double channel may also be used.
MAKING DOUBLE CHANNEL FROM SECTION DESIGNER
Double ISMC 300(Back to Back), Clearence =15mm
Define->Section Properties->Frame Sections->Other->Section Designer

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Set appropriate values
Click Design Section

Right Click Channel-> Change name to ISMC300


The list that was created earlier is shown.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Select Member->Ctrl+r(Edit->Replicate)
Mirror about y-axis

Select Member->edit Replicate->Linear->x-axis=-115

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Click Done.
Assign the newly created section to the unsafe members.
Run analysis again. And run design again. And verify all members passed.
This time all pass.
SAP designs linear members only. Does not design slabs.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Slab->Define->m25->self wt 0-> thickness-220mm
Loading on slab (equivalent dead load) =24.5*.22
Select the area->assign->area loads->distributed loads->area uniform to frame (use one way slab
so
moment is distributed to girders only)

Add live load to slab = 5Kn/m2


Temperature loading 40o C Select members-> assign ->frame loads->temperature
By element (joint pattern tower example)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Day10/11

Insertion points/offsets

Extrude
B250*350 cover .3
C300*300 cover

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Change offsets to manage overlaps.
Insertion
Assign->Frame->insertion point

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Change centroid dropdown to bottom centre
.11 m thickness slab on the beams
Slab>staircase>beam>column (hierarchy while designing)

Rotating local axes:


By default, in column, the depth of column aligns itself along the X-axis. In real life, when the
depth of column is along Y-axis, the model in SAP2000 needs to be modified. This can be achieved
by rotating the local axes of the member.
Select the member/members whose orientation needs to be modified
AssignFramelocal axesAngle in degrees=90(or as preference)ok

Inclined support:
To provide inclined support, the local axes of the point should be modified.
Select the joint to be modified
AssignJointlocal axesRotation about …. Axes=45 or preference
Local 1-red
Local 2-white
Local 3-blue

Defining envelope:
To see the maximum and minimum value of forces (BM,V,Petc) under all considered load
combination, envelope is defined. To define envelope
DefineLoad combinationsAdd new combofollowing table appears

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
In load combination typeenvelope
Load case nameselect the load combinations to be consideredadd0k

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Day 12

Indian standard codes

IS 875 part 1

IS 875 part 1-> loading

Dead loads

Imposed load (live load)->IS 875 part II

Earthquake Load (Refer IS1893-2002 )

Note:

Load in two directions (x,y). when the building is long, third direction loading is also considered(z)

Mass attracts earthquake load.

Mass also resists earthquake load.

Earthquake load acts on centre of mass.

Centre of stiffness(CS) vs centre of mass(CM)

Eccentricity is the distance between CM and CS.

Static vs Dynamic method of calculation of eccentricity.


Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Static-> Coefficient method( for smaller buildings)

Dynamic-> Response Spectrum and Time History method (for taller buildings)

Static coefficient method

Calculation of Base Shear

Vb=Ah*Ʃ Wi

Ʃ Wi= Dead wt.+(25% of imposed load for <3KN/m2 )(50% of imposed load for >3KN/m2) (Cl

7.3.1) Table 8

Ah=Spectral Coefficient

=(Sa/g)*ZI/2R

Sa/g=Response Accleration Coefficient(from graph)

Sa/g is a function of T(time period )

And Soil Type (fig 2)

T=.09/Sqrt(d) (in seconds)---------(for structure with masonry infills)

d= the base dimension of the direction in which earthquake load is considered. (in metres)

Z=Siesmic Zone Factor (II-V)=0.36(for zone V)

I=Importance Factor=1.5 for important Buildings, 1 for general building

R=Response Reduction Factor(Response given by building while ground shakes)

Ductile building design reduces response.

OMRF->ordinary moment resisting frameR=3

SMRF->special moment resisting frame(13920 ductile detailing)R=5

Details in page 23

Ah must not be less than Z/2 for T<0.1 seconds

Vb=Ah*W

Case I:

Orthogonal -> +-ELx or +-Ely


Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Case II:

Skewed: +-ELx+-0.3Ely or -+Ely-+0.3ELx

Case III:Long building (span compared to height)

+-ELx+-Ely+-0.3ELz

Or SRSS(square root of sum of squares) sqrt((ELx)2+…)

Wall<Beam<Column (order of importance in failure)

W1=slab+v/c+wall+%of IL

Ʃ Wi=…

Vb=An* Ʃ Wi(in KN)

Qi=Vb*Wi*hi2/ Ʃ (Wi*hi2)

Rigid floor Diaphgram-> No relative displacement between columns of same floor. Slabs act as rigid body

along x or y direction because of high depth in x or y direction and hence high moment of inertia. Slab
acts as rigid body and helps distribute the lateral load among vertical members supporting it. Hence, to
model this behavior, diaphragms need to be defined in slab.

Day 13/14

Defining Rigid Floor Diaphragm

Using slabs gives uniform loading which is not what we want. So we consider the effect of slab by

assigning rigid floor diaphragm.

Defining and assigning diaphragm:

DefineJoint constraintsIn constraint type to adddiaphragmAdd new constraintConstraint


name(1st, 2nd or user preference)C/S systemGlobalConstraint axisZ-axisOK

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
To assign the diaphragm (note the diaphragm of each level should be different)

Got xy view and go to the level or storey you want to assign the diaphragm.

Select all the joint in the xy planeAssignJointConstraintschose the diaphragm recently


defined0k

Earthquake load:
The earthquake load can be applied on a structure automatically as per various codes. For assigning
earthquake load automatically:
DefineLoad pattern
In load pattern name EQX/EQY or as per user preference
TypeQuake
Self wt multiplier0
Auto-lateral load patternIS1893 2002 or code of preference
Add new load pattern

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Select the load pattern recently added (eqx/eqy) and Modify lateral load pattern

For x-directionGlobal X direction

For Y directionGlobal Y-direction

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Seismic zone factor (z), Importance Factor(I), Response Reduction(R) should be chosen as per code (explained in
IS1883 2002)

The time period if chosen to be “user defined” , the time period calculated from code should be entered

OK

Mass source:

This option helps to define the seismic weight to be considered for seismic evaluation of structure.

For Live load <= 3KN/m2, seismic wt (w)=DL+0.25%LL

For Live load > 3KN/m2, seismic wt (w)=DL+0.5% LL (See code)

Defining mass source:

DefineMass sourceIn mass definitionSelect From loadsIn loads and Multiplier (For all dead loads,
multiplier=1 and for LL,multiplier=0.25 or 0.5 as per code provision)Add0k

Wall modeling:

It has been evident by many research and the aftermaths of many devastating earthquakes that walls,
masonry infills in framed structure although considered non-structural has great effects when it comes to
resisting lateral load,i.e, earthquake loads. When the effects of masonry infills need to be considered, the
wall modeling becomes necessary. This can be achieved by two ways:

i. Masonry modeling:

In this method, actual masonry model with opening is made. The masonry properties, however,
needs to be fed into the program. The material properties and stress-strain curve of masonry
material is required.

ii. Equivalent strut method:

It is most widely used and popular method among the structural engineers. In this method, wall is
replaced by a diagonal equivalent strut is modeled.

Material properties for equivalent strut:

Fck=2.5 mpa

E=900*fck

Density=19KN/m3 (Since, wall load has been already applied, the struts should have self wt=0; by
property modifierself wt and self mass=0; similar to slab)

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Section properties of equivalent strut:

Width(b)=width of wall

Depth (d)=1/3*diagonal length f wall

Since, masonry are weak in tension and only takes compression, they need to be assigned with
moment release, tension limit=0, compression limit=-1

Select the membersAssignFrameTension/compression limitTension limit=0,compression


limit=-1ok

Design of building components:

1. Slab/ staircase designmanual design


2. Modeling
3. Beam/Column design-SAP2000
-manual design-Beam -M3, V2 under 1.5(DL+LL)

Column- P, M2,M3 under envelope

4. Footing designmanual design-F3,M1,M2 under 1.5(DL+LL+WL)

Design using SAP2000:

Without analysis, design can’t be carried out, so first run the analysis.

DesignConcrete Frame designView/Revise preferencesDesign code-Indian IS 456-2000 or user


preferenceTime history design-EnvelopeOk

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Design Concrete Frame designSelect Design combosAdd from list of load combinations to Design
load combinations (load combinations to be considered for design)

Eg: for beam 1.5(DL+LL) for column (all load combinations)

OK

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Design Concrete Frame designStart Design/ check of structure

Report:

To create report, go to FileCreate report

SAP2000 gives a huge report file with much information. All the information is not required, so, we filter
only the required information from the report.

Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire


Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276

You might also like