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SAP2000
Scope of SAP2000
1. Municipality: Structural analysis is required if the structure fulfils any one of the following
criteria:
Floor area>1000 sq. ft
No. of storey>3
Cantilever>1 m
The above mentioned criteria may change as per the updated versions of building
codes (NBC). The structures within the above mentioned criteria can be designed
with MRT and doesn’t need structural analysis.
2. State of art design: When the design of structure is completely new, and there are no other
structures to compare with regarding the geometry, dimensions and structural
configurations, structural analysis is needed.
3. Others: Buildings or structures with high importance such as hospitals, departmental store,
mall, factories, structures to be built on difficult terrain, soft soil etc needs structural analysis.
Units of measurement
Force --> kip,lb,kn,N
Length --> m,ft,mm,in
Step 1: Drawing(concept)
Step 2: Modelling -The 3D virtual model of the structure as per the configuration of structural elements
(slab, beam, column etc) is made.
c. supports
d. loading
e. load combination
f. connection etc
SAP is necessary because looping back is important and carried out hundreds of times. **(review
necessary in each step)
Zoom
Restore to zoom
b. Cylindrical or polar(r,theta,z)
** internal forces also require direction (vector both magnitude and direction)
Local coordinate system: to give direction to internal forces (sometimes this may
be difficult) Start joint (node,i)and end joint (node, j)
V22
Advantages of grouping :
DAY 2
MODELLING
Grid Spacing-->x=6,y=5,z=3 (this gives the spacing of grid lines)(if irregular take hcf,i.e highest common
factor)
First grid line location -->(necessary while working with different grids) eg overhead
tank(supporting colums on different grid, tank on other grid)
(**best practice to give grid spacing before grid lines)
II By spacing: The distance of the grid with its following grid is entered as input,ie, for X-grid data
Grid A-A’s spacing=6
Grid B-B’s spacing=6
Grid C-C’s spacing=0
This method is more easy and convenient to work with while establishing the grid for the first time as it
eliminates the cumbersome task of calculating the ordinates for each grid.
To edit by spacing, select the box” spacing” under “Display Grid as” and enter the spacing of respective
grid.
SNAP
(**best practice to draw the objects along the axis) this makes selection easier
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
Types of object:
-support or connection
2. Section-->Default FESC1 (American standard I-section) this can be changed later or “none can
be used”
This defines end conditions-->if moment is released, pinned if not (for continuous structures,
ij,i+150 1 direction
j-150 1 direction (+ve and –ve axis defined by direction while drawing **ref best practice)
1st case: shorten beam, lengthen column (beam i-->+150,j-->-150)(column i-->0,j-->column +150)
when no specification is given the drawn line is taken as passing from centerline
5. Drawing Control Type--> the selected type only can be drawn… horizontal draws horizontal
members only.
Quick draw
Apply by boxing
Erasing is done as in Autocad-->select by clicking and then delete(edit-->delete or press delete key)
Rotating
Area Draw
DEFINITION
Defining material :
Define-->Material
Material type-->Concrete
Specify properties-->
modulus of elasticity= 5000 sqrt(fck) (in N/mm2) for m25 , E=5000*5=25000 (shift+double-click for inbuilt
calculator) functions and other stuff from view menu of calculator
Comp. str=25N/mm2
Defining Section
Concrete-->rectangular
Depth=0.3, width=0.25
No reinforcement is shown--> sap2000 gives % steel after design by itself--> other details depend upon
designer
** reinforcement to be checked for buildings when purpose of building is changed. Eg residential building
changed to school.
Bar size --> indian standard (N12 means bar of size 12 mm dia)
Supports
Supports do not need to be defined in SAP, in staad supports need to be defined. Supports are assigned.
Before assigning support member needs to be selected (supports hinged and fixed)
Method 1 is mass method(mass assign). It is used to assign (restraints) to many joints at once. Method 2
is used for editing individual assigns.
Loading
Define-->Load Pattern-->
Type=DEAD
Self wt multiplier--> 1 for dead load -->for live load whether to include self wt or not. Eg. In some
cases, ½ self weight in DL and ½ self weight in LL. (Default DL -->1, others-->0)
type=live
3. Name=WindLoad
type =WIND
auto lateralload pattern--> wind load. Old way is to take none and calculate manually. SAP can
automatically calculate it. But it needs to be verified in the end. --> choose is 875:1987-->modify
lateral load pattern. coefficient and exposure parameters ककक कक ककककक| from NS code
While designing IS code combinations are automatically generated. For NS code, these
(page 8 part 105) DL+1.3LL+1.25E Load combination is given for economy. All loads
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
do not occur at once. (NS code applies all loads at once)
.9DL+1.25E
DL+1.3SL+1.25E
E-->earthquake load
SL-->Snow load
** random-->DL+.9LL+1.2WL
Linear static
Linear dynamic
Non-linear static
Non-linear dynamic
Initial Condition(for nonlinear condition only)-->live load after dead load. (value of k is
changed after applying dead load. Continue from... condition is activated only after
DAY 5
(Difference between joint load and point load.)-The joint load is assigned at the joints whereas point load
is a load (10KN) which act at a point of a member.
selected.
Joint Loading-->select joint-->assign-->joint loads-->forces-->select wind loads --> add to existing loads
-->Draw a beam
To analyse
See forces
show-->forces-->frames-->shear 2-2-->fill
Class Notes on Er. Bipin Gaire
Detailed Structural Anlaysis and Design: SAP2000 ProTools Center for Engineers
01-5010757, 9851072276
-->show forces
Unlock model
Material-->unit wt=0
or
slab(ly/lx<2) rectangular
1. Uniform
2. Uniform to frame
Assign-->area loads-->…
Uniform-->loads on four corners only…if meshing is done… area on corners of all mesh elements
TRUSS
By drawing this truss we will learn how to select and deselect members efficiently.
Put members in suitable groups for analysis and design.
Replicate: Making one member repeatedly in case there are many members. If there are several
similar members, we can create one member and replicate them instead of modeling every member
time and again.
Goto Editreplicate
This will replicate the member and give two new members maintaining a distance of 8 m along x
direction.
Placing girders
Number of frames=6
Assigning groups:
Girder(Top) I(H)
Runner/Horizontal/Brace
1. Select the Members (selection can be done from select tab for efficiency)
Selecting diagonals
Member Assign
I section ->only one section->checks fail/pass only
Auto selection list->multiple sections->checks fail/pass and assigns appropriate members
Creating auto Selection list
1. Define->Section properties->Frame Sections
6. Select required sections (all for this case) and click OK ->OK.
7. The selected sections are imported.
5. In some cases, top cord and bottom cord moments are not released if load occurs on top or
bottom cord.
MODAL ALIVE
Changes are automatically updated, no need to unlock model. Changes can be made without
unlocking
model.
STEEL DESIGN
Initial -> Analyzed State
Design (menu)->Steel Design->View/revise preferences
Design->Steel Design->Select Design groups->select all groups not ALL->OK
Design->Select Design Combos ->(created load combinations can be added) check automatically
generated code-based load combinations
Displacement Targets
Design->Steel Design->Set Displacements Targets
Insertion points/offsets
Extrude
B250*350 cover .3
C300*300 cover
Inclined support:
To provide inclined support, the local axes of the point should be modified.
Select the joint to be modified
AssignJointlocal axesRotation about …. Axes=45 or preference
Local 1-red
Local 2-white
Local 3-blue
Defining envelope:
To see the maximum and minimum value of forces (BM,V,Petc) under all considered load
combination, envelope is defined. To define envelope
DefineLoad combinationsAdd new combofollowing table appears
IS 875 part 1
Dead loads
Note:
Load in two directions (x,y). when the building is long, third direction loading is also considered(z)
Dynamic-> Response Spectrum and Time History method (for taller buildings)
Vb=Ah*Ʃ Wi
Ʃ Wi= Dead wt.+(25% of imposed load for <3KN/m2 )(50% of imposed load for >3KN/m2) (Cl
7.3.1) Table 8
Ah=Spectral Coefficient
=(Sa/g)*ZI/2R
d= the base dimension of the direction in which earthquake load is considered. (in metres)
Details in page 23
Vb=Ah*W
Case I:
+-ELx+-Ely+-0.3ELz
W1=slab+v/c+wall+%of IL
Ʃ Wi=…
Qi=Vb*Wi*hi2/ Ʃ (Wi*hi2)
Rigid floor Diaphgram-> No relative displacement between columns of same floor. Slabs act as rigid body
along x or y direction because of high depth in x or y direction and hence high moment of inertia. Slab
acts as rigid body and helps distribute the lateral load among vertical members supporting it. Hence, to
model this behavior, diaphragms need to be defined in slab.
Day 13/14
Using slabs gives uniform loading which is not what we want. So we consider the effect of slab by
Got xy view and go to the level or storey you want to assign the diaphragm.
Earthquake load:
The earthquake load can be applied on a structure automatically as per various codes. For assigning
earthquake load automatically:
DefineLoad pattern
In load pattern name EQX/EQY or as per user preference
TypeQuake
Self wt multiplier0
Auto-lateral load patternIS1893 2002 or code of preference
Add new load pattern
The time period if chosen to be “user defined” , the time period calculated from code should be entered
OK
Mass source:
This option helps to define the seismic weight to be considered for seismic evaluation of structure.
DefineMass sourceIn mass definitionSelect From loadsIn loads and Multiplier (For all dead loads,
multiplier=1 and for LL,multiplier=0.25 or 0.5 as per code provision)Add0k
Wall modeling:
It has been evident by many research and the aftermaths of many devastating earthquakes that walls,
masonry infills in framed structure although considered non-structural has great effects when it comes to
resisting lateral load,i.e, earthquake loads. When the effects of masonry infills need to be considered, the
wall modeling becomes necessary. This can be achieved by two ways:
i. Masonry modeling:
In this method, actual masonry model with opening is made. The masonry properties, however,
needs to be fed into the program. The material properties and stress-strain curve of masonry
material is required.
It is most widely used and popular method among the structural engineers. In this method, wall is
replaced by a diagonal equivalent strut is modeled.
Fck=2.5 mpa
E=900*fck
Density=19KN/m3 (Since, wall load has been already applied, the struts should have self wt=0; by
property modifierself wt and self mass=0; similar to slab)
Width(b)=width of wall
Since, masonry are weak in tension and only takes compression, they need to be assigned with
moment release, tension limit=0, compression limit=-1
Without analysis, design can’t be carried out, so first run the analysis.
OK
Report:
SAP2000 gives a huge report file with much information. All the information is not required, so, we filter
only the required information from the report.